QUE:- Explain TCP/IP model and OSI model in details.

And Case study of

different model of computer network with their dependency network
Ans :- TCP/IP means Transmission Control Protocol and Internet
Protocol. It is the network model used in the current Internet
architecture as well. Protocols are a set of rules which govern every
possible communication over a network. These protocols describe the
movement of data between the source and destination or the internet.
They also offer simple naming and addressing schemes.

The TCP/IP model has five layers:

• Application Layer
• Transport Layer
• Network Layer
• Data link Layer
• Physical Layer

Application Layer

The application layer is a combination of the application, presentation, and session

layers. This layer is responsible for interaction between the user and the
application. Here, data is formatted, converted, encrypted, decrypted, and set to
the user.

Transport Layer

The transport layer is responsible for end-to-end communication and provides

error-free delivery of data. This layer can transport the data through a connection-
oriented or connectionless layer.
The two protocols used in the transport layer are user datagram protocol (UDP)
and TCP.

Network Layer

The network layer provides host addressing and chooses the best path to the
destination network. This layer maintains the quality of service and offers
connectionless end-to-end networking.

The protocols in the network layer are:

IPV4,IGMP

Data-Link Layer:- This layer is responsible for transmitting data over a

physical connection between devices. It includes protocols such as Ethernet and
Wi-Fi. These protocols define the physical characteristics of the network, such as
the way data is transmitted over cables or through the air.

Physical Layer

The physical layer interacts with the top level of the TCP/IP model application. This
layer is the nearest end-user TCP/IP layer. It means that the consumers can connect
with other software apps.

The physical layer interacts with software applications to develop media platforms.
Data is constantly beyond the boundaries of the TCP/IP model to be interpreted in
the application. An application such as a data transfer, mail, remote login, etc., is an
example of this layer.
The different types of connectors that are used in networking.
The connectors will depend upon the network and cable they are
attached to Whether that cable is twisted pair, coaxial, telephone, or
fiber optic.
RJ45 and 8P8C are both standard connectors used for Ethernet cables.
They are both 8-pin connectors, but the RJ45 is typically used for
networking cables, while the 8P8C is more commonly used for
telephone cables. The main difference between the two is that the RJ45
connector is slightly larger and has a different pin layout. Additionally,
RJ45 connectors are typically shielded to reduce interference, while
8P8C connectors are not.
Que. what is 8p8c connector and cable explain in detail? with diagram.
Ans:- An 8P8C (8 Position, 8 Contact) connector is a standard Ethernet
connector used for networking. It has eight metal contacts arranged in
a single row, with eight positions for conductors. The 8P8C connector is
similar in appearance to a telephone connector, but it is larger and has
more contacts.
An 8P8C cable is a type of Ethernet cable that uses the 8P8C connector
on both ends. It is typically used to connect devices such as computers,
routers, and switches to a network. The cable is made up of four pairs
of twisted wires, which are color-coded to help with proper installation.
The 8P8C connector and cable are used for Ethernet networking and
support data transfer rates of up to 10 gigabits per second. They are
widely used in both residential and commercial settings for local area
networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). The diagram of 8p8c
connector and cable are given below
Que. what is 8p6c connector and cable explain in detail? with diagram.

Ans :- An 8P6C (8 Position, 6 Contact) connector is a type of modular

connector that has eight positions in a single row, but only six of the
positions are wired for conductors. The connector is similar in
appearance to an 8P8C connector, but with two positions left unused.
An 8P6C cable is a type of cable that uses the 8P6C connector on both
ends. It is commonly used for telephone connections, as well as other
low-speed data transmission applications that require fewer conductors
than an 8P8C cable can provide.
The 8P6C connector and cable are not suitable for Ethernet networking,
as they do not have enough conductors to support Ethernet data
transmission.However, they are still widely used in telecommunications
equipment, such as telephone handsets and modems.
Que:- Explain OSI model in detail with diagram.
Ans :- The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a network
communication protocol that is used to describe the communication
process between different devices on a network. It is a conceptual
model that was developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in 1984. The OSI model is divided into seven
layers, each of which performs specific functions in the transmission of
data across a network.

Physical Layer: The Physical layer is the lowest layer in the OSI model. It
is responsible for transmitting raw data bits over a communication
channel, such as copper wires or fiber optic cables.

Data Link Layer: The Data Link layer is responsible for transmitting data
frames between two devices on the same network. This layer includes
protocols such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi.

Network Layer: The Network layer is responsible for routing data

packets between devices on different networks. This layer includes
protocols such as IP and ICMP.

Transport Layer: The Transport layer is responsible for providing

reliable, end-to-end communication between devices on a network.
This layer includes protocols such as TCP and UDP.
Session Layer: The Session layer is responsible for establishing,
maintaining, and terminating communication sessions between devices
on a network.

Presentation Layer: The Presentation layer is responsible for formatting

and presenting data to the application layer in a format that can be
easily understood.

Application Layer: The Application layer is the highest layer in the OSI
model. It includes protocols such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS. This
layer is responsible for providing network services to user applications.
Diagram of OSI MODEL are given below:-

Que :- Explain all types of topology with diagram.

Ans :- In computer networking, topology refers to the arrangement of
nodes (devices) and the way they are connected to each other in a
network. There are different types of network topologies that are
commonly used in networking. In this answer, we will discuss the most
common types of network topologies in detail.

Bus Topology:
In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single cable (bus). The
cable acts as a communication channel, and each device has access to
the bus to transmit data. Devices transmit data in both directions, and
the data is received by all devices on the network. The advantages of
bus topology are that it is simple and inexpensive to implement.
However, if the cable fails, the entire network will fail.

Star Topology:
In a star topology, each device is connected to a central hub or switch.
The hub or switch acts as a central point of communication, and all data
transmitted by one device is received by the central hub/switch and
then transmitted to the appropriate recipient device. The advantages of
star topology are that it is easy to install and manage, and if one device
fails, it does not affect the rest of the network. However, it requires
more cabling than bus topology.

Ring Topology:
In a ring topology, devices are connected to each other in a closed loop.
Each device is connected to two other devices, one on either side, and
data is transmitted in a single direction around the loop. When a device
wants to transmit data, it sends the data to the next device in the loop
until it reaches the destination device. The advantages of ring topology
are that it is easy to install and manage, and it allows for efficient data
transmission. However, if one device fails, it can cause the entire
network to fail.
Mesh Topology:
In a mesh topology, every device is connected to every other device on
the network. This type of topology provides redundant connections,
which means that if one connection fails, the data can still be
transmitted through another connection. The advantages of mesh
topology are that it is highly reliable and provides redundancy.
However, it is complex to install and manage, and it requires a large
number of cables.
Tree Topology:
In a tree topology, devices are connected to a central point, which is
connected to other central points in a hierarchical structure. This type
of topology is a combination of bus and star topology. The advantages
of tree topology are that it allows for easy expansion and management,
and it provides redundancy. However, if the central point fails, the
entire network will fail.