The document discusses the application layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack. It describes how the application layer contains network applications and protocols like HTTP, SMTP, and FTP. It also discusses how application layer messages are encapsulated with headers as they pass through lower layers, with the application data becoming the payload. The transport layer adds headers to form segments, which are then encapsulated by the network layer into datagrams and the link layer into frames as they travel from source to destination.
The document discusses the application layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack. It describes how the application layer contains network applications and protocols like HTTP, SMTP, and FTP. It also discusses how application layer messages are encapsulated with headers as they pass through lower layers, with the application data becoming the payload. The transport layer adds headers to form segments, which are then encapsulated by the network layer into datagrams and the link layer into frames as they travel from source to destination.
The document discusses the application layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack. It describes how the application layer contains network applications and protocols like HTTP, SMTP, and FTP. It also discusses how application layer messages are encapsulated with headers as they pass through lower layers, with the application data becoming the payload. The transport layer adds headers to form segments, which are then encapsulated by the network layer into datagrams and the link layer into frames as they travel from source to destination.
The document discusses the application layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack. It describes how the application layer contains network applications and protocols like HTTP, SMTP, and FTP. It also discusses how application layer messages are encapsulated with headers as they pass through lower layers, with the application data becoming the payload. The transport layer adds headers to form segments, which are then encapsulated by the network layer into datagrams and the link layer into frames as they travel from source to destination.
Uma Maheswari TOPIC : APPLICATION LAYER Ref : Chapter 2 of TextBook. Learning Outcomes :
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Application Layer
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Layered Architecture
Airline functionality is done into
layers, providing a framework. Each layer combines with layers below it, implements some functionality, some service
We see some structure
and there is a ticketing function at each end.
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Layered Architecture • Each layer provides its service by (1)performing certain actions within that layer (for example, at the gate layer, loading and unloading people from an airplane) (2) using the services of the layer directly below it (for eg. in the gate layer, using the runway-to-runway passenger transfer service of the takeoff/landing layer).
• A layered architecture allows us to discuss a well defined, specific part of a large and complex system providing modularity which is much easier to change the implementation. • But system remains unchanged when layers implementation is changed if the layer provides the same service to layer above it and uses the same services from the layer below it. eg., if the gate function were changed(eg., to have people board and disembark by height) thus the remainder of the airline system would remain unchanged since the gate layer still provides the same function(loading and unloading people) it simply implements that function in a different manner after the change.
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Protocol Layering
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Protocol Layering • A protocol layer can be implemented in software, in hardware or in a combination of the two.
• Application-layer protocols such as HTTP and SMTP are almost always implemented in software in the end systems; so are transport-layer protocols.
• Because the physical layer and data link layers are responsible for handling communication over a specific link, they are typically implemented in a network interface card (eg., Ethernet or WiFi interface cards) associated with a given link.
• The network layer is often a mixed implementation of hardware and software.
• When taken together the protocols of the various layers are called the Protocol stack.
• Internet protocol stack consists of 5 layers: the physical, link, network, transport and application layers.
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Application layer • Its where the network applications and their application-layer protocols reside.
• The Internet's application layer includes many protocols such as the HTTP protocol(which provides for Web document request and transfer), SMTP(which provides for the transfer of e-mail systems) and FTP(which provides for the transfer of files between 2 end systems).
• Conversion of names into IP address(32 bit network address) done with DNS or Domain Name System.
• Application -layer protocol is distributed over multiple end systems with application in one end system using the protocol to exchange packets of information with the application in another end system.
• refer to this packet of information at the application layer as a message.
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Transport Layer
• Internet's transport layer transports application-layer messages between application
endpoints. • Internet has two transport protocols, TCP and UDP, either of which can transport application-layer messages. • TCP provides a connection-oriented service to its applications.ie., guaranteed delivery of application-layer messages to the destination and flow control(ie., sender /receiver speed matching). • TCP also breaks long messages into shorter segments and provides a congestion-control mechanism so that a source throttles its txn rate when the network is congested. • In UDP protocol provides a connectionless service to its applications,ie., no reliability, no flow control and no congestion control. • Transport layer packet as a segment.
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Network Layer
• Internet's network layer is responsible for moving network layer packets known as Datagrams from one host to another. • The internet transport-layer protocol(TCP or UDP) in a source host passes a transport-layer segment and a destination address to the network layer (eg., giving postal service a letter with a destination address). • Network layer provides the service of delivering the segment to the transport layer in the destination host. • The network layer has IP or Internet Protocol which defines the fields in the datagram as well as how the end systems and routers act on these fields. • Network layer also has routing protocols that determine routes that datagrams take between sources and destinations. • Modern TCP/IP routing architecture groups routers into autonomous systems (ASes) that are independently controlled by different organizations and companies. • Network layer has numerous routing protocols.: 1. Interior Gateway protocols : The routing protocols used to facilitate the exchange of routing information between routers within an AS 2. Exterior Gateway protocols : The routing protocols used to facilitate the exchange of routing information between AS's or autonomous systems. BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus Link Layer
• Link layer provides the services of moving the packet from from one node (host or router) t the next node in the route. This service is provided to network layer. • egs. of Link layer protocol are Ethernet, WiFi and the cable access networks DOCSIS protocol. • As datagrams typically need to traverse several links to travel from source to destination, a datagram may be handled by different link-layer protocols at different links along its route. • eg., a datagram may be handled by ethernet on one link and by PP on the next link. • Thus network layer will receive a different service from each of different link layer protocols. Link layer packets are called as Frames.
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Physical Layer
• Link layer is to move entire frames from one network element to an adjacent network element, while Physical layer is to move the individual bits within the frame from one node to the next.
• The protocols in this layer are again link dependent and further depend on the actual transmission medium of the link(for eg., twisted-pair copper wire, single -mode fiber optics).
• eg., Ethernet has many physical-layer protocols: one for twisted pair copper wire another for coaxial cable another for fiber and so on.
• In each case a bit is moved across the link in a different way.
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Encapsulation
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Encapsulation • M is a message of application-layer and is passed to transport layer • Transport layer takes the message and appends the H2 that will be used by the receiver-side transport layer • The application-layer message M and transport layer header H2 consitute the transport-layer segment.. ie., transport layer segment encapsulates the application-layer message. • segment H2 may contain information allowing the receiver-side transport layer to deliver the message up to the appropriate application and error detection bits that allow the receiver to determine whether bits in message have been chnaged in route. This encapsulated segment is passed to network layer. • The network layer adds header H3 such as source and destination end system addresses creating a network-layer datagram. This is passed to the link layer. • Link layer will add its own link layer header information and create a Link layer frame. • at each layer a packet has 2 types of fields: header fields and a Payload field. • The payload is typically a packet from the layer above.
