CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the study, identification of the

problem, limitation of the problem, problem statement, objective, and the significance

of the study both theoretical and practical significances.

1.1 Background of the Study

English is an important language to be mastered in the 21st century because it

is a symbol of globalization. English also is known as a global language because it is

spoken by most people around the world and easy to be recognized in every country

(Crystal, 2003). It is easy to be recognized because English is used in many fields,

such as in government, entertainment, economy and education around the world. In

some countries, English has a specific place and spoken as a second language or

foreign language.

In Indonesia, English is learned as a foreign language after Bahasa Indonesia

as a second language and local language as the first language (Irianti, 2011). Students

in Indonesia are required to be able to communicate in English written and spoken

because they are facing a globalization era. This becomes a strong reason why every

school involves English into their educational curriculum, starting from elementary

school to senior high school.

The students in elementary school, junior high school, and senior high school

are required to master the four skills in learning English, namely reading, speaking,

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listening, and writing. The students are expected to master the skills through many

learning activities. One of them is by reading a book, magazine, news, article, and

other media that can be a source of reading. By reading from many sources that

written in English, the students are helped in improving their reading skill because

reading is part of the receptive skill. From the reading activity, students can gain

more information to be learned because it involves receiving a message (Harmer,

2007).

Reading is not a simple process of getting meaning. According to Millrood

(2001), reading is a process to attain meaning by comprehending written text, process

the information of text, and associate it to real experience. In the reading activity, the

students are expected to comprehend the content of text so that they can gain the

information and can learn from it, especially from the English text. Besides, they can

build other skills through reading because each skill is related. There are a lot of

benefits and the importance of reading English, such as (1) better vocabulary can be

conducted through reading activity, (2) students will learn to think more in new

language, (3) students become accustomed and comfortable with written English, and

(4) through reading students will enable to use better English in writing (Mikulecky

and Jeffries, 1998).

As one of the purposes of reading, comprehension is needed to enable

students to get the point of the text. Comprehend the content of the text is the purpose

of reading because comprehend is how we fully understand the content (Hornby,

2010). Moreover, Cushenberry (1985) stated that comprehension is a process of

gaining meaning from text. Comprehension is about conceiving the meaning of

words, putting the words into a group of complexes of thought, also conceiving of

words in a sentence, sentences in a paragraph, and paragraph as unitary of the whole

text (Tinker and Mecullough, 1975). In conclusion, deep comprehension can lead

students in gaining more information they intended to know.

Hence, reading comprehension is not as simple as it sounds because it needs a

deep understanding of the content. In the process of comprehending the text, some

general obstacles faced by students, especially senior high school students, such as

students still difficult in comprehending some vocabulary they found on their books

or other written sources. Students will discover a lot of vocabulary from the text they

read. If the amount of unfamiliar the words they found is more than the familiar ones,

it will be harder for students to get the point of the text because there is a strong

relationship between students' vocabulary knowledge with reading comprehension

(Stahl, 2003). Kurnia (2013) also adds that when students are not able to comprehend

the context of words, they will difficult in determining the ideas and the purpose of

the text. Besides, there are still a lot of teachers that still using conventional technique

and they are less utilizing today's technology media.

Based on the preliminary observation in SMA Negeri 2 Amlapura, the

students still have difficulties in reading comprehension. The first is a lack of

vocabulary. The amount of difficult vocabulary in a text can influence students'

understanding of the text. They will avoid reading the text when they find a lot of

unfamiliar vocabulary. This also makes students are difficult in comprehending the

content of the text. Another problem is the preferred topic in reading. As teenagers,

the students will get pleasure when they read from sources they preferred, for
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example like a comic, fiction story, magazine, etc. This condition can be influenced

by many factors, like the strategy or technique of teaching and media used by the

teacher in teaching reading comprehension. The English teachers in SMA Negeri 2

Amlapura still use conventional techniques and the same media in teaching reading

comprehension. Conventional technique and usage of the same media can make the

students easy to get bored and less motivated.

Regarding the phenomenon above, one of the techniques that can be used as

an alternative solution is Jigsaw. Jigsaw is one of the Cooperative Learning technique

that required students to work in a group (Jolliffe, 2007). Jigsaw requires students to

work in a group and complete the task. In completing the task, they should work

together and help others to achieve the shared goal by understanding their segment of

the text. In this technique, the students are not only read their segment but also try to

comprehend it by finding out the difficult vocabulary, the main idea, and do

discussion both in the jigsaw group and expert group. According to Orlich et al

(1998), jigsaw technique can be applied in teaching reading comprehension because it

can help students to improve their reading comprehension. Aronson et al (2012)

stated that students who work in Jigsaw classrooms performed better because they

learn cooperatively.

After choosing the technique, the teacher can ask students to use media like a

laptop, mobile phone, and tablet during the learning process to make the technique be

more fun to be applied. The English teachers in SMA Negeri 2 Amlapura are already

using technology as media such as laptops and LCD in the teaching process.

However, those media are only operated by teachers. There is no utilization of media
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that own by the students, for example like laptop, mobile phone and tablet in learning

English. To make jigsaw more fun to be applied, the teacher can ask students to bring

their mobile phone as long as it used to support the learning process. Moreover, the

teacher also can use applications to make jigsaw is easier and interesting to be

applied. There are a lot of applications that can be used in applying the jigsaw

technique, one of them is Wattpad. Wattpad is an application that provides a platform

to write or read a story. In this research, Wattpad is chosen as the application for

teaching reading comprehension. The use of Wattpad is expected to be helpful for the

teacher in teaching reading comprehension.

Regarding the use of Wattpad, there are several advantages of using Wattpad

in this research. According to Korobkova (in Tirocchi, 2018), Wattpad can help both

authors and readers can enrich their vocabulary. The students as readers will read the

material through Wattpad, get the new vocabulary and search for the meaning of

difficult words in one gadget. Wattpad also has a platform that suitable in the

application of Jigsaw because it allows the author to divide one story into several

segments. Besides, the most of the students are familiar with this platform.

The utilization of media applications is not limited to Wattpad only, but it can

be combined with a game-based online platform that more efficient during the

implementation Jigsaw technique especially in giving individual tests, such as

Kahoot, Quizizz, and Google Form. In this research, Quizizz is used as a quiz-based

platform during the individual test of the Jigsaw technique. Quizizz is one of game-

based online platform that used by all ages of users in or out of classroom activity.

The use of Quizizz can help students to participate and answer the questions in a fun
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way and paperless. Besides, the use of Quizizz for individual tests make the time

more efficient because they no need to write down their answer on paper. So the

students can fully use their mobile phone during the implementation of the Jigsaw

technique.

Moreover, several previous studies have been conducted by experts. One of

the studies was done by Perwitasari, Setiyadi, and Putrawan in 2018. The purpose of

this study was to find out the obstacles that face by students during the

implementation of Jigsaw technique and Student Team Achievement Division

(STAD). In this study, the researchers conducted interviews, observation, and

triangulation design in collecting the data. As the result, the researchers found that

five obstacles faced by students during the treatment, such as problems in expressing

opinion during the discussion, the lack of background knowledge of materials,

difficulties to comprehend the material, the activeness of the students is hard to

control, and the lack of vocabulary. Another related study from Ameiratrini, Nurweni,

Supriadi (2017) found out that jigsaw strategy is appropriate to be applied because

there was a significant increase in students' achievement in reading comprehension.

Besides the achievement, students' participation and responses also increased during

the implementation.

Based on the statements above, this study aims to find the significant effect of

jigsaw technique on students' reading comprehension by using Wattpad application

combined with Quizizz

1.2 Problem Identification

Based on the explanation from the background of the study, here is the problem

identification of this research.

1. The students’ reading comprehension is still low.

2. The lack of use of teaching techniques and interesting media in teaching

reading comprehension.

1.3 Problem Limitation

This study was limited to investigating the effect of jigsaw technique on students’

reading comprehension by using Wattpad application combined with Quizizz at tenth

grade of senior high school in SMA Negeri 2 Amlapura that is located in

Karangasem, Bali.

1.4 Problem Statement

Based on the background of the study above, the problem statement of this study:

is there any significant effect of jigsaw technique on students’ reading comprehension

by using Wattpad application combined with Quizizz?

1.5 The Objective of the Study

Based on the statement of the problems above, the purpose of the study is to find

out the significant effect of jigsaw technique on students’ reading comprehension by

using Wattpad application combined with Quizizz?

1.6 Significance of the Study

1.6.1 Theoretical significance

The result of this study is expected to give information about the effect

of jigsaw technique by using Wattpad on students’ reading

comprehension.

1.6.2 Practical significance

a. For Students

The result of this study is expected to be beneficial for students in the

class where the research is conducted. They can learn about how they

can improve their reading comprehension in a fun way and use

nowadays media application such as Wattpad and Quizizz.

b. For Parents

The result of this study is expected to give more information about

how the students can learn in a fun way and improve their reading

comprehension.

c. For Teacher

The result of this study is expected to be able to give more

information for teacher about kinds of technique can use in the class

especially on reading class.

d. For Other Researcher

The result of this study is expected to be used as valuable references

for other researchers who want to conduct a similar study.

1.7 Definition of Key Terms

1.7.1 Reading

Reading refers to a process of obtaining meaning through printed text by

understanding the simple part of the text to the complex part as a whole.

1.7.2 Reading Comprehension

Reading comprehension is one of reading activity which involved deeper

understanding to gain the information or message from the printed text.

1.7.3 Jigsaw Technique

Jigsaw technique is one on Cooperative Learning model which is done

through several steps include working in a team that require students to

achieve their goal together. Each student is responsible to comprehend

their segment because it will be discussed later in the expert and jigsaw

group. Jigsaw technique helps students to be more comfortable to work in

a group, be more active, and be more responsible.

1.7.4 Wattpad

Wattpad is an online platform used by Wattpader to read or share their

work in the form of a story with several genres.

1.7.5 Quizizz

Quizizz is a game-based online platform that allows the user to play some

quizzes with different subjects, make quizzes and conduct a classroom for

educational purposes.