Lecture 3 - Convective Heat Transfer - Part I

CHAPTER 3: CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER
Part 1: Fluid flow and Heat Transfer

▪ Physical Mechanism of Convection
▪ Classification of Fluids
▪ Fluid Flow over flat plate

Physical Mechanism of Convection
• Heat Convection
Fluids (liquids or gases): when heated, particles gain energy, move about,
spread out, take up more space, become less dense
When a fluid is heated:

Warmer fluid rise up (less dense).
Cooler fluid sinks down (more dense).
Convection current
The steady flow between warm and cool
sections of a fluid, such as in air or
water.
• Generally Qconv > Qcond 3

• Heat Convection
Heat transfer through a fluid sandwiched between two parallel plates.
• Rate of Heat Convection:

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
Heat transfer coefficient, h: the rate of heat transfer between a solid surface
and a fluid per unit surface area per unit temperature difference. 4
• Heat Convection
Heat transfer by convection is affected by:
▪ Fluid properties: dynamic viscosity m,
thermal conductivity k,
density r,
specific heat cp
fluid velocity V
▪ Surface properties: surface geometry

surface roughness
▪ Type of Fluid Flow: laminar

turbulent
5
• Heat Convection
Nusselt Number, Nu
▪ Definition:
The relative effect of heat transfer by convection to conduction across the
same fluid layer.
Nusselt number is described by a dimensionless number:
hLc
Nu =
where
k
h = heat transfer coefficient
k = thermal conductivity
Lc = characteristic length
Nu ≡ Large → convection heat transfer dominates.

Nu = 1 → heat transfer is by conduction only. 6
Classification of Fluid Flows
▪ Compressible versus Incompressible Flow
Incompressible flow: density remains nearly constant throughout.
▪ Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
7
▪ Prandtl Number, Pr
Definition: A dimensionless parameter describing the relative thickness of the velocity
boundary layer to the thermal boundary layer.
Prandtl number:
Molecular diffusivity of momentum n m𝑐𝑝
Pr = = =
Molecular diffisuvity of heat 𝛼 𝑘
8
▪ Reynolds Number, Re
Definition: A dimensionless parameter expressed as the ratio of the inertia forces to
viscous forces in the fluid.
Inertia forces VLc rVLc

Re = = =
Viscous forces n m
Critical Reynold number
9
▪ Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow
Forced flow: a fluid is forced to flow over by
external means such as a pump or a fan.
Natural flows: fluid motion is due to natural
means such as the buoyancy effect.
▪ Fluid Flow Velocity Profile
10
▪ Flow over a flat plate
Velocity boundary layer is the flow region above the plate bounded by d in which the viscous
effects (and thus, the velocity gradients) are significant.
d = boundary layer thickness, defined as the distance y from the surface at which u = 0.99V.
xcr is the distance from the leading edge of the plate at which transition from laminar to
turbulent flow occurs. 11
▪ No-slip condition
A fluid in direct contact with a

solid, “sticks” to the surface due to
viscous effects, and there is no
slip.
Due to no-slip condition, v = 0 at

the surface wall of the flat plate
(also surface wall of tube/pipe).
12
▪ Thermal Boundary Layer:
The thickness of the thermal boundary layer 𝛿𝑡 at any location along the surface is
defined as the distance from the surface at which the temperature difference
(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 ) = 0.99(𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠 ).
13
▪ Flow inside a circular tube or pipe
The hydrodynamic entrance is the region from the pipe inlet to the point at which the velocity
profile is fully developed.
The length of hydrodynamic entrance region is called the hydrodynamic entry length, Lh.
Lh, laminar ≈ 0.05 ReD

Lh, turbulent ≈ 10D 14
▪ Flow inside a circular tube or pipe
The thermal entrance is the region of flow over which the thermal boundary layer develops
and reaches the tube center (fully developed temperature profile).
The length of thermal entrance region is called the thermal entry length, Lt.
Lt, laminar ≈ 0.05 RePrD = Pr Lh, laminar

Lt, turbulent ≈ 10D 15
Example 1: Flow inside a circular tube or pipe
Determine if the flow classification at the end of the tube is a developing flow
or a fully developed flow.
a. Water at 30oC, 10 m/s flowing into a 20 cm diameter pipe, 2 m long and

exits at 90oC.
b. Air at 30oC, 15 m/s flowing into 10 mm diameter tube, 2 m long and exits
at 20oC.
Solutions
a. For water, the properties at Tm = (30+90)/2 = 60oC are:

r = 983.3 kg/m3, m = 0.467 x 10-3 kg/m•s
16
17
a. The kinematic viscosity, n = m / r = 4.749 x 10-7 m2/s

VD10 m/s 0.2 m 6
The Reynold number, Re =
n = = 4.2 × 10
4.749 × 10−7 m2 /s
The flow is turbulent (Re > 5 × 105 )
Lh, turbulent ≈ 10𝐷 = 10 × 0.1 = 1 𝑚.
∴The flow is fully developed at the end of the 2 m pipe length.

#answer
18
b. The properties of air at Tm = 25oC are:

r = 1.184 kg/m3, n = 1.562 x 10-5 m2/s
VD 15 m/s 0.01 m
The Reynold number, Re =
n = = 9603
1.562 × 10 m /s
−5 2
The flow is laminar (Re < 5 × 105 )
Lh, laminar ≈ 0.05𝑅𝑒𝐷 = 0.05 × 9603 × 0.01 = 4.8 𝑚.
The flow is not yet fully developed at the end of the 2 m pipe length.
∴The flow is a developing flow.
#answer
19
20
▪ Heat Transfer Coefficient, h
Definition: A dimensionless parameter expressed as the ratio of the inertia forces to
viscous forces in the fluid.
The average Nusselt number on a flat plate is:
The properties for flow over flat plate are to be evaluated at the film
temperature, Tf, 𝑇𝑠 +𝑇∞
Tf =
2 21
Example 2: Flow of Hot Oil over a Flat Plate
Engine oil at 60oC flows over the upper surface of a 5-m-long flat plate
whose temperature is 20oC with a velocity of 2 m/s. Determine the rate of
heat transfer per unit width of the entire plate.
Solutions
𝑇𝑠 +𝑇∞
Tf = = 40oC
2
22
From the properties table of engine oil at Tf = 40 ºC,

ρ=876 kg/m3, n = 2.485 x 10-4 m2/s, Pr = 2962, k = 0.1444 W/m∙K
Calculate the Reynolds number:
Calculate the Nusselt number:
23
Engineering Calculations
Engine Oil
Ρ = 876 kg/m3,
n = 2.485 x 10-4 m2/s,
Pr = 2962,
k = 0.1444 W/m∙K
24
Determine the heat transfer coefficient, h:
Therefore, the rate of heat convection from the hot oil to the flat plate:
Basis: As = unit surface area = 1 m2
#answer
25
▪ General procedures to solving heat convection for
flow over a flat plate
Step 1: Calculate Tf and determine fluid properties r, k, m, Pr#

Step 2: Calculate Re# and determine flow regime
Step 3: Select appropriate equation for Nu# and determine
heat transfer coefficient h
Step 4: Calculate convection heat transfer rate,
Q = h As DT
26
Summary
▪ Physical Mechanism of Convection
▪ Classification of Fluids
▪ Fluid Flow over flat plate
27

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Lecture 3 - Convective Heat Transfer - Part I

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CHAPTER 3: CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER

Part 1: Fluid flow and Heat Transfer

▪ Fluid Flow over flat plate

When a fluid is heated:

• Generally Qconv > Qcond 3

• Rate of Heat Convection:

▪ Surface properties: surface geometry

▪ Type of Fluid Flow: laminar

Nu ≡ Large → convection heat transfer dominates.

▪ Laminar versus Turbulent Flow

Inertia forces VLc rVLc

Critical Reynold number

▪ Fluid Flow Velocity Profile

A fluid in direct contact with a

Due to no-slip condition, v = 0 at

Lh, laminar ≈ 0.05 ReD

Lt, laminar ≈ 0.05 RePrD = Pr Lh, laminar

a. Water at 30oC, 10 m/s flowing into a 20 cm diameter pipe, 2 m long and

a. For water, the properties at Tm = (30+90)/2 = 60oC are:

a. The kinematic viscosity, n = m / r = 4.749 x 10-7 m2/s

Lh, turbulent ≈ 10𝐷 = 10 × 0.1 = 1 𝑚.

∴The flow is fully developed at the end of the 2 m pipe length.

b. The properties of air at Tm = 25oC are:

The flow is laminar (Re < 5 × 105 )

Lh, laminar ≈ 0.05𝑅𝑒𝐷 = 0.05 × 9603 × 0.01 = 4.8 𝑚.

The average Nusselt number on a flat plate is:

From the properties table of engine oil at Tf = 40 ºC,

Calculate the Reynolds number:

Calculate the Nusselt number:

Determine the heat transfer coefficient, h:

Step 1: Calculate Tf and determine fluid properties r, k, m, Pr#

▪ Physical Mechanism of Convection

▪ Fluid Flow over flat plate

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