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CHAPTER: 1
PROPERTIES OF SETS:
A’ = U – A
U’ = U – U =
‘=U-=U
(A’)’ = A , a can be any set
CLOSURE PROPERTY:
Operations of union, intersection and difference of any two sets are closed in U.
That is if, A and B are two sets from U then any operation, A ∪ B, A ∩ B or A – B
will give a set that belongs to U.
COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY:
i. A∩B=B∩A
ii. A ∪ B = B ∪ A but A – B ≠ B – A
IDENTITY W.R.T UNION:
A∪=∪A=A
IMPORTANT LAWS:
i. A∪A=A
ii. A∩A=A
iii. A∪=A
iv. A∪U=U
v. A∩U=U
vi. A∩=
vii. A ∪ A’ = U
viii. A ∩ A’ =
ASSOCIATIVE LAW:
(A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C)
(A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C)
DISTRIBUTIVE LAW:
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A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
A x (B ∩ C) = (A x B) ∩ (A x C)
A x (B ∪ C) = (A x B) ∪ (A x C)
DE-MORGAN’S LAW:
(A ∪ B)’ = A’ ∩ B’
(A ∩ B)’ = A’ ∪ B’
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CHAPTER: 2
;
ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:
(a, b) + (c, d) = (a + c, b + d)
MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:
(a, b) . (ac – bd, ad + bc)
CONJUGATE OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:
;
ADDITIVE INVERSE:
MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE:
MODULUS OF COMPLEX NUMBER:
PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX NUMBER:
= a complex no. (pure)
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CHAPTER: 3
First term =
QUADRATIC FORMULA: FOR EQUATION
CUBE ROOT OF UNITY:
1, ,
; ; ; ------
If one cube root of unity is ‘w’, the other is
NATURE OF ROOTS:
If D = 0, then the roots are equal
If D > 0, then roots are real and unequal
If D < 0, then roots are complex and unequal
If D is a perfect square, the roots are rational and unequal; otherwise they are
irrational.
FOR QUADRATIC EQUATION FORMULA:
S.O.R = α + β = b/a
P.O.R = αβ = c/a
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CHAPTER: 4
Matrix:
A matrix is an array in which elements are arranged horizontally and vertically.
Horizontal elements are forming ROWS and vertical elements form COLUMN.
ORDER OF MATRIX:
It is to define how elements are arranged in a matrix.
Let , then order of matrix is
O (A) = Rows x Columns
=RxC
=2x2
TYPES OF MATRICES:
SQUARE MATRIX:
If a matrix has same number of rows and columns it is called square matrix [R = C]
, ,
RECTANGULAR MATRIX:
If a matrix has different number of rows and columns, it is called a rectangular
matrix [R ≠ C]
ROW MATRIX:
If all elements are in row
COLUMN MATRIX:
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If all elements are in column
DIAGONAL MATRIX:
If elements are in diagonal position (left top to right bottom) and other elements are
zero.
SCALAR MATRIX:
If elements are in diagonal matrix are same, it is called scalar matrix.
UNIT/IDENTITY MATRIX:
If elements of scalar matrix are 1 the matrix is called unit/identity matrix.
DETERMINENT:
It is a particular number associated with a matrix; denoted as
For a singular matrix,
TRANSPOSE:
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When elements of rows are placed in columns and column elements are placed in
rows it is called transpose.
PROPERTIES:
At = A Symmetric
At = - A Skew symmetric
AP = 0 Nilpotent
AP =A Idempotent
AP = I Involuntary
FOR ADDITION/ SUBTRACTION:
Rows and columns must be equal for two matrices.
FOR MULTIPLICATION:
If is multiplied by a scalar, that scalar multiply with every
element of matrix.
For multiplication of two matrices, number of rows of second matrix must be
equal to number of columns of first matrix
R 2 = C1
INVERSE:
For = 0, inverse not possible.
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CHAPTER: 5
PROPERTIES OF BINARY OPERATIONS:
COMMUTATIVE BINARY OPERATION:
A binary operation ( ) is said to be commutative if
ASSOCIATIVE BINARY OPERATIONS:
A binary operation ( ) is said to be associative if
IDENTITY ELEMENT:
If the ‘e’ is called the identity element.
INVERSE ELEMENT:
If , then ‘b’ is called inverse element of a
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CHAPTER: 6
STANDARD FORM OF A.P:
ARITHMETIC SERIES:
Where ‘l’ is the last term
ARITHMETIC MEAN:
For Single Arithmetic Mean:
For ‘n’ Arithmetic Mean:
.
.
.
Sum of all Arithmetic Mean:
STANDARD FORM OF G.P:
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GEOMETRIC SERIES:
when r < 1
when r > 1
when r < 1
when r > 1
where r = 1
Sum to infinity is only for convergent geometric series;
GEOMETRIC MEAN:
, , , ….
NOTE:
Harmonic Progration is reciprocal of Arithmetic Progration, so for H.P we first
convert it into A.P and then solve the question, and after getting the answer in A.P
we convert it back into H.P.
HARMONIC MEAN:
For n H.Ms we convert H.P into A.P and then find A.M’s and convert them
into H.M
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RELATION BETWEEN MEANS:
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CHAPTER: 7
FACTORIAL NOTATION:
PERMUTATION (Arrangement [order matter])
Where,
COMBINATION (Selection [order doesn’t matter])
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CHAPTER: 8
SUM OF THE FIRST ‘n’ NATURAL NUMBERS:
SUM OF THE SQUARES OF THE FIRST ‘n’ NATURAL NUMBERS:
SUM OF THE CUBES OF THE FIRST ‘n’ NATURAL NUMBERS:
PASCAL’S TRIANGLE FOR CO-EFFICIENT OF EXPANSION:
BINOMIAL THEOREM:
Number of terms in expression are (n + 1)
(approximation)
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CHAPTER: 9
,
,
, ,
,
s = arc length; r = radius; = angle
, ,
,
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CHAPTER: 10
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES:
DISTANCE FORMULA:
FUNDAMENTAL LAW:
DEDUCTIONS FROM THIS LAW:
DOUBLE AND HALF ANGLE FORMULAS:
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PRODUCT TO SUM FORMULAE:
SUM TO PRODUCT FORMULAE:
CHAPTER: 11
PERIOD OF SINE, COSINE, TANGENT:
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CHAPTER: 12
LAW OF SINES:
LAW OF COSINES:
LAW OF TANGENTS:
HALF ANGLE FORMULAE IN TERMS OF LENGTH:
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Where,
AREA OF TRIANGLE:
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CIRCUM-RADIUS, IN-RADIUS & RADII OF E-CIRCLE OF :
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CHAPTER: 13
VALUE OF FOR SINE, COSINE & TANGENT
Solution set for cos ;
Solution set for sin ;
Solution set for tan ;
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XII MATHEMATICS ANEES HUSSAIN
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CHAPTER: 1A
1. Every non empty subset of R bounded above (resp. below) has least upper
bound (l.u.b) (resp. greatest lower bound) (g.l.b).
2. An upper bound M* of A is called l.u.b of A if M* ≤ M
3. A lower bound m* of A is called g.l.b of A if m ≤ m*
4. A function is said to be “one-one” (or injective) if distinct elements
of A have distinct images.
5. A function is said to be “onto” (or surjective), if the range of ‘f’ is B.
6. A function is said to be “one-one onto” (or bijective) if ‘f’ is both
“one-one” and “onto” B
7. Let and be functions. Then the function ,
defined by is called composite function of ‘f’ and ‘g’
denoted by gof
8. If gof = IA and fog = IB then g is called the “inverse of f” denoted by f -1.
9. A function is called “even” if for all x in X.
10. A function is called “odd” if for all x in X.
CHAPTER: 1B
A sequence is a function.
For given sequences {an} and {bn} the sum, difference, product and scalar
multiplication are defined as
If a sequence is monotonic increasing, it’s divergent. (I.e. when it returns a value ∞)
If a sequence returns an integer value it’s convergent
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An infinite series is said to be convergent (respectively divergent) if the sequence {Sn}
of partial sums Sn is convergent to S, we say that S is the sum of infinite series
and we write
CHAPTER: 1C
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CHAPTER: 2
CARTESIAN AND POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM’S RELATIONSHIP
,
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS (OR A POINT AND LINE):
[(x1, y1) are coordinates of point & a, b, c are coefficients]
DIVISION POINT:
Internal division:
External division:
Mid point:
Centroid:
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Intersection of Internal bisectors of angles of (Incentre):
SLOPE:
;
Two point slope:
(For parallel lines)
(For perpendicular lines)
Condition of concurrency for 3 points:
EQUATION OF LINES:
x-axis y = 0 ; y-axis x = 0
Line parallel to x-axis y = a
Line parallel to y-axis x = a
Point slope form:
Two point form:
Slope intercept form:
{Where ‘c’ is y-intercept}
Two intercept form:
{Where ‘a’ & ‘b’ are x and y intercept respectively}
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Perpendicular form:
Equation of pair of lines passing through origin:
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CHAPTER: 3
CONCURRENCY OF THREE LINES:
AREA OF TRIANGLE:
SLOPE OF PAIR OF LINES:
DISCRIMINANT:
ANGLE BETWEEN THE TWO LINES:
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CHAPTER: 4 & 5
DIFFERENTIATION BY FIRST PRINCIPLE:
DIFFERENTIATION METHOD & FORMULAE:
SLOPE OF A LINE TANGENT TO THE CURVE:
APPROXIMATION:
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FOR RELATIVE MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF A CURVE:
Find
For point x, place
Now find and put value(s) of x in
If is (- ve) negative, the point (x, y) with that value of x will be a
‘Maxima’
If is (+ ve) positive, the point (x, y) with that value of x will be a
‘Minima’
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CHAPTER: 6
ANTIDERIVATIVES:
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TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS:
BY PARTS:
AREA UNDER THE CURVE:
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CHAPTER: 7
STANDARD EQUATION OF CIRCLE:
Where, (h, k) = centre of circle
r = Radius of circle
GENERAL EQUATION OF CIRLCE:
LENGTH OF TANGENT SEGMENT OF THE CIRLE:
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CHAPTER: 9
Laws of vector algebra:
(Commutative law for addition of vectors)
(Associative law for addition of vectors)
(Associative law for scalar multiplication)
(Distributive law for scalar addition)
(Distributive law for vector addition)
Any free vector may be written as:
Where are the unit vectors along positive x, y and z axes respectively
If P (x, y, z) is a general point of space, the position vector of P is
Also
Where θ is the smaller angle between
if or or are perpendicular.
If are any two points is space then
This is also called “Distance Formula”
Let makes angles α, β and γ respectively with the positive
x, y and z axes. Then
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Are called Direction Cosines
The cross products:
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