IEEE Std 115A-1987

(Supplement to ANSVIEEE Std 115-1983)

(Revision of IEEE Std 115A. originally
issued for trial use in 1984)

IEEE Standard Procedures for

Obtaining Synchronous Machine Parameters
by Standstill Frequency Response Testing
(Supplement to ANSI/IEEE Std 115-1983)

4b Published by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York, N Y 10017, USA
May 18,1987 SHll.221

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 IEEE
Std 115A-1987
(Supplement to
ANSI/IEEE Std 115-1983)
(Revision of
IEEE Std 115A,
originally issued
for trial use in 1984)

IEEE Standard Procedures for

Obtaining Synchronous Machine Parameters
by Standstill Frequency Response Testing
(Supplement to ANSI/IEEE Std 115-1983, IEEE Guide:
Test Procedures for Synchronous Machines)

Sponsor
Power System Engineering Committee
and the
Rotating Machinery Committee
of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society

@ Copyright 1987 by

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc

345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,

in an electronic retrieval system OT otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.

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 IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Com-
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 Foreword
(This Foreword is not a part of IEEE Std 115A-1987, IEEE Standard Procedures for Obtaining Synchronous Machine Parameters
by Standstill Frequency Response Testing.)

This document is the result of work undertaken by the Task Force on Definitions and Procedures,
which was formed in 1978 by the Joint Working Group on Determination and Application of Synchronous
Machine Models for Stability Studies. The Joint Working Group was itself constituted in 1973by the Power
System Engineering Committee and Rotating Machinery Committee. The working group reported to the
Computer and Analytical Methods Subcommittee of the PSE Committee and the Synchronous Machinery
Subcommittee of the Rotating Machinery Committee.
The initial thrust of their work could be construed as power system oriented, since the need for higher
order stability models, principally for turbogenerators, became apparent as power system analysis began
applying static excitation systems and supplementary excitation controls in order to improve stability.
With this application came the need for improved computer simulations and the corresponding need for
better stability data.
A milestone in the development of this work was the publication, by the Task Force of the Joint Working
Group, of “Supplementary Definitions and Associated Test Methods for Obtaining Parameters for Syr-
chronous Machine Stability Study Simulations” in the IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems, July/August 1980. Thus the need to produce an IEEE standard on the new, recommended
procedures, which involved frequency response testing, was apparent to the Joint Worlung Group. They
recommended that the Task Force on Definitions and Procedures address this problem.
The first draft of the current document was transmitted by our Task Force in 1981 to a Working Group
of the Synchronous Machinery Subcommittee. This working group, under the chairmanship of Paul I.
Nippes, was reviewing IEEE Std 115-1965. Paul G. Cummings, liaison from the Rotating Machinery
Committee to the Standards Board, recommended that the Trial Procedure be considered for the present
as a supplement to the new ANSI/IEEE Std 115-1983, and hence it was designated IEEE Std 115A. It is
presently proposed, when ANSI/IEEE Std 115 is again a candidate for revision, that IEEE Std 115A-1987
will become an integral part of it.
The Task Force and the Joint Working Group wish to acknowledge the assistance of Paul 1. Nippes and
his working group associates. J. C. White, as Chairman of the Synchronous Machinery Subcommittee
during the initial submission of this document, was instrumental in expediting the approval process by
the Rotating Machinery Committee. Carl Flick, current Chairman of the Synchronous Machinery Sub-
committee, also helped materially, as did Paul G. Cummings, who was of considerable assistance during
the Standards Board review process.
Many more names could be mentioned in this Foreword. The entire Task Force on Definitions and
Procedures participated in the preparation of the first draft of this document, but special thanks should
go to Wilfred Watson and Murray E. Coultes of Ontario Hydro for their comments and encouragement
during the initial formulation, between 1979 and 1982, of the ideas presented in the following pages.
At the time this standard was initially approved, the Special Task Force on Definitions and Procedures
had the following membership:
Paul L. Dandeno, Chairman
Daniel H. Baker L. N. Hannett H. Reid Schwenk
Murray E. Coultes S. J. Salon Stephen Umans

At the time this standard was initially approved, the members of the working group of the Synchronous
Machinery Subcommittee were:
Paul I. Nippes, Chairman
Paul G. Cummings William R. McCown Stephen Umans
Karl F. Drexler Joseph V. Pospisil Joseph J. Wilkes

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 At the time this standard was affirmed and approved, the Power System Engineering and Rotating
Machinery Committees’ Group on Determination and Application of Synchronous Machine Models for
Stability Studies of the IEEE Power Engineering Society had the following membership:
Paul L. Dandeno, Chairman
Paul M. Anderson James Edmonds Stephen Minnich
Daniel H. Baker John Fowler S. J. Salon
George Buckley L. N. Hannett H. Reid Schwenk
F. Paul De Mello Steven Herling Geoffrey Shackshaft
Raymond D. Dunlop David C. Lee Stephen Umans

The following persons were on the balloting committee that approved this document for submission to
the IEEE Standards Board:
P. D. Aganvall M. H. Hesse J. V. Pospisil
J. C. Andreas T. J. Higgins E. P. Priebe
R. H. Auerbach V. B. Honsinger G. M. Rosenberry
R. G. Bartheld R. F. Horrell C. M. Rowe
T. H. Barton W. D. Jones M. S. Sarma
L. W. Buchanan H. E. Jordan P. W. Sauer
G. W. Buckley E. I. King R. M. Saunders
A. W. W. Cameron W. H. Koch P. T. Schuerman
M. V. K. Chari P. R. H. Landrieu D. K. Sharma
J. L. Cohon T. A. Lip0 M. W. Sheets
J. L. C r a g s T. J. Lorenz W. J. Sheets
P. G. Cummings H. Majmudar E. P. Smith
N. A. Demerdash W. J. Martiny J. F. Szablya
W. C. Dumper C. H. Merrifeld P. H. Trickey
J. S. Edmonds E. J. Michaels P. J. Tsivitse
J. S. Ewing R. C. Moore J. P. Voglewede
C. Flick E. H. Myers P. Walker
N. K. Ghai N. E. Nilsson T. C. Wang
D. R. Green P. I. Nippes R. F. Weddleton
F. H. Grooms D. W. Novotny J. C. White
H. B. Hamilton J. L. Oldenkamp E. C. Whitney
G. E. Herzog J. A. Oliver J. J. Wilkes
G. W. Henog W. B. Penn E. J. Woods
M. Poloujadoff

When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on December 11,1986,it had the following
membership:
John E. May, Chairman Irving Kolodny, Vice Chairman
Sava I. Sherr, Secretary
James H. Beall Jack Kinn Robert E. Rountree
Fletcher J. Buckley Joseph L. Koepfinger * Martha Sloan
Paul G . Cummings Edward Lohse Oley Wanaselja
Donald C. Fleckenstein Lawrence V. McCall J. Richard Weger
Jay Forster Donald T. Michael* William B. Wilkens
Daniel L. Goldberg Marco W. Migliaro Helen M. Wood
Kenneth D. Hendrix Stanley Owens Charles J. Wylie
Irvin N. Howell John P. Riganati Donald W. Zipse
Frank L. Rose

*Member Emeritus

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 .

Contents

SECTION PAGE
1 . Introduction ............................................................................ 7
2 . References .............................................................................. 8
3. Definitions .............................................................................. 9
4 . Measurable Parameters at Standstill ...................................................... 9
4.1 General ............................................................................ 9
4.2 Machine Conditions for Standstill Frequency Response Tests ........................... 9
4.3 Required Measurements ............................................................. 9
4.4 Instrumentation and Connections .................................................... 10
5. Test Procedure .......................................................................... 13
5.1 Machine Safety ..................................................................... 13
5.2 Positioning the Rotor for &Axis Tests ................................................ 13
5.3 Direct-Axis Tests ................................................................... 13
5.4 Positioning the Rotor for g-Axis Tests ................................................ 16
5.5 Quadrature-Axis Tests .............................................................. 16
5.6 General Remarks ................................................................... 17
6. Nomenclature ........................................................................... 17

FIGURES
Fig 1 Conventional &Axis Equivalent Circuit ............................................... 7
Fig 2 Test Setup for Direct-Axis Measurements ............................................. 11
Fig 3 Connections for Differential Inputs ................................................... 12
Fig 4 Connections for Single-Ended Inputs ................................................. 12
Fig 5 Positioning the Rotor for Direct-Axis Tests ............................................ 13
Fig 6 &Axis Impedance (Field-Shorted) ................................................... 14
Fig 7 &Axis Operational Inductance (Field-Shorted) ....................................... 15
Fig 8 Standstill Armature to Field Transfer Functions = sG (s) ............................... 15
Fig 9 Standstill Armature to Field Transfer Impedance ...................................... 16

APPENDIX
Obtaining Models from Standstill Test Data .................................................... 19
A1 Introduction ........................................................................... 19
A2 References ............................................................................. 19
A3 General Approach ...................................................................... 19
A4 Magnetic Nonlinearity .................................................................. 20
A5 Curve-Fitting Procedures ................................................................ 22
A6 Example .............................................................................. 22
A7 Concluding Comments .................................................................. 28

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 APPENDIX FIGURES PAGE
Fig A1 Direct-Axis Equivalent Circuits .................................................... 20
Fig A2 Quadrature-Axis Equivalent Circuits ............................................... 21
Fig A3 Magnetic Nonlinearity of Iron ..................................................... 21
Fig A4 &Axis Impedance (Field-Shorted) ................................................. 23
Fig A5 Standstill Armature to Field Transfer Impedance ................................... 23
Fig A6 Standstill Armature to Field Transfer Function = s G ( s ) ............................. 24
Fig A7 q-Axis Impedance ................................................................ 24
Fig A8 Resistive Component of Zarmd ( s ) .................................................. 25
Fig A9 &Axis Operational Inductance (Field-Shorted) ..................................... 25
Fig A10 q-Axis Operational Inductance .................................................... 26
Fig A1 1 Assumed Direct-Axis Equivalent Circuit ............................................ 27
Fig A12 Assumed Quadrature-Axis Equivalent Circuit ....................................... 28

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 IEEE Standard Procedures for
Obtaining Synchronous Machine Parameters
by Standstill Frequency Response Testing

1. Introduction A new approach has demonstrated that stabil-

ity parameters for synchronous machines can be
In Section 8 of ANSI/IEEE Std 115-1983 [ 11I ,
obtained by performing frequency response tests
methods are described for obtaining synchronous
with the machine at standstill. Frequency re-
machine parameters in the form of reactances
sponse data describe the response of machine
and time constants. These are the familiar syn-
fluxes to stator current and field voltage changes
chronous, transient and subtransient reactances
in both the direct and quadrature axes of a syn-
as well as open-circuit and short-circuit, transient
chronous machine. Some advantages of the meth-
and subtransient time constants.
od are that it can be done either in the factory or
Three reactances and two time constants have
on site, it poses a low probability of risk to the
historically been determined from the test data
machine being tested, and it provides complete
resulting from the procedures outlined in Section 8
data in both direct and quadrature axes. Resist-
of ANSI/IEEE Std 115-1983 [ l ] .Accordingly, it
ances and reactances for the associated models
has been customary to assume a two-rotor-circuit
can be calculated using t h e methods in the
direct-axis model to describe the synchronous
Appendix.
machine mathematically in stability and other
The model parameters derived from the stand-
related analyses. Figure 1 shows the correspond-
still frequency response tests reflect linearized
ing equivalent circuit; the Laplace transform
conditions, with extremely low flux conditions in
analysis of this circuit is detailed in [7].
The assumed quadrature-axis equivalent cir-
cuit is similar in structure, except that the field
winding is replaced by a second (equivalent) iron
circuit. Fig 1
Accurate identfication of the field circuit is a Conventional d-Axis Equivalent Circuit
desirable feature for present day stability analy-
ses where excitation controls play an important
role. This is not possible with the tests described
in Section 8 of ANSVIEEE Std 115-1983 [ I ] . ryI"M

Another difficulty with ANSI/IEEE Std 115-

1983 [ l ] lies in defining adequate tests for 17
Lkd
quadrature-axis quantities. Test procedures, de-
scribed in 8.5, a r e available for determining @d Lad
quadrature-axis synchronous reactances. There
Rkd
are no practical or acceptable procedures listed
in Section 8 for obtaining quadrature-axis tran-
sient or subtransient reactances or time constants.
Present day stability studies require quadrature-
axis as well as direct-axis values for an accurate
and adequate synchronous machine stability
simulation.

The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the refer

ences listed in Section 2 of this standard.

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 IEEE
Std 115A-1987 IEEE STANDARD PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING SYNCHRONOUS

the machine. The values of La, and L, obtained 2. References

from the test data must each be adjusted slightly
to values corresponding to unsaturated air-gap The following publications shall be used in con-
line flux levels. This is described in Section A4 of junction with this standard:
the Appendix. Further discussion on the basis for
[ l ] ANSI/IEEE Std 115-1983, IEEE Guide: Test
such corrections is also given in a recent paper by
Procedures for Synchronous Machines.2
Minnich [8].Saturation may then be treated in
stability simulations in .a conventional manner by [2] COULTES, M. E. and WATSON, W. Synchro-
adjusting La, and Laq.The usefulness of the mod- nous Machine Models by Standstill Frequency
els obtained according to these procedures has Response Tests. IEEE Transactions on Power
been demonstrated by comparing on-site power Apparatus and Systems, vol PAS-100, no 4, Apr
system test disturbances, associated with line 1981, pp 1480-1489.
openings or closings, with computer simulations.
[3] DANDENO, P. L., KUNDUR, P., PORAY, A. T.
The responses of cylindrical rotor machines were
and ZEIN EL-DIN, H. M. Adaption and Validation
investigated in this limited number of tests. This
of Turbogenerator Model Parameters Through
standard provides a means of gaining further
On-Line Frequency Response Measurements. IEEE
experience with the circumstances by which turbo-
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,
generator models, in particular, based on stand-
vol PAS-100, no 4, Apr 1981, pp 1658-1664.
still frequency response testing, can be used for
power system stability studies or other applica- [4] DANDENO, P. L., KUNDUR, P., PORAY, A. T.
tions such as excitation control analyses. and COULTES, M.E. Validation of Turbogenerator
Users of this test method compared the simu- Stability Models by Comparison with Power Sys-
lated performance of the standstill models with tem Tests. IEEE Transactions on Power Appara-
actual generator or system responses under tus and Systems, vol PAS-100, no 4, Apr 1981,
loaded conditions. In some instances it is very p p 1637-1645.
possible that on-line or open-circuit rated-speed
[5] Determination of Synchronous Machine Sta-
frequency response testing or line switching tests
bility Study Constants. EPRI Report EL 1424:
are needed either to confirm the validity of the
vol 1, Sept 1980, Westinghouse Electric Corpora-
standstill models, or to adjust them to reflect
tion, and vol 2, Dec 1980, Ontario Hydro (two of
loaded conditions at rated speed. (Refer to [3].)
four reports on EPRI Project 997).
The effect of centrifugal forces on slot wedge
characteristics in cylindrical rotor machines is [6] HURLEY,J. D. and SCHWENK,H. R. Standstill
one example of possible electrical or magnetic Frequency Response Modeling and Evaluation by
rotor circuit changes under operating loaded Field Tests on a 645 MVA Turbine Generator.
conditions, as is the effect of saturation in both IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Sys-
the direct and quadrature axes. tems, vol PAS-100, no 2, Feb 1981, p p 828-836.
Aspects of standstill frequency response testing
(71 IEEE Joint Working Group on Determination
that are different from the procedures in Section
of Synchronous Machine Stability Constants -
8 of ANSI/IEEE Std 115-1983 [ I ] are the measure-
Supplementary Definitions and Associated Test
ment accuracy requirements and the complexity
Methods for Obtaining Parameters for Synchro-
of the data reduction techniques. Instrumenta-
nous Machine Stability Study Simulations. IEEE
tion capable of resolving magnitudes and phase
Transacticms on Power Apparatus and Systems,
angles of fundamental components of ac signals
vol PAS-99, no 4, Jul/Aug 1980, pp 1625-1633.
at low frequencies (possibly down to 0.001 Hz) is
required. In addition, the procedure for translat- [8] MINNICH, S. H. Small Signals, Large Signals
ing the test data into synchronous machine stabil- and Saturation in Generator Modeling. IEEE
ity study constants requires a computerized, Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol EC-1,
curve-fitting technique. An illustrative example is Mar 1986, p p 94-102.
shown in the Appendix.
The following sections describe the application
of standstill frequency response testing methods ANSI/IEEE publications can be obtained from the Sales
for obtaining direct- and quadrature-axis stability Department, American National Standards Institute, 1430
Broadway, New York, NY 10018, or from the Institute of Elec-
parameters. Some of the basic work performed in trical and Electronics Engineers, Service Center, Piscataway,
this area is described in [2], [3], [4], [5], and [6]. NJ 08854.

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 IEEE
MACHINE PARAMETERS BY STANDSTILL FREQUENCY RESPONSE TESTING Std 115A-1987

3. Definitions
The definitions below are the principal ones that
power system analysts have found convenient The above two quantities are the armature driving
when describing the response of synchronous point impedances.
machines. Although they have been published in A third quantity is given by the relation
[ 71, they are repeated here for completeness. The
d-axis conventions are shown in the preceding G(s) =
Fig 1; the q-axis is similar.
The direct-axis operational inductance. An alternative method of measuring this param-
It is the ratio of the Laplace transform of eter is suggested as follows:
the direct-axis armature flux linkages to
the Laplace transform of the direct-axis
current, with the field winding short-
sG(s) =
Aid(s) I Aefd = 0
circuited. The advantage of the latter form is that it can be
measured at the same time as 2, ( s ) .
The quadrature-axis operational induc- A fourth measurable parameter at standstill is
tance. It is the ratio of the Laplace trans- the armature to field transfer impedance:
form of the quadrature-axis armature
flux linkages to the Laplace transform of
the quadrature-axis current.
The armature to field transfer function. 4.2 Machine Conditions for Standstill Frequency
It is the ratio of the Laplace transform of Response Tests. The machine must be shut
the direct-axis armature flux linkages to down, off-turning gear, and electrically isolated.
the Laplace transform of the field volt- The unit transformer must be disconnected from
age, with the armature open-circuited. the armature terminals and any armature wind-
ing grounds removed. Also, all connections to the
field terminals must be taken off. This can be done
by removing the brushgear or, in the case of a
4. Measurable Parameters at Standstill brushless exciter, electrically disconnecting the
4.1 General. The above quantities can be ob- complete exciter from the generator field winding.
tained from other measurable parameters with It is important to maintain the armature wind-
the machine at standstill. Early workers who ing temperature constant during the measure-
investigated the concepts of rotating machine ments since the low-frequency test points are very
operational impedances, and by implication, opera- sensitive to the armature resistance. To this end,
tional inductances included Park, Kron, Concordia, the machine should be cooled as close to ambient
Adkins, and others. temperature as possible, and any stator heat
The three principal parameters noted below exchangers should be turned off. Circulation of
relate to the three definitions previously listed. the water through the stator winding should be
maintained to ensure that stagnation does not
The direct-axis operational impedance cause the water conductivity to change.
is equal to R, + s L , (s), where R, is the It should be possible to turn the machine rotor
relevant armature resistance per phase. to a precise position prior to the tests. This is most
The dc value is used because it is measur- easily done by hand cranking the turning gear. If
able, and, as will be seen in the example this is not possible, a hydraulic jack can be used
in the Appendix, its contribution to the against a coupling bolt. Although a gantry crane
total impedance is only significant a t low may be helpful in making large movements, it is
frequencies. Also, not precise enough for the final positioning of the
shaft.
Zd(S) = - (Eq 1) 4.3 Required Measurements. The magnitude
and phase of the desired quantities,
The quadrature-axis operational imped-
ance is equal to R, + s L, ( s ) ,where R, is
the dc armature resistance phase. Also,

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 IEEE
Std 115A- 1987 IEEE STANDARD PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING SYNCHRONOUS

are measured over a range of frequencies. The measured transfer function should not exceed
minimum frequency (fmin ) should be at least one one percent at any point in the frequency range.
order of magnitude less than that corresponding The power amplifier should create readily mea-
to the transient open-circuit time constant of the surable signal levels for the armature and field
generator, that is, winding voltages and currents. Test currents
should be small enough to avoid temperature
changes in the armature, field, or damper circuits
during the test. Voltages at the armature or field
winding terminals shall not exceed rated voltage
The maximum frequency for the test should be levels. As a general guide, test currents would not
somewhat greater than twice the rated frequency be expected to exceed one-half of one percent of
of the generator being tested, perhaps 200 Hz for rated armature current (see 5.1).
a 60 Hz machine. Approximately 10 test points, Normal precautions to avoid overloading inputs
logarithmically spaced, per decade of frequency, and outputs of instruments should be observed.
is a satisfactory measurement density. The impedance measured at the armature termi-
The mutual inductance between the field and nals at very low frequencies will be approximately
armature windings, La,, shall also be measured, twice the armature phase resistance. The maxi-
where mum measured impedance will be approximately
2 ( R , + j w L , ) , where R , and L , are the negative
sequence resistance and inductance, and w is the
highest angular frequency used for the test. Both
the power amplifier and the measuring instru-
ment should be suitable for this impedance range.
The most direct way is to obtain the magnitude
of the low-frequency asymptote of the transfer 4.4.2 Measurement Accuracy. Reducing or
function Ae,, ( s ) l A i , (s), measured during the eliminating the effect of contact resistances is
direct-axis tests with the field open. Alternatively, very important to the accuracy of the measure-
it can be calculated by multiplying t h e low- ments, particularly on the armature winding. The
frequency asymptote of the magnitude of A i , , ( s ) / armature current metering shunt should be bolted
A i , ( s ) by T,,. rfdis the total resistance in the directly to the conductor in the isolated phase
field winding circuit during the measurement of bus, as close to the generator terminals as possi-
A i , ( s ) / A i , ( s ) ,namely the field resistance plus ble; conducting grease should be used to enhance
metering shunt plus connecting lead and contact the contact. An instrument having differential
resistances. inputs is preferred for making the measurements.
Figure 3 shows the proper connection of the test
leads for such a device. If an instrument with
4.4 Instrumentation and Connections. The mea- single ended inputs (common low side) is used,
surements should be made with an instrument func- then the connections in Fig 4 are appropriate.
tionally equivalent to a transfer function analyzer, Current metering shunts are used to measure
frequency response analyzer, Fourier analyzer, or the test current supplied to the armature winding,
digital signal analyzer. Such instruments measure and the induced field current. Shunt ratings
the magnitudes and relative phase angles of two should be matched to the maximum and minimum
signals and extract only the fundamental compo- currents to appear in the respective windings.
nent from any distorted waveforms. In particular, When using the test schematics in this specif-
a phase-angle measurement made by a zero cross- cation, the induced field current will not exceed
ing detector will not be satisfactory for the lower fi is (Zfdo/iao), where I,, is the field current
frequencies. required for rated armature voltage on the air-
4.4.1 'Qpical Test Setups. (Refer to Fig 2.) The gap line, i sis the peak value of the largest arma-
relationships between the measured quantities ture current used during the test, and i,, is the
and the desired variables are given in Section 5 . peak value of the rated armature current; all cur-
An oscillator, sometimes an integral part of the rents are expressed in amperes. The resistance of
measuring instrument, provides the test signal. the field winding shunt should not make the total
This goes to a power amplifier, the output of dc resistance of the field circuit significantly
which is connected to two terminals of the gener- greater than the field resistance a t rated operat-
ator armature winding. The metering error of any ing temperature.

10

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 IEEE
MACHINE PARAMETERS BY STANDSTILL FREQUENCY RESPONSE TESTING Std 115A-1987

-
OSCILLATOR
FREQUENCY
RESPONSE ANALYZER

“arm ‘arm
POWER
AMPLIFIER
-

GJ SHUNT

(a) MEASUREMENT OF Zd(s)

OSCILLATOR
-
-
FREQUENCY
RESPONSE ANALYZER
POWER
AMPLIFIER -
‘fd ‘arm

I ‘

(b) MEASUREMENT OF Ai,d/Aiarm

-
-
OSCILLATOR

FREQUENCY
POWER
AMPLIFIER
-
-
RESPONSE ANALYZER SHUNT

<
efd
-- ‘arm

T
(c) MEASUREMENT OF Aefd/Aiarm

Fig 2
Test Setup for Direct-Axis Measurements

11

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 IEEE
Std 115A-1987 IEEE STANDARD PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING SYNCHRONOUS

I o 0

- iarm
v
"arm

'
I
TO POWER AMPLIFIER

Fig 3
Connections for Differential Inputs

ARMATURE
CURRENT
METERING GENERATOR
SHUNT TERMINALS

1r
0 0 0 0

0 0 0

l o

- iarm
INSTRUMENT
v
"arm

COMMON

-
TO POWER AMPLIFIER

Fig 4
Connections for Single-Ended Inputs

12

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 IEEE
MACHINE PARAMETERS BY STANDSTILL FREQUENCY RESPONSE TESTING Std 115A-1987

5. Test Procedure 5.3 Direct-Axis Tests

5.1 Machine Safety. It should be recognized that 5.3.1 Ld(s).Referring to Fig 2(a), connect
during standstill frequency response tests, the the power amplifier output to terminals a and b
capability of the generator will be reduced with of the armature winding through the metering
respect to its capability at normal operating con- shunt. Short the field winding through a non-
ditions. Therefore, test levels of currents and volt- inductive metering shunt, making solid connec-
ages shall be maintained at sufficiently low levels tions to the field winding. This can be done by
to avoid any possible damage to either stator or wrapping copper bands around the slip rings,
rotor components. This can be achieved by limit- taking care not to damage the slip rings, and bolt-
ing the maximum output of the power source to ing the shunt to the bands. In the case of a brush-
levels equal to or less than the standstill capability less exciter, it may be possible to bolt the shunt
of the generator. The manufacturer should be directly to the field terminals. Finally, connect
consulted to identlfy the applicable limits. t h e war, a n d i,,, signals t o t h e measuring
instrument so that it measures the quantity
5.2 Positioning the Rotor for d-Axis Tests. Zarmd ( s ) = Awarm ( s ) l A i a r m ( s ) . Perform this
Temporarily connect the power amplifier as in measurement over the required frequency range.
Fig 5 . Drive the amplifier with approximately This will result in a set of test points similar to
100 Hz, and measure the induced field voltage those in Fig 6 . A frequency range from 0.001 to
with an oscilloscope. Turn the generator rotor 200 Hz has been found to produce acceptable
slowly until the induced field voltage observed on results.
the oscilloscope is nulled. At this point, the mag- Calculate the operational inductance in henrys:
netic axis of the field winding is aligned with that
of the series connection of phases a and b that Zd ( s ) - Ra
will be used for the direct-axis tests. Ld(S) = (Eq 8 )

Fig 5
Positioning the Rotor for Direct-Axis Tests

OSCILLOSCOPE

13

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 IEEE
Std 115A-1987 IEEE STANDARD PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING SYNCHRONOUS

where tion of 1 part in 1000 is required at the very low

frequencies. If the instrument being used cannot
achieve this, satisfactory results can be obtained
by spacing the measurements closer than 10 per
decade and drawing a line through the scatter.
Note that R , obtained by this method should be
close to the value for the armature resistance
and quoted by the manufacturer.
s = j w
5.3.2 s G ( s ) . Now, connect the instrument to
the i, and vu,,, signal leads, Fig 2(b), and mea-
This will result in a set of points similar to those in sure the transfer function Ai, (s)lAia,, (s) over
Fig 7, and completes the tests for the direct-axis the required frequency range. Then, calculate
operational inductance.
To obtain R,,plot the real, or resistive, compo-
nent of this impedance as a function of frequency,
and extrapolate it to zero frequency to get the dc which will lead to a plot similar to Fig 8.
resistance of the two phases of the armature 5.3.3 Zdo(s). Finally, open the field winding
winding in series, 2R,. Care should be taken to by removing the field current metering shunt, and
obtain this resistance with as much accuracy and connect the i, and i,,, signal leads to the mea-
resolution as possible; otherwise, large errors in suring instrument, Fig 2 (c). Measure Ae,/Ai,,,
the low-frequency values for operational induc- at the necessary number of frequencies, and
tance will result. Typically, a measurement resolu- calculate

Fig 6
d-Axis Impedance (Field-Shorted)

FREQUENCY (Hz)

14

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 IEEE
MACHINE PARAMETERS BY STANDSTILL FREQUENCY RESPONSE TESTING Std 115A-1987

0
9
CICI 0

CI %I
CI
0
a
a
7
CI
CI a 0
9
CI
:
C)QQQQQDQC) ' -
QB, UJ
W
QQ CI
C I 0Q
a *E
Yg
0a m TEST b MAGNITUDE w
CI UJ

CI
0
Q C I
0
POINTS 1 PHASE
on
o
N
7
x
Q

a OQ
CI
PJ QQ OoQ 0

m a QQ Q Q ,,QQoQ
~ QQ 0
P
~0~

0
9
OD

0-3 ' ' ' 10-2' ' ' '"''1 10-1' ' ' "'"1 ' ' ' ""'1
P
loo 10' ' ' '""'1 Id ' ' ' " I ' 03
FREQUENCY (Hz)

Fig 7
d-Axis Operational Inductance (Field-Shorted)

0
d
0
a
Q

Q
0

CI
Q
CI
CI
CI 0
CI
CI
CI
CI

P
I
POINTS
TEST I @ MAGNITUDE
PHASE
CI
CI
D
-m
CI
01
110-3 ' ' ' '""~
10-2' ' ' ""'I 10-1' ' ' """ 100 ' ' ' '"''1 10' ' ' ' '"''1 Id ' ' ""ll

FREQUENCY (Hz)

Fig 8
Standstill Armature to Field Transfer Function = SG (s)

15

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 IEEE
Std 115A-1987 IEEE STANDARD PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING SYNCHRONOUS

where
When plotted, these points will be similar to Fig 9.
This completes the direct-axis tests. 1
',(SI = 5 Zarmq(S)
5.4 Positioning the Rotor for q-Axis Tests.
Connect the power amplifiers across phases a and
and b as in Fig 2 for the direct-axis measure-
ments, remove the field current metering shunt,
and set the oscillator frequency to approximately
100 Hz. Observe the induced field voltage on an Note that Ra, the dc resistance of one phase of
oscilloscope, and turn the generator rotor slowly the armature winding, should be nominally the
until a null in the induced field voltage is achieved. Same as obtained during the direct-axh tests.
The rotor is now positioned for the quadrature- However, because of the sensitivity of the results
axis tests. to this value, it should be obtained again using the
5.5 Quadrature-Axis Tests. Connect the war, q-axis data and the techniques in Section 5 in
and iar,signal leads to the instrument to mea- c u e a change in the winding temperature has
SureZ,,,,(s) = A w a r m ( s ) / ~ i a r m ( s ) ,aswas done altered its value since t h e d-axis tests. The
on the direct-axis, Fig 2 (a). Measure Zarmq (s) Plotted results for zq( s ) and L , ( s ) will be similar
over the complete frequency range, and calculate to those for the direct axis in Figs 6 and 7.

Fig 9
Standstill Armature to Field Transfer Impedance

0
r
b 8
F
7

' Q Q Q ~
QQ
QQ
QQ 0
Q 9
Q IC
0
Q
:D
: 0
Q 0
Q
Q
9
0
Q 0-
Q v)
w
w Q
w
Q LT
Q SE
0 $9
0 % 0
' U
v)
a
0 I
CI oa
Q 8
0
D
CI
v:
Q CI
0
0 9
0
?
0
8
5?
103
FREQUENCY (Hz)

16

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 IEEE
MACHINE PARAMETERS BY STANDSTILL FREQUENCY RESPONSE TESTING Std 115A-1987

5.6 General Remarks. The preceding tests have armature leakage inductance
been performed with the field aligned in a partic- field winding leakage inductance
ular way for either the direct- or quadrature-axis
tests. This is done to simpllfy the transformation direct-axis damper winding leakage
of stator and field measurements of any three- inductance; k = 1, 2 . . .n
phase synchronous machine to the appropriate quadrature-axisdamper winding leak-
direct- and quadrature-axis quantities. The mathe- age inductance; k = 1, 2 . . .n
matical transformations and other expressions direct-axis operational inductance
for such d - and q-axis quantities are given in
detail (see [2]). This reference also relates the quadrature-axis operational induc-
measurements derived from the preceding equa- tance
tions (see Eq 8 through Eq 11) to a particular effective number of turns on one
complexity of model. As indicated in the Appen- phase of the armature winding
dix of this document, as well as in [2], other d - effective number of turns in the field
and q-axis model structures can also be chosen, winding
of higher or lower order.
field resistance referred to the field
field resistance referred to the arma-
ture
6. Nomenclature
direct-axis damper winding resist-
direct-axis armature voltage ance; k = 1, 2 . . .n
field voltage quadrature-axis damper winding re-
quadrature-axis armature voltage sistance; k = 1, 2,. . .n
armature to field transfer function Laplace operator
instantaneous value of armature voltage between two energized arma-
current during test ture terminals during standstill fre-
quency response tests
peak value of rated armature cur-
rent per phase standstill armature to field transfer
impedance
direct-axis armature current
operational impedance measured
field current
between two armature terminals
field current for rated armature volt- during direct-axis tests
age on the air-gap line of the open-
operational impedance measured
circuit saturation curve
between two armature terminals
quadrature-axis armature current during quadrature-axis tests
direct-axis armature to rotor mutual direct-axis operational impedance
inductance
quadrature-axis operational imped-
quadrature-axis armature to rotor ance
mutual inductance
small change
differential leakage inductances pro-
radian frequency
portional to fluxes that link one or
more damper windings and the field, NOTE: L,,, Lkd, Lkq, R,,, and Rkq: These five capitalized
symbols represent rotor parameters referred to the armature;
but that do not link the armature; values are usually quoted in per unit on the armature imped-
k = 1, 2 , . . .n ance base.

17

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 Appendix
Obtaining Models from Standstill Test Data

(This Appendix is not a part of IEEE Std 115A-1987, IEEE Standard Procedures for Obtaining Synchronous Machine Parameters
by Standstill Frequency Response Testing, but is included for information only.)

Al. Introduction [A21 HOOKE, R. and JEEVES, T. Direct Search

Solution of Numerical and Statistical Problems,
As discussed in 5.6, there are a number of pos-
J. Assoc. C m p u t . , vol8, no 2, Apr 1961.
sible models and procedures for reducing stand-
still data to model parameters. The choices of [A31 RANKIN, A. W. Per Unit Impedance of Syn-
both model structure and parameter derivation chronous Machines, AIEE Transactions, vol 64,
techniques are independent of the measured Aug 1945.
available data. Thus, the SSFR data obtained from
the tests described in Section 5 can be used to
obtain a wide range of models depending upon
A3. General Approach
the desires and capabilities of t h e user. For The steps for the direct axis are:
example, users might tend to disregard the stator (1) Assume the best available estimate for the
to field transfer function data if accurate model- stator leakage inductance L, typically the value
ing of the field circuit was not required. I t is not supplied by the manufacturer.
the intent of this document to prescribe either (2) Ld(0) is the low-frequency limit of Ld(s).
specific models, structures, or methods of obtain-
ing model parameters from the SSFR data. I t is = Ld(o) - L , (Eq A l l
recognized that since such data are only an inter-
NOTE: This value of Lad is appropriate to the flux levels that
mediate stage in the process of model derivation, existed during the test; in general, it will be lower than the
it is important to indicate to the reader how the unsaturated value associated with the air-gap line. This is dis-
data form a part of the overall model develop- cussed in Section A4.
ment process. This Appendix illustrates one pos-
sible route to the derivation of generator models ( 3 ) Use the Ae, (s)lAid ( s ) transfer function
from a given set of data. This is neither the only to find the field to armature turns ratio
method nor is it necessarily the best.
The approach followed leads to an equivalent
circuit model that is a linear lumped parameter
model selected to have the same frequency, and
hence, time domain characteristic as the genera- (4) The field resistance, referred to the arma-
tor. If desired, this can be converted to a model in ture winding, is
the form of reactances and time constants by
calculating these parameters from the equivalent
circuit.
To avoid confusion, the calculations are done in
volts, amperes, ohms, and henrys. Then, the result-
NOTE: This method is used rather than direct measurement
ing equivalent circuit elements are normalized to to account for the resistance of the metering shunt and con-
per unit values by dividing the base impedance or necting leads t h a t are a part of the field circuit during the
inductance of the machine, as appropriate. tests. However, a direct measurement of the field resistance
plus the metering shunt resistance is a useful check.

A2. References
(5) Define an equivalent circuit structure for
[A1] Biomedical Computer Programs, P Series, the direct axis. Some possible choices are shown
Sections 14.1 and 14.2, University of California in Fig Al. For further background, see [2] in Sec-
Press, Berkeley, California, 1979. tion 2.

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 IEEE
Std 115A-1987 IEEE STANDARD PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING SYNCHRONOUS

desired operating temperature, and refer it to the

stator. For example, consider a copper winding

rad converted to 100 "C:

R , at 100 "C =
234.5 + T,
(Eq A4)
where rfdis the field resistance measured at the
field terminals and T f is the average field winding
temperature in "C during the measurement. Sub-
stitute this value for R , in the equivalent circuit.
For field winding materials other than copper,
appropriate values of temperature coefficients
(234.5 for copper) shall be used.
(9) Normalize the equivalent circuit elements
to per unit values.

(10) Base field current = - (".)(

-
Nfd
iao)

(Eq A51
in the reciprocal per unit system.
For the quadrature axis:
(1) Assume the same value for the armature
leakage inductance that was used in the d-axis.
(2) L , ( 0 ) is the low-frequency limit of L , ( s ) .

Again, this value is correct for the test conditions

but may be different at operating flux densities.
(3) Define an equivalent circuit structure for
the quadrature axis. Some possibilities are illus-
trated in Fig A2.
(4) Use an iterative technique to find values for
the unknown circuit elements that produce the
best fit to L , ( s ) .Lp and La, are known.
(5) Convert L,, to its unsaturated value (see
-_1

Section A4).
Fig AI (6) Normalize the equivalent circuit elements
Direct-Axis Equivalent Circuits to per unit values.

(6) Use an iterative technique (see Section A5) A4. Magnetic Nonlinearity
to find values for the unknown circuit elements
that produce the best fit to the two direct-axis I t is well known that saturation reduces the
Aifd (s) inductance of iron core devices at high flux densi-
functions L , (s) and ___ ties. However, the permeability of iron also de-
A i d (s) '
creases at very low flux densities. The B-H loops in
NOTE: L, and R , are already determined from the previous Fig A3 (a) illustrate this phenomenon. The appar-
calculations.
ent inductance of a coil wound on this core is
(7) Adjust Lad calculated in (2) above to its proportional to the slope of the line through the
unsaturated value Lad"(see Section A4). tips of the appropriate B-H loops; see Fig A3(b).
(8) Measure the resistance of the field winding Thus, it is evident that the inductance of such a
itself at the field terminals, convert it to the coil will be relatively low for a low amplitude

20

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 IEEE
MACHINE PARAMETERS BY STANDSTILL FREQUENCY RESPONSE TESTING Std 115A-1987

(a) B-H LOOPS

L O

Fig A2
Quadrature-Axis Equivalent Circuits

(b) LOCUS OF TIP OF B-H LOOPS

Fig A3
cycling magnetic intensity (H). This inductance
Magnetic Nonlinearity of Iron
will increase to a maximum value as the ampli-
tude of the magnetic intensity cycle gets larger;
this maximum value corresponds to the air-gap
line of the open-circuit saturation curve. Finally, circuits derived to match standstill test data need
at large amplitudes, saturation begins to limit the to be adjusted upward to achieve an unsaturated
maximum value of flux density (B) that can be model for the machine. Generally speaking, the
attained, and the inductance begins to decrease size of the adjustments to Lad and Laqwill be less,
again. if higher test currents are used.
Since standstill frequency response tests are An unsaturated value for Lad in henrys can be
done using very low currents (typically 40 A), calculated from the rated speed open-circuit satu-
compared to rated armature current, the low ration curve:
level iron nonlinearity cannot be ignored. In short,
the values of iron-dependent inductance mea-
sured during standstill frequency response tests
will be lower than unsaturated values on the air- where V, and I, define a point on the air-gap line,
gap line. Therefore, La, and La, in the equivalent and w is the rotor speed in electrical radians

21

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 IEEE
Std 115A-1987 IEEE STANDARD PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING SYNCHRONOUS

per second. Note that V, is peak voltage line-to- (3) Change the value of one undetermined
neutral. Laduis substituted for La, determined in element (for example, L l d ) by a small amount in
(2) of Section A1 in the direct-axis equivalent cir- one direction. If the resulting error is reduced,
cuit. Similarly, in the quadrature-axis equivalent continue to change the value of that element in
circuit, Laq,as determined in Section Al, must be that direction until the error begins to grow
adjusted to its unsaturated value. One possible instead of diminish.
approach is to multiply it by Ladu/Lad,the same (4) Repeat the process on all other undeter-
factor that is used in the direct axis. mined elements.
(5) Reduce the size of t h e increment and
repeat steps (3) and (4).
A5. Curve-Fitting Procedures (6) Continue until the error between calcu-
Numerical values for the equivalent circuit lated points and corresponding test points can-
parameters are extracted from the standstill fre- not be reduced anymore.
quency response test results by curve-fitting
techniques applicable to nonlinear functions (also
known as nonlinear regression analysis). A6. Example
Computer programs suitable for this applica- Machine rating: 192.3 MVA, 18 kV, 60 Hz
tion typically take two forms. In one form, the
user must compute only the value of a specific (18) (18)
Armature base impedance =
dependent variable -L, (s), for example -for 192.3
any set of unknown parameters. Unknown param- = 1.685 0
eters could be either the constants appearing in
the operational form for the dependent variable; 1.685
Armature base inductance =
for example, 120 Tr
Lq(0) (1 + ST;) (1 + ST,”) = 4.469 mH
L,(s) =
(1 + sT&) (1 + sT&)
(Eq AS) (for 60 Hz)

for the quadrature axis, or the actual equivalent The manufacturer’s value for armature leakage
circuit elements (see Fig A12, for example). The inductance L , is 0.178 pu or 0.795 mH.
second form requires computations of both the Figs A4 to A7 are the four functions:
partial derivatives of the dependent variable with
respect to each of the unknown parameters and
the value of the chosen independent variable.
Either of these techniques might be used for the Fig A8 is a plot of the resistive component of
curve fits of the direct- and quadrature-axis func- Zarmd(s)a t the low-frequency end of the mea-
tions. Programs that could be suitable for curve- surements. At zero frequency, its value is 2R,.
fitting t h e results from standstill frequency Accordingly, from Fig AS, R, = 0.001612 0 for the
response tests are described in [ A l l 3 and [A2]. example machine; therefore, the operational induc-
The approach which has been used to produce tance can be calculated at each frequency. For
an equivalent circuit starts in the example below example, at 0.13 Hz, 2, = 0.003370 0. The
with a choice of circuit form (for example, Fig corresponding operational inductance for this
A1 1). The stator leakage inductance L, is chosen. particular frequency is
Then La, and R, can be calculated directly (see 0.003370 - 0.001612
Eq A1 and A3). The remaining circuit elements L, = henry
are calculated by the following procedure: j (0.13) (2 T )
(1) Assume some starting values for the unde- = 0.002627 1-36.9” henry (Eq A91
termined elements.
( 2 j Calculate the error between the frequency The unit henry (0 s/rad) is used with a com-
response of the resulting equivalent circuit and plex inductance similar to what is commonly
each measured test point. done with complex voltages and currents.
Similar calculations for each frequency at
which Z, (s) was measured result in the direct-
The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the refer- axis operational inductance plotted in Fig A9. The
ences listed in Section A2 of this Appendix. quadrature-axis operational inductance, L , ( s ) ,

22

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 IEEE
MACHINE PARAMETERS BY STANDSTILL FREQUENCY RESPONSE TESTING Std 115A-1987
0
0
2
z
0
0
0

0
0
m
0 -
w
v)
w
a
ss
ge W
v)
a
I
o n
0
v
0

0
cu
0

0
0
I o3
FREQUENCY (Hz)

Fig A4
d-Axis Impedance (Field-Shorted)

z
7

Elm
0
0
IC

0
0
m-
0
w
W

-;e W
V)

b El U
CI I
d
I
CI
8a
0
UJ

P CI
CI
El

PPp CI
El
0
0
?
d TEST
Po"TS i @ MAGNITUDE
PHASE
CI
0
0
/ 0
CI m

""' ""' Id
7
I

0-3' ' """1 10-2 ' ' '' 10-1 ' ' ' ' ""1 100 ' ' ' 10' ' ' '' ' ' 1'''11 I o3
FREQUENCY (Hz)

Fig A5
Standstill Armature to Field Transfer Impedance

23

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 IEEE
Std 115A-1987 IEEE STANDARD PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING SYNCHRONOUS

0
r

0
0
0
ID

a 0
0
0
cu
0
clDD Q I

PJD 0
E) w
0 s=
Q '0,
W
v)
6
Z I
0
9

0
CI
8
D 7

i
I
@ MAGNITUDE
TEST
POINTS U PHASE D
0
CI 0
D
CI
z
10-3' ' " " " ~ 10-2 ' ' ' I"" 10-1 ' ' '""1 100 ' ' ' """ 10' ' ' ' " 1 " 1 102' ' ""' 1o3
FREQUENCY (Hz)

Fig A6
Standstill Armature to Field Transfer Function = SG (s)
0
9
0
N

4
r

0
9
0
2

0
9
m
0
I

v)
W
[r
sa
W
v)

-
a
I
y

0
9
D N
0

CI
E)
CJm 0
$, C I C I D @ 8
Id

Fig A7
q-Axis Impedance

24

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 IEEE
MACHINE PARAMETERS BY STANDSTILL FREQUENCY RESPONSE TESTING Std 115A-1987

3.20
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009
FREQUENCY (HZ)

Fig A8
Resistive Component of Zmd (s)

0
e0
CIDn L,j(s)
%I
CI c)m
Q c)c)El QElc) 0

El Q c ) D c l Q EIQc)CIEl -7
El am
- El 0

z El
c) 9
2
El
'---wedb%-- 7.95 mH
-
I
I

- c) v)
E Qo
w a g f
0
3
E l Q Q
-c:it=
k 0 0
z TEST 0 MAGNITUDE
0
f
El

El
C
a
l

Q Q
m
POINTS ] B PHASE
sq
w
v)

cl 2 Q

El
El Q Q QbQ QQQQQ
CI " 0
? n c I
Q Q ~ , , ~

O b 06.3b 0 Q b Q o Q
0
-P
non

2
I

10-3 ' ' ' ' ""1 10-2' ' ' '""I 10-1' '"""1 100 ' ' ' 1 1 ' ' ' ' 10' ' ' '""'1 10'' ' """ 1 o3

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 IEEE
Std 115A-1987 IEEE STANDARD PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING SYNCHRONOUS

plotted in Fig A10, is obtained in the same way (4) From Fig A6,
from 2, ( s ) .
Beginning with the direct axis and following the
steps in Section A3:
(1) L, = 0.795 mH and

(2) From Fig A9, 0.007155

R, = 0.002643 R
L, (0) = 1.779 pu or 7.950 mH

La, = (7.950 - 0.795) mH = 7.155 mH

during the standstill tests.
(3) From Fig A5, (5) The equivalent circuit structure in Fig A1 1
will be used for the direct axis.
From previous calculations,
L, = 0.795 mH
Then,
La, = 7.155 mH
Nfd - 0.0862
- 12.05 R,, = 0.002643 R
N.d 0.007155
(6) The iterative curve fit procedure described
at the end of Section A5 yields the following
The low-frequency limit can be obtained most values for the unknown elements:
Ks
accurately by fitting a function to the L,,,, = 0.267 mH
(1 + s T )
~

low-frequency test points; K is the required limit. L,,, = 0 mH

Fig A10
q-Axis Operational Inductance

"
DDD
cl% Dm
ma-Q-
Q
- - 7.95 mH
D "Q o o D

CI
8
0
D
Q
0 D
Q
D Q D

m %a,

81
1 TEST
'OINTS
] 0 MAGNITUDE
PHASE m
0
D
0

QQ

CJD D~

10-3' ' ' '""1 10-2' ' ' """ 10-1' ' ' '""1 100 ' ' ' """ 10' ' ' ' ' I"" Id' ' "'lr.
FREQUENCY (Hz)

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 IEEE
MACHINE PARAMETERS BY STANDSTILL FREQUENCY RESPONSE TESTING Std 115A-1987

0.006574
R,, =
1.685 = 0.00390pu
~

0.726
L, = - = 0.162pu
4.469
0.002777
R, = = 0.00165pu
1.685
~

Fig A l l (10) Base armature current

Assumed Direct-Axis Equivalent Circuit
- 192'3IWA = 6.168kA rms
18 kV

Lld = 0 mH Base field current will be defined according to

Rankin's "xadbases" (see [A3]).
R,, = 0.0263R
L,,
R,,
L,
=

=
2.282mH
0.006574R
0.726mH
Base field current =

=
I:[ [A]
1086A
[ 4 6168

(7) At rated armature voltage on the air-gap Note the similarity between this and another
line of the open-circuit saturation curve, I
, = common approach also described in [A3]:
590 A.
Base field current = ,
I xadU
= [?][2][ 18000 ]=8.225mH = 590 X 1.84
Ladu 2 12.05 (fi)(l20~)(590)
= 1086A
Substitute 8.225mH for the previous value of
7.155mH in the direct-axis equivalent circuit. rated VA
(8) The measured field winding resistance was Base field impedance =
(base field current),
0.2045R at 20 "C. At 100 "C,
192.3X lo6

][:]
-
234.5+100 o.2045
[ 234.5+20] [ =
( 1086)2
163.05R
0.002777R
At 100 "C, the field resistance is
Converting to per unit values,
0.795
(=)(
rfd = 334.5 0.2045)= 0.2688R
- = 0.178~~
4.469
or
8.225
Ladu = 4.469 = 1.840pu 0.2688
R,, = -- 0.00165pu
163.05
0.267
Lf12d = 4.469 = 0.060pu
The quadrature axis is considered next.
L,, = 0 (1) L, = 0.795mH
R,, = -
0'0263 - 0.0156pu (2) From Fig A10,
1.685
L,(O) = 7.950mH
Lf2d = = (7.950- 0.795)mH = 7.155mH
La,
2.282
= 0.511pu
Lzd = 4.469 NOTE: This machine is somewhat atypical; usually, Lad > Laq.

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 IEEE
Std 115A-1987 IEEE STANDARD PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING SYNCHRONOUS

LQ 0.795
L, = - = 0.178 pu
4.469
8.225
= 4.469 = 1.840 pu

6.045
= 1.353 pu
q-axis Llq = 4.469
R,, 0'01355 =
= ___ 0.00804 pu
1.685
Fig A12
Assumed Quadrature-AxisEquivalent Circuit 0.735
= 0.164 pu
Lz, = 4.469
0.01525
RZq = ___ = 0.00905 pu
(3) The quadrature-axis equivalent circuit struc- 1.685
ture is shown in Fig A12.
L , and La, are known. L,q = 40.453
.469 = 0.101 pu
(4) An iterative procedure, identical to that
described above, fitted to the quadrature-axis 0.1578
= 0.0936 pu
operational inductance produced: R3, = 1.685
L,, = 6.045 mH These values constitute an unsaturated quad
rature-axis model for the machine.
RI, = 0.01355 R
L,, = 0.735 mH
A7. Concluding Comments
R,, = 0.01525 R
In the preceding example, the test data were
Lsq = 0.453 mH fitted to the most complex models shown in Figs
Rsq = 0.1578 R A1 and A2. Furthermore, as a result of the calcu-
lations, all elements of the models were assigned
8.225 specific values. I t should be emphasized that if
simpler models with a smaller number of elements
are chosen, a completely new set of calculations is
required in order to fit the elements of the simpler
models t o the data. In most cases a less exact fit
= 8.225 mH will be obtained, but the values calculated for the
simpler model structure may often be quite ade-
(5) Converting to per unit values, quate for the stability requirements of the user.

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