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Crime mapping summary-notes.docs
Criminology (Capitol University)
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WHAT IS CRIME MAPPING?
Crime mapping
• is a term used in policing to refer to the process of conducting spatial analysis
within crime analysis.
• process of using a geographic information system to conduct spatial analysis
of crime problems and other police-related issues.
• Mapping criminal incidents and other types of police data through Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) programs has proven to be an effective tool in analyzing
and preventing crime and allocating law enforcement resources more efficiently.
CRIME MAPPING SERVES THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS WITHIN CRIME ANALYSIS
1. It facilitates visual and statistical analyses of the spatial nature of crime and other
types of events.
2. It allows analysts to link unlike data sources together based on common
geographic variables
(e.g., linking census information, school information, and crime data for a
common area).
3. It provides maps that help to communicate analysis results.
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF CRIME MAPPING?
• Crime mapping is very important tool in managing and controlling crime in
an area.
• Investigators are able to understand.
▪ the crime patterns and trend it also help in
▪ resource allocation and in geographic profiling of criminals and
suspicious locations.
HISTORY OF CRIME MAPPING
1829 In France -Adriano Balbi and Andre-Michel Guerry created the first maps of
crime.
Lambert-Adolphe Quetelet (1831 and 1832)-Belgian astronomer and statistician, he
independently published three maps dealing with the same themes but spreading
across larger areas.
he stated, "The greater the number of individuals observed, the more do individual
peculiarities, whether physical or moral, become.
Robert Park (1920s and 1930s)-looked to characteristics of the urban environment to
explain the crime problem in American cities.
Frederic Thrasher (1927)-He found that gangs were concentrated in areas of the city
where social control was weak and social disorganization pervasive.
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CRIME MAPPING & PUBLIC SAFETY SOFTWARE
Maptitude
- essential tool for all types of crime and law enforcement mapping applications.
- It gives a low-cost way to visualize crime data,
- make informed decisions and
- evaluate law enforcement programs
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
- a powerful software tool
- allows the user to create any kind of geographic representation, from a simple
point map to a three-dimensional visualization of spatial or temporal data.
THREE TYPES OF CRIME ANALYSIS
1. tactical crime analysis
2. strategic crime analysis
3. administrative crime analysis
TACTICAL CRIME ANALYSIS
- crime mapping is used to identify immediate patterns for crimes.
- such as residential and commercial burglary, auto theft, and theft from
vehicles.
For example, spatial analysis of auto theft incidents may reveal clusters of activity at
specific locations that might indicate a crime pattern.
STRATEGIC CRIME ANALYSIS
Crime mapping is utilized in long-term applications to analyze the relationship
between criminal activity and indicators of disorder, such as a high volume of
vacant property or disorder calls for service;
• To assist in geographic and temporal allocation of resources: such
as patrol officer scheduling and determination of patrol areas;
• To examine patterns of crime at or around specific locations, such
as schools, bars, or drug treatment centers;
• To calculate crime rate information, such as numbers of residential
burglaries per household;
• To incorporate crime data with qualitative geographic information,
such as information on teenage hangouts, student pathways to school,
or drug and prostitution markets.
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ADMINISTRATIVE CRIME ANALYSIS
• A valuable tool used by police, researchers, and media organizations
• to convey criminal activity information to the public.
• Web sites operated by police departments and news organization routinely post
maps that depict areas of crime, along with corresponding tables and definitions.
For example,
A police agency can reduce citizen requests for neighborhood crime information by
placing monthly or weekly crime maps on a Web site that members of the public can
access using computers in their homes or at the local library
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
POLYGON FEATURE
• Is a geographic area represented on a map by a multisided figure with a
closed set of lines.
• Polygons can represent areas as large as continents or as small as buildings;
IMAGE FEATURES
• An image feature on a GIS-generated map is a vertical photograph taken from
a satellite or an airplane that is digitized and placed within the appropriate
coordinates.
• Such photos, which may appear in black and white or color, show the details of
streets, buildings, parking lots, and environmental features (landscaping).
TYPES OF CRIME MAPPING
1. Single-Symbol Mapping
2. Buffers
3. Chart mapping
a. PIE CHART MAPPING
b. Bar Chart mapping Interactive crime mapping
SINGLE-SYMBOL MAPPING
• In single-symbol maps, individual, uniform symbols represent features such as
the locations of stores, roads, or states.
• single-symbol maps is that a GIS places all points on such a map that share the
same address directly on top of one another
• making it impossible for the map to show how many points there really are.
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BUFFERS
• A buffer is a specified area around a feature on a map.
• Buffers can be set at small distances, such as 50 feet, or larger distances, such
as 500 miles, depending on the purpose and scale of the map.
• Buffers help in crime analysis by illustrating the relative distances between
features on a map.
CHART MAPPING
allows the crime analyst to display several values within a particular variable at
the same time .
(e.g., variable = crime, values = robbery, assault, and rape).
There are two types of chart mapping:
1. pie
2. bar
PIE CHART MAPPING
the relative percentages (represented by slices of a pie) of values within a variable are
displayed.
BAR CHART MAPPING,
the relative frequencies (represented by bars) of values within variables are displayed.
INTERACTIVE CRIME MAPPING
• refers to simplified geographic information systems made available to novice
users over the Internet.
• Many police departments have interactive Web sites where citizens and police
officers can conduct basic crime mapping themselves.
IMPORTANT FORMULAS IN CRIME MAPPING
Crime Rate
CR=CV x 100,000
TP
CV-Crime Volume
TP- Total Population
Crime Volume
CV = Index Crimes + Non Index Crimes =
Clearance rate
Index Rate / Cleared Rate = ____ x 100 = Clearance Rate
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Crime Trend
Current Crime Trend – Previous CT = ____/ Previous CT= __x100 = CRIME TREND
Crime Solution Efficiency
CSE= Solve Case x 100
Crime Volume
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