Directorate: Curriculum FET

SUBJECT and GRADE Mathematics Grade 12

TERM 1 Week 4
TOPIC Euclidean Geometry: Proportionality
AIMS OF LESSON • Prove the theorem that states that a line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, divide the other two sides proportionally.
• Answer riders using the proportionality theorem.
RESOURCES Paper based resources Digital resources
Mind the Gap; Your textbook [Link]
INTRODUCTION
We need to revise the concept of ratio and proportion in order to be successful with this section of the work.
We know that a ratio compares 2 quantities of the same unit.
E.g. 1: 3 means 1 part to 3 parts
Mixing Oros: To make a perfect drink we need 1 part of Oros and 3 parts of water.
Remember that the unit must be the same.

Example 1:
If M divides the line PQ in the ratio 3:4 as shown below.

3 parts 4 parts
P M Q

7 parts

Note that the ratio is NOT the length of the line. We can use variables to indicate the equal parts of the ratio. Therefore PM = 3k and MQ = 4𝑘𝑘.
Determine the following ratios:
(a) 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 3𝑘𝑘 3 (c) 𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸
= = =?
𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 7𝑘𝑘 7 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴

(b) 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 7𝑘𝑘 7 (d) 𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸

= = =?
𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸 4𝑘𝑘 4 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷

(e) The lengths of PM if PQ = 35 units? (f) The lengths of MQ if PQ = 35 units?

7𝑘𝑘 = 35 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 4(5) = 20 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝑘𝑘 = 5 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 35 − 15 = 20 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 3(5) = 15 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
A PROPORTION is an equation of equivalent ratio’s.
Using a small measuring unit in the ratio 1: 3 might not fill the glass to mix a glass of Oros. But we know that
1: 3 = 4: 12 Remember that ratio’s and proportion can be written in fractional form.
1 4
∴ =
3 12
The special Fundamental Properties of a Proportion.

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 3 × 4 = 1 × 12 Cross multiplication

𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑 3 12
= = Inverted
𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐 1 4
𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐
If = 1 + 3 4 + 12 4 16
𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑
then = = ∴ =
1 4 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑 3 12 3 12
=
3 12 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 1 3 Handy tools!
= =
𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑 4 12
𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 − 𝑑𝑑 2 8
= `− = −
𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑 3 12
CONCEPTS AND SKILLS
Important information that we need before we can prove the first theorem.
Area of Triangles
1
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 × ⊥ ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡
2
Note: The perpendicular height is dropped onto the base.
Therefore:
Triangles which share a common vertex have the same height. Triangles on the same base and between the parallels are equal in area.

𝟏𝟏
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 ∆ = 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 × ⊥ 𝒉𝒉
𝟐𝟐

1 1
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∆ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 × ℎ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∆ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 × ℎ Area equal
2 ℎ the same. 2
1 Common vertex
1
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∆ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 × ℎ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∆ 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 × ℎ
2 2
Theorem 1.
A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides proportionally.
[prop theorem; DE ∥ BC]
Given: ∆ABC with DE // BC.
Required to prove:
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
=
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

Construction:
Join BE and DC.
Draw height ℎ relative to base AD and height 𝑘𝑘 relative to base AE

Proof:
1
Area ∆ADE 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × ℎ AD
= 2 = Common vertex E
Area ∆BDE 1 DB
2 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 × ℎ

1
Area ∆ADE 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 𝑘𝑘 AE
= 2 = Common vertex D
Area ∆CED 1
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 × 𝑘𝑘 EC
2
Area of ADE is common
Area ∆ BDE = ∆ CDE [ same base DE and between //]

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

=
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∆𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∆𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
∴ =
𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬
Example 1 CAN YOU?
In ∆ DEF, KL // EF. Calculate the value of 𝑥𝑥. Calculate the length of sides labelled 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 in the following questions.
Solution. 1.
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
= [prop theorem; KL ∥ EF]
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
5 𝑥𝑥
=
2 4
2𝑥𝑥 = 20
𝑥𝑥 = 10 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
2.

Example 2
In ∆ ABC, DE ∥ AB, AB = 42 mm and
AE ∶ EC = 3 ∶ 4.
Determine the length of BD.
Solution:
3. PMQR is a parallelogram
BD CE
= [prop theorem DE ∥ BC] PR=33mm, QR=14mm
AB AC
BD 4k and KR : RN = 3 : 2
=
42 7k
Remember to
BD 4 fill in all info on
=
42 7 the diagram

7 BD = 168
4.
BD = 24 mm
Example 3 CAN YOU?
In ∆ KLM, KM ∥ DF, KF ∥ DE and 5.
FE : EL = 3 ∶ 4. BC 3
In ∆ACE, BF ∥ CE, = and AE ∶ ED = 4: 3.
Determine LE : FM. AC 8
Determine DG: GB.

Solution:

KD MF MF
= = [prop theorem; DF ∥ KM]
DL LF 7k
FE MF KD
∴ = �both = �
EL LF DL
3k MF
=
4k 7k
21k 2 21k
MF = =
4k 4
LE 21k 4k 4
∴ = 4k ÷ = ×
FM 4 1 21k
16k 16
= = Solutions:
21k 21 1. 𝑥𝑥 = 22
∴ FE ∶ FM = 16 ∶ 21 2. 𝑥𝑥 = 3; 𝑥𝑥 ≠ −7
3. 𝑥𝑥 = 22𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚; 𝑦𝑦 = 21𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
4. 𝑥𝑥 = 20; 𝑦𝑦 = 18
5. 2:1
Converse Theorem CAN YOU?
If a line cuts two sides of a triangle proportionally, then that line is parallel to the third side.
[line divides two sides of ∆ prop] 1. STUR is a parallelogram, with SUX, TUW and RUV straight
If then lines. Prove RT ∥ VW.

𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
= 𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 ∥ 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩
𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬
Example 4 2.
In ∆ABC, AC = 13 cm, AD = 3 cm; BE = 3,6 cm In the diagram ABC is a triangle with F on AB and E on AC.
and EC = 12 cm. 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 3
BC ∥ FE. D is on AF with, = , AE=12 units and EC = 8
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 5
Prove that DE ∥ AB.
units.
Solution:
BE 3,6 3
= =
EC 12 10
DC = 13 − 3 = 10 cm
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 3
∴ =
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 10
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
∴ =
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 (a) Prove that DE ∥ FC.
∴ 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ∥ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 [line divides two sides of ∆ prop]
(b) If AB = 14 units, calculate the length of BF. [BF=5.6]
 Example 5
In ∆ ACD and ∆ADE, BG ∥ CD and GF ∥ DE. Prove that BF ∥ CE. 3. In the diagram below, KM is a diameter of a circle centre O.
� = 𝐶𝐶̂ .
OK= 𝑟𝑟. OC =4𝑟𝑟 and 𝐻𝐻
Prove that EK ∥ HC.

Solution:
AB AG
= [prop theorem; BG ∥ CD]
BC GD
AF AG
= [prop theorem; GF ∥ DE]
FE GD
AB AF AG
= � both = �
BC FE GD
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ∥ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 [ line divides two sides of ∆ prop]

ACTIVITIES/ Mind Action Everything Maths Classroom

Clever Platinum
Series Siyavula Mathematics
ASSESSMENT
Ex: 11.1; 11.2 Ex: 1-3 Ex: 8.4 -8.5 Ex: 11.2 Ex:2
Pg. 277 Pg. 251 Pg. 329 Pg. 287 Pg. 214
CONSOLIDATION If then

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

If 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ∥ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 then = , = , = (as well as their inverses)
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

Converse

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

If 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
= 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 or 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
= 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 or 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 or (any of these inverses) then 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ∥ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵