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Lecture 3 - Convective Heat Transfer - Part I
Lecture 3 - Convective Heat Transfer - Part I
▪ Classification of Fluids
Convection current
The steady flow between warm and cool
sections of a fluid, such as in air or
water.
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Classification of Fluid Flows
▪ Prandtl Number, Pr
Definition: A dimensionless parameter describing the relative thickness of the velocity
boundary layer to the thermal boundary layer.
Prandtl number:
Molecular diffusivity of momentum n m𝑐𝑝
Pr = = =
Molecular diffisuvity of heat 𝛼 𝑘
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Classification of Fluid Flows
▪ Reynolds Number, Re
Definition: A dimensionless parameter expressed as the ratio of the inertia forces to
viscous forces in the fluid.
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Classification of Fluid Flows
▪ Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow
Forced flow: a fluid is forced to flow over by
external means such as a pump or a fan.
Natural flows: fluid motion is due to natural
means such as the buoyancy effect.
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Classification of Fluid Flows
▪ Flow over a flat plate
Velocity boundary layer is the flow region above the plate bounded by d in which the viscous
effects (and thus, the velocity gradients) are significant.
d = boundary layer thickness, defined as the distance y from the surface at which u = 0.99V.
xcr is the distance from the leading edge of the plate at which transition from laminar to
turbulent flow occurs. 11
Classification of Fluid Flows
▪ No-slip condition
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Classification of Fluid Flows
▪ Thermal Boundary Layer:
The thickness of the thermal boundary layer 𝛿𝑡 at any location along the surface is
defined as the distance from the surface at which the temperature difference
(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 ) = 0.99(𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠 ).
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Classification of Fluid Flows
▪ Flow inside a circular tube or pipe
The hydrodynamic entrance is the region from the pipe inlet to the point at which the velocity
profile is fully developed.
The length of hydrodynamic entrance region is called the hydrodynamic entry length, Lh.
The thermal entrance is the region of flow over which the thermal boundary layer develops
and reaches the tube center (fully developed temperature profile).
The length of thermal entrance region is called the thermal entry length, Lt.
Determine if the flow classification at the end of the tube is a developing flow
or a fully developed flow.
Solutions
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Classification of Fluid Flows
Example 1: Flow inside a circular tube or pipe
The flow is not yet fully developed at the end of the 2 m pipe length.
∴The flow is a developing flow.
#answer
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Classification of Fluid Flows
▪ Heat Transfer Coefficient, h
Definition: A dimensionless parameter expressed as the ratio of the inertia forces to
viscous forces in the fluid.
The properties for flow over flat plate are to be evaluated at the film
temperature, Tf, 𝑇𝑠 +𝑇∞
Tf =
2 21
Classification of Fluid Flows
Example 2: Flow of Hot Oil over a Flat Plate
Engine oil at 60oC flows over the upper surface of a 5-m-long flat plate
whose temperature is 20oC with a velocity of 2 m/s. Determine the rate of
heat transfer per unit width of the entire plate.
Solutions
𝑇𝑠 +𝑇∞
Tf = = 40oC
2
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Classification of Fluid Flows
Example 2: Flow of Hot Oil over a Flat Plate
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Engineering Calculations
Engine Oil
Ρ = 876 kg/m3,
n = 2.485 x 10-4 m2/s,
Pr = 2962,
k = 0.1444 W/m∙K
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Classification of Fluid Flows
Example 2: Flow of Hot Oil over a Flat Plate
Therefore, the rate of heat convection from the hot oil to the flat plate:
Basis: As = unit surface area = 1 m2
#answer
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Classification of Fluid Flows
▪ General procedures to solving heat convection for
flow over a flat plate
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Summary
▪ Classification of Fluids
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