CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
A literature review is a compilation of scholarly articles that are directly related to
the subject of your study. This chapter will discuss more relevant ideas from earlier
authors in order to strengthen the notion of this project. To develop and obtain the
results, a select few strategies were used. The literature reviews, which included a
range of research or studies pertinent to the project, are the main topic of Chapter 2. In
this chapter, the project has been broken up into three sections. The first part discusses
the design and development of smart delivery system using Line Following Robot with
Passcode Verification. The second part is the research on the programming and system
applied in this smart delivery system using Line Following Robot with Passcode
Verification. Last but not least, the third part of this literature review is the research on
the smart delivery system using Line Following Robot with Passcode Verification
Internet of Things Application performance

2.2 Smart Delivery System Project

Ahmed Abdulmahdi Abdulkareem Alawsi et al. 2020 proposed a new global smart
box (GSB) was presented as a way to resolve LMP. The GSBs can be connected to a
central controller via the internet and managed by multiple offices that provide simple
delivery services spread out close to or inside trading complexes. The results obtained
in this study demonstrate that the GSB is trustworthy and can handle the majority of
LMP subproblems, such as reducing delivery costs, doubling the maximum delivery
distance, and saving quadcopters and packages. To address the issues with the
previously described last mile problem, a worldwide smart box has been devised and
installed. Depending on the size of the population density in the installation area, the
GSB can be built in a variety of sizes.
Figure 1: Architecture of the proposed system to solve LMP
Figure 2: An illustration of the core components of the proposed global smart box (GSB)
The main server using  the C (C##) programming language for its design and
programming. The primary software for managing and controlling the majority of
delivery processes is installed on the server. The server can be put at any simple\
sdelivery office and connect with all delivery offices and GSBs through internet by using
global IP with user name and password to handle the delivery operations. The delivery
server's home page, as depicted in figure, allows users to choose the GSM and sub box
that are nearest to the customer. In order to enter the customer's information, including
their e-mail and cell phone, a new page opens when the book button is pressed as seen
in the picture. After hitting the book button, the server randomly generates the password
(code) depicted in figure 5. After the customer clicks the save button, the server will
transmit the password and subbox number to his email address via the internet and to
his mobile phone as an SMS message via GSM networks. Figure 6 displays an SMS
message that the customer's mobile phone got, along with the password and subbox
number (Misled in yellow). Additionally, the client will get the second message (Misled in
blue) from the server after opening the sub box and receiving his package, as shown in
figure 6. The delivery system software is very straightforward, making it easy for support
offices to use and lowering the likelihood of issues. Through the server's home page, a
unique password, GSB address and number, and subbox number are selected. These
details are then sent to the client via email and mobile phone, where the password is
entered to retrieve the package. In order to be able to take legal action against anyone
who attempts to tamper with the box, all GSB can be watched using security cameras
and the server at the delivery office.
 Figure 3: Home page of the main delivery system

Figure 4: Server page used to determine sub box to the customer and enter his
information
Figure 5: Received message by customer phone from the server
 Figure 6: The algorithm of proposed GSB delivery system by quadcopter

Mayank Agarwal et. Al. 2015 proposed an IOT based Smart Delivery Box. The
ease of use of the delivery system software makes it convenient for help centers to use
and lowers the likelihood of issues. On the server's main page, a unique password,
GSB address and number, and subbox number are selected. These details are sent to
the client via email and mobile phone, and they are then entered to recover the
package. Security cameras and the server at the delivery office can watch all GSB,
allowing for the prosecution of any attempts to tamper with the box. The box needs to
be set up and linked to the home wifi network in the customer's residence. The front box
door provides entry to the box's only side. Initialization of the transportation box's
sensors, which can recognize where a package is placed, is done. The door is opened
by the delivery boy using the order Id to gain entry to the box, and after placing the
package, the door is shut. When the customer enters their mobile number, a one-time
password is created without time restrictions and sent to the customer's phone along
with a notification that a package has been delivered. When the client gets home, he
uses the generated one-time password to retrieve the package. An additional
confirmation email and message are sent to the shipping portal service provider and e-
commerce gateway when the package is retrieved. The amount of times the box was
accessed and the delivery boy's credentials. Dimension of the parcel, time spent placing
it, and session length can all be documented and saved for use in the future.
 Figure 7: Block Diagram of the system.

Figure 8: Hardware Architecture of the system

Ruslan Safin et al. 2021 proposed a system Modelling a TurtleBot3 Based

Delivery System for a Smart Hospital in Gazebo. A system which Mobile ground robots
perform transportation tasks between multiple stations located in different rooms while
navigating in an environment with moving objects such as humans and other mobile
robots. The robot is equipped with a distance sensor (LIDAR), based on the indicators
of which objects are detected and the robot is localized. Robots can be assigned tasks
to be executed through a centralized interface. Tasks are assigned to a specific robot,
and, depending on the type of task, the robot is autonomously directed to the station
associated with the task in the building. We are considering the concept of defining
possible robot behaviors as a finite set of states with certain transitions. To test the
system, a hospital map was constructed in a Gazebo simulation.
Figure 9: Block Diagram of proposed systemFuF
 Figure 10: TurtleBot3 Waffle is approaching the station in Gazebo simulation.

Mamatha KR et al. 2022 proposed a Smart AI Based Delivery Robot. A robot that
moves automatically between two locations, requiring no human intervention. Obstacles
are recognized using the cameras. The robot will halt if there are any impediments in its
route, then resume moving once they have been removed. A self-driving system's
fundamental premise is the existence of a robot that is capable of moving tangible items
from one location to another. A robot that delivers deliveries is referred to as a self-
contained delivery robot. Artificial intelligence is used by the self-driving robots, which
arrive at their location after taking the right route. The robot is used to transport the
packages securely.
Figure 11: Block Diagram of Robotic Unit
Figure 12: Flowchart of proposed project.
 Figure 13: Model of proposed system following the line.

Figure 14: Images showing the messages displayed on LCD

 Sujay s n et al. 2021 proposed a Smart Box Delivery System For Faster And
Safer Delivery. it is Intelligent and secure electronic locker systems are used for parcel
transportation and collection. Allow residents of your multifamily housing to accept
deliveries from any source at any moment. A flexible and expandable parcel gathering
system created just for you is the smart locker. Local controls can be used to modify the
features. We abide by all data security laws. A cloud-based management system
designed for businesses makes sure that no resident data is kept on-site. The need to
effectively handle online order delivery has increased with the rise of e-commerce.
Nowhere is this more obvious than in residential buildings across the nation. During the
busiest holiday seasons, package and parcel deliveries can easily rise by a factor of
five. This places more responsibility on your staff as the owner or manager of a multi-
family housing unit to handle these packages until they are picked up. In addition to the
time and effort required to handle this process, you are also accountable for the
package's security.
Figure 15: Block Diagram of proposed project
Figure 16: The flow chart of the delivery agent
Figure 17: The flow chart of the client/user

Figure 18: Training Face Data Set

Figure 19: Barcode Scanning

 Figure 20: Opening and Placing Package in Smart Box

Figure 21: Client Receiving Notification about Parcel with Secret key
 Figure 22: Face Verification

Figure 23: Client Entering Valid Secret Key

Figure 24: Delivery Agent Receiving Dispatched message

Figure 25: Someone trying to open smart box Forcefully

 Figure 26: Mail attached with Snapshot during the theft

2.3 Line Following Robot Project System.

Hasan U. Zaman et al 2016 proposed a A Novel Design of Line Following Robot

with Multifarious Function ability In this paper, the design and execution of a robot that
follows a line—specifically, a black line on a white surface—are described. There are
two distinct settings for this line-following robot, including line-following mode and
obstacle detection mode. It is comparable to a self-driving robot vehicle. While following
its intended route on its pathway, this robot can detect obstacles to the right, left, and in
front of it. Overall, it can be said that the robot has the ability to travel along a black line
while sensing obstacles from three directions. The creation of the design using Arduino
Uno requires knowledge of Arduino programming, the integration of electrical circuits
with the designed coding, as well as some architectural and fundamental mechanical
engineering knowledge. For improved obstacle detection, the robot has three sonars
linked in three different directions, and two infrared sensors are connected via a motor
driver IC. (L293D). A 6 volt rechargeable lithium battery powers this follower with
numerous modes. It costs 4500 BDT (Bangladeshi Taka), 4253.15 INR (Indian Rupees),
and 64.136 USD (United States Dollars) to purchase the automaton in its entirety. The
robot can carry up to 600 grams of component above and recognize lines and obstacles
with ease, changing its course to follow the intended path.

Figure 27: Block diagram of a line follower robot

 Figure 28: Flow chart of line follower

Milan Shah et al 2015 proposed a system which Design Implementation of High-

Performance Line Following Robot. Robotics are being used more and more frequently
today in hospitals, medical facilities, signal for microcontroller depending on their
position over farming, in the military, on factory floors, and in every other area. Robots
that follow lines are among the most common. A line-following robot is essentially a
mobile autonomous device that tracks a line that is a different color from its
surroundings. Thus, how well these line-following robots can distinguish the line from
the background has a significant impact on how well they work. Around the globe, a lot
of line-following robot-based robotic competitions are organized at both the college and
professional levels. As we developed the line following system for the robot for
ROBOCON 2016 (an international robotics event), we ran into a number of issues. In
this paper, we discuss these issues, how we overcame them, and how we created the
most optimized, effective, and high performance line following system.

Figure 29: Schematic Block Diagram of Basic Line Following Robot

Mohammed Abdul Kader et al 2018 proposed a Line Following Autonomous

Office Assistant Robot with PID Algorithm. In this paper, a line-following robot for office
assistance is created. The robot can safely move paper documents, tea snacks, and
other office supplies from one table to another within an office on its own, following user
instructions. By hitting a PUSH button from any table, anyone can summon the robot. In
response to a call, the robot will follow a predetermined route to the caller table and will
automatically open a locker it has been given. The caller then put the document or other
items in the container and could move the robot to a different table by pushing a
different push button. To guarantee security, the locker won't open until the robot arrives
at the designated table. Additionally, the robot has obstacle detection capabilities and
can alarm if something blocks its route. The PID method is used by the robot to
smoothly follow the route. Microcontroller, IR sensor module, RF Tx-Rx module,
ultrasonic sensor, buzzer, and DC motor are the primary parts used to build the robot.
Every workplace needs a peon to move the files or other materials, but they also have
other duties to complete. This robot can help office workers by lightening their burden
and allowing them to focus on more important tasks.

Figure 30: Block diagram of calling circuit.

 Figure 31: Block diagram of robot circuit.

Figure 32: Flow chart of calculating motor speed by PID algorithm.

Endrowednes Kuantama et al 2014 proposed a Simple Delivery Robot System

Based on Line Mapping Method. Because of the robot can transport items to another
location as long as it is on the same level and has line mapping, the simple delivery
robot system was created to make daily tasks simpler. The robot used in this study
differs from previous line follower studies in that it is 40 cm long, 40 cm wide, and 40 cm
high, can be called from multiple rooms using an RF remote, and can be instructed to
transport items and send messages. The line is within 1.5 centimeters of the robot's
body and is traced using seven infrared sensors. The robot has four rooms it can
access specifically for this study, in addition to a main camp. The robot also has a
number of other features, such as an alarm system that can let the user know when it
has reached its location, an LCD and keyboard so they can type messages, an obstacle
sensor to prevent collisions, and an emergency system that will activate if the robot
veers off the path. The robot can be remotely controlled to be positioned back in the line
map after the emergency system triggers the video camera and alarm. The AT89C51
microprocessor is in charge of all operations. This study concentrates on robot mapping
systems that use line mapping, special remote systems that use radio frequency,
message delivery systems that use LCDs, and emergency systems that use remote
controls and video cameras. The robot has a top speed of 1.045 m/s and a maximum
weight capacity of 3.5 kg.

Figure 33: Flow diagram for delivery robot.

 Figure 34: Flowchart microcontroller for line mapping.

Nor Maniha Abdul Ghani et al 2011 proposed a Two Wheels Balancing Robot
with Line Following Capability. The creation of a line follower algorithm for a two-
wheeled balancing robot is the main goal of this project. In this project, the ATMEGA32
is selected as the brain board controller to respond to the data received from the
balance processor chip on the balance board in order to monitor environmental changes
using two infrared distance sensors and address the inclination angle issue. Due to the
application of internal PID algorithms at the balance board, the system will consequently
instantly return to the set point (balance position). To create a seamless line follower
robot, infrared light sensors used in conjunction with PID control are essential. It is able
to create a dynamically stabilized balancing robot with line follower function by
combining a line follower software with internal self-balancing algorithms.

Figure 35: Robot’s General System Block Diagram

Figure 36: Robot’s Internal System Flow
 Figure 37: Flow Chart for the Line Following System

Alfian Ma’arif et al. 2020 proposed a Vision-Based Line Following Robot in Webots. A
robot with robotic vision can gather data by having a camera analyze images. The line-
following robot's camera is intended to identify image-based lines and guide the robot
along the path. In this paper, a technique for image preprocessing and its robot action
for line-following robots were suggested. To find path lines and choose the appropriate
robot action, picture preprocessing techniques like dilation, erosion, Gaussian filtering,
contour search, and centerline definition are used. Webots' simulator is used to practice
the robot's implementation. Designing robot motions and line detection systems uses
Python and OpenCV. The simulation results demonstrate that the technique has been
properly applied, and the robot is capable of following various path types, including
zigzag, dotted, and curved lines. The key factor in identifying path lines is the sharpness
of the cropped-image frame.

Figure 38: Line following detection system diagram

2.4 Blynk Application system

Wan Norsyafizan W.Muhamad et al 2020 proposed mart Bike Monitoring System

for Cyclist via Internet of Things (IoT). This project showcases a smart bike with an
internet of things monitoring device for cyclists. (IoT). The system is created for the
purpose of tracking a cyclist's performance and overall wellbeing in real time. The entire
system is made up of a number of instruments, including a GPS module, magnet reed
sensor, pulse oximetry sensor, and heart rate sensor. The sensors are linked to the Wi-
Fi module and microcontroller, which are accessible through the blynk program, an IoT
platform. Both the cyclist and their coach can keep an eye on the statistics related to the
cyclist's health and performance. First, a heart rate sensor was used to track the
cyclist's heart rate over time, and a pulse oximetry sensor was used to gauge the
cyclist's body's oxygen concentration. In the meantime, a magnet reed sensor was
attached to the bike's frame to track the cyclist's speed and distance. Additionally, a
GPS module was used to monitor the cyclist's location. Through the blynk application,
the transmitted data can be synchronized with or viewed on a smartphone. So that the
cyclist and coach could keep an eye on the cyclist's health while they were practicing or
competing, the GUI interface of the Blynk application showed parameters like heart rate,
pulse oximetry, speed, distance traveled, and position.
 Figure 38: Block diagram of operation in Smart Bike Monitoring System for Cyclist via
Internet of Things (IoT)

Prof. Mitul Sheth et al 2019 proposed a Smart Gardening Automation using IoT
With BLYNK App which develop a smart automated system for providing water to fields,
farms, and other places. We use soil moisture detectors, temperature detectors, and
humidity detectors in this device, which are mounted at the plant roots. The system
transmits to the base station the numbers it has identified. The goal is to use WiFi to
retrieve info and sync those values with the internet. As soon as the water level drops
below the set limit, it alerts the user. This article demonstrates how wireless circuit
diagram observation using NodeMCU is possible, and it displays the results using the
Blynk App.

Figure 39: IoT Architecture

Figure 40: Blynk App working diagram
Figure 41: Blynk App live Project Status