UNIT Code: BIT 2116

UNIT NAME: Network Design and Management

29/09/2021
Overview of Computer networks
What is a computer network?
It’s an interconnection of computing devices/computers eg
Work stations, routers, switches, firewalls, servers, hubs,
communication channels, etc.
Need computer networks in organizations:
• Enhance or improve communication within an
organization: - Fasters: emails, sms, mms, chat, voice
etc. Rich Information content/ diverse (voice/audio,
video, text, graphics/images, animations, etc.)
• Improve business performance: increase throughput –
No. users, no. services, no. of transactions, etc.
• Control of resources: security in terms of access control.
Also, Integration of different locations of a business
organization.
• Cost: Reduce cost of running the business, share
resources. Sharable resources - Data and information,
Users, Software, Hardware, Procedures.
• Competitiveness of the business: Communicate to
customers faster/easily, address customers issues and
queries faster,
• Innovativeness:
Types of Computer Networks
Classification:
- Coverage area: LAN, MAN and WAN
- Transmission Medium used to interconnect
devices/computers: Wired networks, Wireless
networks
- Ownership of Network: Private network (Intranet),
Public Network (PSTN, PLMN, Internet)
- Protocols used in the networks: IP, IPX, etc

Networking Models
Model: Is representation of a real object. In the model we
use few characteristics/features of the real object.
Draw boy:
Why models? – Cheap, fasters to use, test concepts.
Two types of models are used in computer networks: - TCP/IP
and OSI/ISO models.
Differences between the models
TCP/IP OSI/ISO
Age Old Model New Model
Ownership US DoD (private model) Market players
(Public Models)
Number of Four-Layer Model Seven-Layer Model
layers
Complexity Layers are complex Layers are Simple
Of layers
Complexity Simple Model Complex Model
of Model
Openness of Closed model Open Model
model

To understand the models, need to understand:

• Functions of each layer of the models
• How user data is packaged in each layer of the
models
• Protocols in each layer of the models
• Devices in each layer of the models
• How data is processed in each layer of the models
06/10/2021
Network Architectures:
- Organization of network devices to better serve the
needs of the users.
- Provide Robustness, Scalability/extensibility,
evolvability: H/W and S/W, etc

Two types of Network Architectures:

- Client-Server: Has two types of hosts - Clients and
server. Servers deliver and manage resources and
services consumed by clients.
- Peer-to-Peer: Network devices have the same
capabilities. I device can be a server or client. Share
resources and cooperate when performing a task.
 OSI Model Layers

Layer Functions Devices Protocols PDU

Physical (1) Is the Channel, Hubs, Line ISDN Bit- 1s
Tx Bits, Devices: or 0s
Voltage levels Modems,
Methods Tx: NB/BB Amps, Filters,
Tx MUX/DeMUx,
etc
Data Link (2) Ass/Dissa Frames, Switch, PPP, Frame
Hop-Hop Delivery, Bridge HDLC,
MAC, Addressing, Ethernet,
Error Control, etc FR, ATM,
ARP, etc
Network (3) IP/Host Addressing, Router IP, IPX, Packet
Message ICMP,
routing/forwarding,
etc
Transport E2E delivery, FC, GW UDP, Segment
(4) Reliability, TCP,
Congestion Control,
etc
Session (5) Session Creation & GW/GK SCP, User
Mgt, SOCKETS, Data
Authentication, H.245,
Authorization Auth and
Tunneling
prots.,
etc
Presentation Data Conversion, GW/GK MOTIS, User
(6) Compression, FTAM, Data
Encryption,
decryption,
Application Provide functions GW/GK Http, User
(7) for applications smtp, Data
pop, nfs,
ldap, etc

Layer 1: Physical Layer

Protocols:
(1) ISDN - Integrated Digital Services Network
– A digital channel to carry both voice and data at the
same time.
Types of ISDN:
- BRI – Basic Rate ISDN:
Allows a channel to support a data rate equal to
64Kbps. This channel called Digital Signal Level 0
(DS0); in BRI two DS0s are needed: 1 for voice and 1
for Data. Also, a 16Kbps for signaling is required. Total
Capacity for a BRI = 144Kb/s

- PRI – Primary Rate ISDN:

Here 30 DS0s are needed to carry either Voice or
Data. Also needed are
• 1 DS0 for signaling
• 1 DS0 for Synchronization
Total capacity for PRI is: 32x64Kbps = 2048Kbps
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
MAC Address
Characteristics of Medium Access Control Address:
• Physical Address Burnt in the ROM Chip of the NIC
• 48bits longs (divided into 6 bytes) bytes are separated
by a delimiter called Dash (-) eg 12-ac-00-34-fe-1b
• Each byte is expressed in the hexadecimal format.
• MAC Address is unique globally and is further divided
into 2 parts:
- 12-ac-00-34-fe-1b
o 12-ac-00 – OUI (Organization Unit Identifier:
Defines the manufacturer of the device)
o 34-fe-1b – Device ID
• MAC Address Processes frames
Layer 2 Devices
Network Switch: Interconnect end user devices eg laptops,
PCs, phones, Severs, etc in a LAN
Network switches types: according to number of ports they
have – 12, 24, 36, 48ports
Bridge: – layer 2 device. Has 4ports, to interconnect LANs to
become one LAN; extend a LAN by a few metres. AKA
repeater.
Hub vs Switch/Bridge
Hub – layer 1, Processes Bits, No addresses, has 4-8 ports to
connect to end user devices, cheaper, Flood/broadcast data
to all other ports from the source port, thus no privacy.
Layer 3: Network Layer
Router Functions:
- IP packet Routing or forwarding between different
networks
- IP Addressing

13/10/2021
Layer 4: Transport Layer (end to end delivery of data units)
Protocols in Layer 4
• Universal Datagram Protocol – UDP
• Transmission Control Protocol – TCP

Comparison
TCP UDP
Delivery Connection Oriented Connectionless
Mechanism delivery – dedicated delivery; use
resources. All data sent via any available
the same channel channel.
Delivery Offers Guarantee No Guarantee
Guarantee For this:
Acknowledgements and
Retransmissions used
Buffering No Buffering allowed, Thus Store and
message Delay sensitive and hence Forward
Real-time delivery used techniques
used. Delay
insensitive and
 uses non real-
time delivery

Speed of Slow: because ACKs and Faster

delivery retransmissions
Cost Cheap Expensive

Layer1: Hub,
Layer 2: Network Switch, Bridge,
Layer 3: Router
Layer 1-7:
Any Device connected to a network is called Host.
Two types of Hosts – Server and Client
Client Machines - Workstations, Desktops, Laptops, PCs,
phones, etc. also called end user devices. Used to access
services provided by the network. Client machines request
for services from servers.
Servers – Host the applications or services needed by the
network users. Server provides these services to user via the
client machines
 Differences
Server Client
Memory Large storage Very small storage
space space
Processing power CPU has very high CPU has very low
power power
Cost Expensive Cheap
Number of users Many users One user
supported
Usage Very high usage – 20min/day
24hours/365 days
Power Supply Always on Not always on
Service/operation Offers service to Request for
clients services from the
server

IP Addresses
• Network numbers.
• Used in layer 3
• Uniquely identify a computer in a network and also
identify the network the computer belongs to. Eg
computer 1 in network 100
• Logical number – Temporary and can be assigned and
de-assigned to a host
• Assigned to the network interface card of a device.
Types:
Two main types/versions of IP addresses: Version 4 and
Version 6
Denotes as:
• Version 4 : IPv4
• Version 6: IPv6
Differences
IPv4 – 32bits long, expressed using (.) and decimal notation
IPv6 - 128bits long, expressed using (:) and hexadecimal
notation
Structure IPv4
32 bits long
- Divided into groups of 8bits; we get 4 groups of
8bits. A group of 8bitsis called Byte or Octet or
word
- Each byte is separated from the other using a (.)
- Each byte is the expressed in the decimal number
notation.

Eg. 10101010 . 10101010 . 10101111 . 11111101

170.170.175.253

Number System conversions

Convert a decimal number to binary:
- Get the decimal number
- Divide it by the required base/Radix exhaustively
until you get zero
- Each time you divide note down the remainder
- Read off the remainders upwards

Eg Convert 2910 to Binary (2)

Base Decimal Rem
2 29 1
2 14 0
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 (Stop)

2910 = 111012

Converting to Decimal
Use the place value, total value concept
298 – 2(hundred), 9 (tens), 8 (ones)
111012= 2910
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
101010102 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
170 128 0 32 0 8 0 2 0

10101010 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
170 128 0 32 0 8 0 2 0

10101111 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
175 128 0 32 0 8 4 2 1

11111101 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
253 128 64 32 16 8 4 0 1

170.170.175.253

Structure of IPv6
128 Bits Long
- Divide it into groups of 16bits to get 8 groups of 16
bits long
- Separate the groups using (:)
Eg
1010101010101010:1010111111111101:
1010101010101010:1010111111111101:
1010101010101010:1010111111111101:
1010101010101010:1010111111111101
- Divide each group of 16bits into 4 Nibbles
- Express each nibble in hexadecimal format
 AAAA:AFFD:AAAA:AFFD:AAAA:AFFD:AAAA:AFFD

How shorten the IPv6 address