CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale of the Study

How does human fulfill the needs in taking an information? Do they know it’s

validity and reliability? A human refines and possess to understand differently in

corresponds to the things being presented. In accordance to how it is absorbed from time

to time, more specifically to dilemmas happening in our society which is the existence of

social issues. As today’s era technology is present and particularly it is the massive

medium of dissemination of information. In correlated to that, it is the avenue in

spreading fake news. Therefore, a person’s ability to understand relies unto how users

able to utilize the platform.

Global

Globally, reading assess human intellectual to understand, comprehending text

and visualizing concepts base on how it understands. It is noted that individual’s ability

to read and access text are considered the significant part as it relies on how human

intellectual or cognitive process function, as well as the important role in personal and

social progress (Johnson 2015). Thus, it pointed out that one’s it able to understand

throughout the process in its generation, the primitive materials underlie more in the

usage also through the materials or the resources (Shenoy & Aithal 2016 as cited in

Clinton 2019). Thus, as today era, it challenged more in regards to the writers of

newspaper and readers as well in particular to learning vicinity to transfer modes of

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learning and instruction. Therefore, it signifies the gap between non-reader and reader in

corresponds to the utilization of a material in any aspect.

Regional

Looking at the regional perspective, understanding is regarded as the most crucial

component of learning by educators and students in the area. People can swiftly

comprehend information after reading, seeing, or hearing it in a variety of ways, but

pupils frequently struggle with reading comprehension across the board. Many factors,

such as emotional or physical problems as well as the well-known reason for low reading

interest, might affect students' learning. They won't be motivated to comprehend the

information, and they won't be interested in it. According to (UNISCO, 2009), students

must be given the freedom to self-direct their academic and professional learning through

this reading comprehension. They must also be taught how to think critically in support

of community service. Several Studies of (Tuncer and Bahadir, 2014; Trakhman et al.,

2019; Kazazoglu, 2020), reading is more effective with superior performance in reading

comprehension tests in printed materials compared to the same test in digital.

National

Focusing on the national view, some information is written using a foreign

language as a medium of instructions in any media platforms. There are students who

have difficulties in understanding the meaning behind the text or the word used. It affects

the ability to comprehend information when the text you are reading is complex and

unfamiliar. Considering that students had different level of reading comprehension, their

ability to comprehend will matter base on their understanding of the written text both
 3

print and non-print. The product of comprehension is the mental representation of the

textual information in the reader’s mind after he or she has completed reading the text

(Kintsch, 1988a,2012; Cain & Oakhill, 2012; van den Broek, White, Kendeou, &Carlson,

2009). In addition, during the construction phase, information from the text and the

readers’ related knowledge automatically activate.

Local

Manifesting the local perspective, as the years pass, technology has become

increasingly helpful both globally and in Talisay City, using social media and other

devices to acquire more data. The researcher observed the utilization of social media than

print media in terms in acquiring news or information. Thus, particularly mean, seeking

answers if anyone still read and utilize print media as well as how this certainly both

helpful in the school and within the locality. Therefore, the researcher observed the lack

of awareness of every student. Most commonly the misinformation base on the platform

they read. Hence, underlying its reliability and validity of information they via the

utilization of the material.

Furthermore, this research will not only signify the relevance of print in

terms in retaining and comprehending information that underlies the social issues.

However, addresses the gap of those individual who really read print media or social

media. As well as determining the efficiency of a material being utilize. The researcher’s

assumptions on the level of retention on social issues in the printed media divide into

three parts. First, the level of the retention of respondent base on the category of the

article given on a specific data or content. Second, the researcher assumed that printed

media acquires advantage and disadvantage to readers mind, which pertains how it is
 4

comprehend and retained. Third, researchers assumed, that the result of this study will be

highlighted and probe that printed media can one of the effective ways in promoting long

term memory, that can be used for future preferences and perspective.

Theoretical Background
This study is anchored on the theory of: Top-Down Theory by Harris & Sipay

(1984), Visual Learning Theory by Neil Fleming and Pritchard (2009,2017) Visual

Theory, Jean Piaget's Cognitive Theory (1930’s) Cognitive Theory.

Top-Down Theory

This is based on cognitive and language competencies that constructs the meaning

from printed materials. This theory is about making meaningful reading and present it to

new information to students. The main focus of this is what students can interpret base on

the text. Prior knowledge is expected to use by the students to interpret the content and

make possible interpretation. For instance, the teacher gave a task to the students to do

analysis, in the printed media given , it includes the articles about social issues , in which

the students are required to interpret on what they have read.

Visual Theory

Pritchard (2009) reported that visual learners learn by seeing, they have a high ability for

visual recall. They prefer to learn using visual representations such as graphs, posters,

maps, displays. They frequently use hand movements while talking and have a tendency

to look upwards when thinking. Fleming added the need to recognize that visual learners

prefer graphics. The written word would not be as valuable, especially when used as a

visual additive in a classroom with only words on media. “It must be more than mere

words in boxes that would be helpful to those who have a Read/write preference” stated

by Fleming (2017). For instance, - For instance, when reading about social concerns,
 5

social studies students prefer to learn through visual representations. The teacher will

give a visual aid that contains graphic organizer with the content itself and let the

students visualize and comprehend the societal issues content. After that, the teacher will

ask the student’s understanding or retained information about the social issues from the

printed media given.

Cognitive Theory

This theory defined the emphasis on the idea of how students think deeply about

the topic, which will lead into the arousal of emotions and to specific thoughts and beliefs

that lead to the disruption of feelings and behavior that will result in a healthy emotional

response and an adaptive response. Piaget (1896,1980) reported that a person's

knowledge changes as they mature. Different learning processes can lead to different

types of intellectual development. Every person has a unique method of interpreting

things, whether it comes from personal experience or by adapting to their surroundings.

For instance, curiosity in youth may lead them to seek a solution . A social studies

students wanted to seek information about the solution of the societal issues namely the

COVID-19 Pandemic, with a basis of a hardcopy article given by the teacher. When a

student wonders a solution about the said societal issues cognitive processes occur .Upon

examining and observing their possible solution it may allow them to fulfill their own

motivation and understanding through experience and thinking.

Conceptual Framework

This study is relevant to recently added theory to the researcher, where student in

BSED Social Studies of Talisay City College is going to examine the level of retention in

printed media. Researcher sought to find out the profile of the respondents such as the
 6

following: Firstly, age- as to identify the year gap as it tackles all year level, second the

gender, as to determine if it affects the retention of the recipient where it answers the

question affecting the following terms, such as the information being retain in particular

to the respondents of BSED Social Studies. Wherein, in the process of gathering data,

survey questionnaires will be used in interpreting and analyzing the data, through the

utilization research made tool. In correlation with that, action plan will be conducted,

such as the transformative power of media, which to be made through reading articles

and to be reviewed by next day, as well letting graph their understanding base unto what

they have read, through this it will testify that printed media is a source of information

that able human to remember. It corresponds as well, how relevant does printed media to

the factors given. Hence, the researcher presents the following steps in gathering the data.

Input Process Output

1. Profile of Respondents

1.1 Age
 Reading
1.2 Gender comprehension
Tool P
1.3 Year Level
 Survey R
2. Printed Media expose on
Questionnaire
social issues base on the O

respondents in terms of:

 Data Analysis G

 Interpretation R
2.1 Magazine

2.2 Newspaper
A

2.3 Books M
2.4 Extracted media

article  Transformative
Power of
3. Degree of retention on Printed Media.
social issues in printed media

in terms of:

3.1 Time

3.2 Cognitive Skills

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Figure 1

Flow of the Study

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Printed media has been overpowered by social media nowadays. Sharing

information is an easy access with the help of internet. Political, Economic, Local and

International issues was issued through social platforms. However, society tends to place

particular importance on the print media industry because it has historically been

significant source of information that affects readers retention long. Newspaper have long

been acknowledge as being important for the democratic process and for keeping citizens

informed.

Print media usage over time exhibited certain significant traits that, despite

contemporary technical improvements sometimes referred to as the “information age”,

have made it a beneficial medium of study. The notion that prints are the basis for

reading and learning has given prints value. Due of the excellent quality information
 8

they offer on topics that satisfy their particular interest, readers remained faithful to print

media.

Retention among Students

The most significant issues facing college students today is retention. According

to Richards and Frankland (2017), the purpose of memory is not just to precisely preserve

data but also to facilitate decision-making in rapidly changing world. Every time we learn

a new concept, our brain is updated. We can draw fresh conclusions from earlier

experiences if we comprehend and retain the insights from the article, newspapers, and

books we read. Astin’s Student Involvement Model (1985) and Tinto’s Model on

Academic and Social Integration (1977, 1993) are seminal foundation works on student

retention. Prior studies have revealed that attrition and retention rates vary by educational

level, age of the students, level of course, subject, socioeconomic category, and

institution, according to Yorke (1999), Johnes and McNabb (2004), and Cameron,

Roxburgh, Taylor, and Lauder (2010). In his description of the conceptual framework for

the study of student retention, Astin (1984) demonstrated the value of institutional

support and student persistence as worthwhile schoolwork for addressing the retention

problem. Despite differences in structure and specific actions taken by retention programs

on different campuses on behalf of students, successful programs are often identical in a

number of key areas. These are connected to how they handle retention, how much

emphasis they give to retention techniques, and on what objectives they concentrate.

They cause us to reorient our attention away from the strictly technical issue of what

information might keep students interested and toward the more fundamental issues of

how and why those programs have been effective.

 9

According to Wolfe and Johnson, （ 1995 ） a variety of factors, including

demographics, prior academic performance, smoking, drinking, health-related quality of

life, social support, and coping skills were evaluated of college students during the first

week of their freshman year and at the start of the next academic year. While a logistic

equation predicting retention rates was not statistically significant, a multiple linear

regression equation predicting cumulative GPA employing 10 predictors explained 56%

of the variance in academic success. When compared to utilizing high school GPA and

SAT scores alone, the percentage of variance explained by first year cumulative GPA

(56%) demonstrates a significant improvement in prediction.

College students go through a difficult transition their freshman year (Lu, 1994).

Many college students successfully manage a challenging new life position and succeed

academically despite a variety of social, academic, and emotional challenges. Some

students struggle with this adjustment and opt to drop out of school in the middle or at the

conclusion of their freshman year.

Bean （2000）stated that the student also interacts in the organizational area and

is simultaneously affected by outside forces, such as having money problems or desiring

to be with a significant other at another institution. The interactions a student has with the

institution cause the student to form certain attitudes regarding the school and toward

himself or herself as a student. One's academic ability (as measured by grade point

average), one's sense of belonging at a school, and one's devotion to the school are a

secondary set of outcomes that are crucial in deciding a student's intentions to continue

attending as well as their actual enrolment.

 10

According to Nice and Shelly (2017) integrating audience response systems into

the classroom had a considerable impact on post-test scores as well as information

retention. Despite having access to supplemental material when taking pre- and post-

tests, students in the online classroom who did not employ audience response systems

performed considerably worse on post-tests and knowledge retention assessments than

those who did. When audience response systems were used in the classroom, neither the

subject matter of the course nor the status of the students had a discernible impact on

post-test results or knowledge retention. Finally, when audience response systems were

implemented in the classroom, instructor status did have a significant impact on post-test

scores and knowledge retention. Institutions can enhance the efficiency and productivity

of their faculty members in the classroom by studying the non-cognitive aspects that help

to improve knowledge retention and post-test results.

Online students need to be ready for online learning when they enter higher

education contexts. Unfortunately, reality frequently shows the opposite situation.

According to Xu and Jaggars (2011), many online students who enroll in college are

unprepared for college-level work. Another explanation is that online students might not

live on-campus or close by. Therefore, it is crucial to overcome physical and

technological hurdles (Driscoll et al., 2012). Despite the spatial and time differences,

online students also anticipate having a similar experience to those who study on campus

(Eliasquevici et al., 2017). According to this idea, there is always room for improvement

in terms of policies and procedures of how institutions provide the support so that online

students will receive equal and flexible access to campus services, entry orientation,
 11

advising, tutoring, technology support, and outreach programs to promote their academic

success. We concur with Moore and Greenland on this point (2017).

Institutional assistance included activities and offerings with the goal of

influencing student retention. It might consist of technological assistance, tutoring

services, and student support services. (Aversa & MacCall, 2013; Nichols, 2010) (Parkes

et al., 2015). The institutional stake- holders all agreed that the support services the

university provides had an impact on student retention rates. Higher education

administrators concurred that institutional support, along with promoting student

connection with the institution, is the most important aspect in assisting students in

effectively completing online courses (Heyman, 2010). While students ranked

institutional support as the fifth most important component impacting their success in

online learning, faculty members ranked it as the third most important factor influencing

student retention (Gaytan, 2015). Students acknowledged that the lack of this support had

an impact on their academic progress, even if they did not rate it as highly as other

stakeholders did (Nichols, 2010). As a result, students who used tutoring services felt

inspired to persevere and thought these services aided them in continuing their

educational journey (Nichols, 2010). Unsurprisingly, a study with an experimental

methodology confirmed that resource sharing and outreach were effective interventions

that resulted in lower attrition rates (Shaw et al., 2016).

An effective facilitator provided a link between student involvement and deep

learning (Alman, et al. 2012). Students valued having the instructor present to support

their learning and facilitate meaningful interactions between them and other students

(Alman et al., 2012). In summary, from the standpoint of CoI, the instructor's presence
 12

served as a bridge to link social and cognitive presence. Low enrolment was shown to be

predicted by the instructor's assistance in the class in grasping the course material, which

is related to the phenomena of student retention (Ice, Gibson, Boston, & Becher, 2011).

Regarding this factor, we discovered consensus among the relevant parties. The second-

highest factor influencing student retention, according to administrators and professors, is

the caliber of interactions between faculty and students (Gaytan, 2015; Heyman, 2010).

Similarly, students expected excellent communication from the teacher, including

sufficient feedback for learning (O'Neill & Sai, 2014). (Shah & Cheng, 2018). The sort of

assignment may also have an impact on students' decision to enroll in the course. Online

students were found to be against group assignments due to the instructor's lack of

personal interaction (Fredrickson, 2015; Garratt-Reed et al., 2016). It should come as no

surprise that the time the teacher spent facilitating the class also, to a certain extent,

helped with student retention, according to Wuellner (2013).

Elif Aktas and Serap Uzuner Yurt （2017） gathered the data and the results is

the academic success, motivation, and retention in the experimental group are all

improved by the use of digital storytelling. Additionally, it was discovered that the

students in the experimental group expressed a favorable attitude of the use of digital

storytelling.

Michael Williford, Laura Cross Chapman, Tammy Kahrig （2001）reported that

in comparing student academic performance, the consequences of earlier academic

success, and measuring student academic ability were all kept under control.

Comparisons were made between first-year retention and four-, five-, and six-year

graduation rates. The majority of the study's years saw higher year-end GPAs for
 13

participating students than for non-participants, as well as greater retention rates and

four-, five-, and six-year graduation rates. These findings are consistent with the course's

goals of assisting students in developing long-term academic skills and acclimating to the

of the university setting. Effects on student motivation are also covered.

Total credits earned by the student were used to calculate retention, and their

cumulative GPA at the time of withdrawal or after a year of continuous enrollment was

used to calculate their GPA. Four community colleges provided the subjects, which were

divided into 86 matched pairings. The pair consisted of one participant in an orientation

course and the other participant in the control group. According to data, taking an

orientation course during your first term of enrollment encourages retention and raises

your GPA（J Conrad Glass Jr & Matthew S Garrett 1995）.

According to the National Student Clearinghouse （ 2022 ） , Public four-year

institutions in higher education have a 76.3% retention rate. Accordingly, one in four

students left their institution to pursue their education somewhere else or nowhere at all.

In addition, statistics only provide a portion of the tale. When you engage with students

one-on-one, you'll discover that they each have special skills that can help them stick

with online courses. You can put more students on the path to graduation by identifying

and developing those strengths. In overall then, it is a good idea to keep an eye on student

retention, or whether they are currently enrolled in classes. There are many enrolled but

inactive students at most universities. Your advisers can make plans for how these

students can continue their education once they have identified this population.

Printed Media
 14

According to Lacy, Dan (2007), compared to the most advanced printing and

information distribution technologies, the computer offers numerous advantages. Most

importantly, it adds a lot of information that couldn't fit in a book to the public database.

Like the printing press, the computer has increased society's power. Additionally, it has

the power to alter word power and alter our fundamental conception of reality. As a new

information infrastructure, similar to that which is currently in place for print, is

constructed, fundamental issues of access and privacy must be resolved because of its

capacity to alter society.

From speech to writing, print, and audiovisual media, the various technologies

that humans have used to communicate and store information and ideas have had

significant effects on society. They have each contributed to the creation of power and its

distribution within societies. They have contributed to the formation of our mental

models and perceptions of the world. They have determined the means by which society

can accumulate a public compendium that can be used. Every new communication

technology's development and invention over the centuries has fundamentally altered all

patterns. None have come as quickly or as dramatically as those brought about by the

computer in our time.

Concerning the technical potential, related advancements in telecommunications

enabled the computer to reduce not only words and numbers but also sounds and images

to long series of 1s and 0s representing the "on" and "of" status switches in

infinitesimally small increments. These symbols, which are much more abstract and

precise than words or letters, can be entered using optical or auditory scanning, a

"mouse," or keys on a keyboard that looks like a type writer. The resulting digital pattern
 15

is reflected in the secure circuits of the vast transistor array contained within the silicone

ships of a computer's memory, from which data can be transferred.

As stated by Moore, M. (1987), the printed medium is an educational medium and

the printed communication predates the other mediums described in this volume for more

than a century, instruction by print alone has proved its worth in almost every country,

but no other medium is seldom entirely satisfactory without aid. Other media will be

more effective if supplemented or can be organized around print or study guides. In large

distance learning systems such as the Open University in the UK, teaching credentials are

provided not only on paper, but also through broadcast media, audio and video tape,

teletext and data visualization systems, personal computers and telephones. choose from

the majority of study time is spent in print and in the study guides and accompanying

written assignments The written press is undoubtedly the most popular medium It's

familiar, and usually cheap, and it's the ideal medium around which other media can

organize themselves.

According to Naomi Baron's (2017), Reading in the digital age, its review of

related research includes a 2011 study by Ackerman and Goldsmith the study noted that

when students were given a choice, they spent less time reading digitally and had lower

comprehension scores Schugar et al (2011) found that screen reader participants used

fewer learning strategies, such as note taking. Baron's article also cites recent research by

Kaufman and Flanagan (2016), which found that students who read digitally excel at

answering specific questions However, those who read the print performed better on

abstract problems requiring deductive reasoning.

 16

By his study, 2013 and 2015, among more than 400 students from five countries,

86% prefer reading longer paper texts, 78% prefer reading for entertainment and 92% say

reading paper texts is the easiest way to concentrate. 85% of US students are more likely

to multitask in an online environment, compared to just 26% when reading in print.

According to Egulund (2016), the primary advantage of digital media over printed

media is its ability to rapidly distribute information. This is especially true when media

that are not under the government's control are used. Virtual entertainment organizations,

for instance, are utilized by the tech and Web adroit youth to plot and arrange mass fights

against abusive rulers. In point of fact, the revolution brought about by digital media has

revived the lengthy debate regarding whether print media are still important. Digital

media now appear to be a useful resource, but one question remains: Does print media

still matter? At Media Track, we are of the opinion that print media are still significant.

Compared to digital media, it has a few advantages. While we do not in any way discredit

digital media, we do advise that the advantages of print media should always be taken

into consideration when selecting a medium.

According to Egulund (2016), the primary advantage of digital media over printed

media is its ability to rapidly distribute information. This is especially true when media

that are not under the government's control are used. Virtual entertainment organizations,

for instance, are utilized by the tech and Web adroit youth to plot and arrange mass fights

against abusive rulers. In point of fact, the revolution brought about by digital media has

revived the lengthy debate regarding whether print media are still important. Digital

media now appear to be a useful resource, but one question remains: Does print media

still matter? At Media Track, we are of the opinion that print media are still significant.
 17

Compared to digital media, it has a few advantages. While we do not in any way discredit

digital media, we do advise that the advantages of print media should always be taken

into consideration when selecting a medium.

As mentioned by CMYK (2020), it's hard to believe that print media existed

before we live in a world that is becoming increasingly digital. During the earliest

civilizations, people only communicated verbally or through word of mouth. They ran to

the nearest person to spread the word until everyone had heard the news if they wanted to

share it. Then, people started telling stories and making announcements in languages with

pictures and symbols for letters and words. After that, it was only after paper and the

printing press were invented that the meaning of print media took shape and became

commonplace. There was no going back once it became popular. Everyone's lives

became dominated by print media on a daily basis. Print media are utilized worldwide to

spread information and reach a global audience. Print media have expanded to include

advertising and entertainment as well as news over time. It has also changed how people

think about products and services from different industries, making it a good advertising

strategy.

When the foreigners came to Philippines, they brought different things as part of

their task. Mostly the reason why they visit our country is to trading and around 6000 BC

barter system is the way of exchanging something people’s want and needs. As influence

to other country, here in the Philippines they adapt what other country have that is why

printed material existed. According to the Functional Literacy (2013), Philippine

Authority of Statistics Education and Mass Media Survey (FLEMMS). Magazines are

more popular, with 30.7% reading at least once a week In the Philippines, newspapers
 18

come in two forms: small, inexpensive tabloids are more common in the Philippines and

carry more crime news and entertainment stories on the other hand, major newspapers are

big and cost twice as much as tabloids. All major newspapers are in English and, in

addition to news, features and sports, there are several business and lifestyle sections.

Some of the major newspapers have tabloid counterparts, such as the Philippine

Daily Inquirer and Bandera, as well as Philippine Star and Philippine Star Ngayon

Tabloids sell more and are more popular than broadsheets. In fact, according to a Nielsen

survey, only three major newspapers rank among the top 10 most read newspapers. In

addition to 10, there are three titles Two are business newspapers as well as broadsheets:

Business Mirror and Business World The third is the regional newspaper Sun Star, which

is printed in six major cities in the Philippines. The print market is not very concentrated,

as the four big companies have a combined readership of 21.5%, and they all play in the

same league, each with around 5% of their audience.

Most newspapers have built a readership on their online platforms. The online

platform that prints the three top 10 newspapers - Inquirer, Star and Manila Bulletin - is

also the most visited site in the Philippines. The print media is mostly associated with the

family dominating the business. Inquirer Holdings is owned by the Rufino-Prieto family,

while the Belmonte family owns the Star Group the Yap family owns the Manila Gazette

Publishing Company. The Macasaet family owns Monica Publishing Corporation and

Sison's Publishing Corporation is owned by the Sison family.

According to Ziming Liu (2005) A screen-based reading behavior is developing

as people spend more time reading electronic texts. The screen-based reading behavior is

defined by greater time spent browsing and scanning, keyword spotting, one-time
 19

reading, non-linear reading, and reading more selectively, and less time spent reading in-

depth and intensely. Also observed is a decrease in sustained attention. In a written

environment, making notes and highlighting while reading is normal practice. However,

when people read electronic papers, this "conventional" pattern has not yet moved to the

digital setting.

Over the period of time over 20 years, media and using reliable sources are used

in stabilizing and analyzing business aspect, leaders of Chinese newspaper rely two major

parts in reliable sources. The study resulted that on the echo findings that the empirical

studies on Chinese values is the use of data collected. Therefore, the use of printed media

is highly encouraged for potential future studies in collecting data for social dilemma of

society over time (Ping Ping Fu & Anne S Tsui 2003).

According to Ivic, Ivan (2019), this paper plans to draw a structure for contrasting

the effectiveness of printed and computerized reading material. Taking into account the

way that computerized reading material are a moderately new peculiarity, they need both

functional encounters with their utilization, and examination on their effectiveness -

which is the reason all results might be of a starter nature. To this end our paper will zero

in on an underlying meaning of not just the hypothetical system for breaking down the

idea of advanced media, yet additionally for examining printed and computerized course

books. The broadest hypothetical structure comprises of Lev Vygotsky's hypothesis on

the personality of socially mental apparatuses and their effect on the useful association of

the cerebrum and of Marshall McLuhan's hypothesis of media, concerning the overall

reality of the medium (and not its substance). The hypothetical examination shows that

media (printed and computerized) essentially affect the useful association of the mind,
 20

which depends on the cerebrum's brain adaptability. The investigation of computerized

media shows that they have a bunch of explicit highlights that, regardless of the multitude

of benefits they have, convey significant dangers for the association and working of the

mind and for the most common way of learning. The creation of computerized reading

material likewise faces a critical number of difficulties that the ongoing creation has not

yet settled. Exact examination on the course of computerized perusing and understanding

what has been perused, show every one of the issues that actually exist in advanced

reading material creation.

According to Crispin Thorlow (2006), this study critically evaluates 101 print-

media stories from 101 different countries that describe language use in modern

technologies like instant messaging and text messaging between the years of 2001 and

2005 in order to track how CMC is commonly framed in popular culture. This kind of

meta discourse (i.e., discourse about discourse) reveals the conceptual and ideological

presuppositions by which specific communication behaviors get institutionalized and

analyzed from the combined perspective of folk linguistics and critical discourse analysis.

To highlight the most common meta discursive themes in mediatized representations of

technologically or computer-mediated conversation, the article includes numerous

instances drawn from the corpus (CMD). These prevalent yet powerful (mis)

representations often start with extravagant characterizations of the prevalence and

significance of CMD, along with highly exaggerated examples of real practice. These

common but powerful (mis)representations typically exaggerate the differences between

CMD and nonmediated discourse, misinterpret the "evolutionary" trajectory of language

change, and deny the cultural embeddedness of CMD. They are founded in extravagant
 21

characterizations of the prevalence and impact of CMD, as well as highly caricatured

exemplifications of actual practice.

Discourse in print media can be characterized as written language incorporated

into recognizable genres intended for general public consumption in both local and

international contexts. While any graphically depicted, two-dimensional format that

transmits a message from one (or more) to many is considered print media, including

everything from small Tweets to large billboards, newspaper journalism is the genre that

best captures social life across cultures and eras. The form of news texts, political and

ideological implications, and the processes of production and consumption have all been

extensively studied in print media discourse. Print media discourse analysis is by nature

interdisciplinary and looks at how language and visual image are used, how stance is

encoded in languages other than English, the influence of news sources, professional

values, and oth Rder factors (Radhikka Mittal 2012).

According to Karin Raeymaeckers (2002). This article assesses changes in young

people's reading preferences. The article contrasts the findings of time budget analysis

studies with those of comparative and longitudinal research to better understand reading

habits. Although there are many factors that play a role in this process, time consumption

analysis supports a relationship between television viewing time and reading time that is

consistent with the displacement principle. The drop-in reading time has not been

uniformed across all print media, according to time budget studies. The research project

used both qualitative and quantitative methods to examine how 16 to 18-year-old Flemish

youth used the media. The findings are presented in this article. The findings show that

there are numerous factors that affect reading, with social factors being the most
 22

important.The findings show that a variety of factors, with social factors being the

biggest, have an impact on reading. Since the findings reveal various relationships

between viewing time and the reading of books, periodicals, and newspapers separately,

the premise that television viewing time has a negative impact on reading time needs to

be distinguished.

According to Joan Hwechong Lee 2011 The effects of texting and instant

messaging on linguistic skills and capabilities are hotly contested. However, it is

generally acknowledged that exposure to conventional print media is good for one's

language skills. To ascertain whether there are variations in what people deem

grammatical based on their exposure to messaging and print media, this study examined

the effects of messaging and print media on acceptability judgments. 33 college students

provided their opinions on what was acceptable and metrics of their media exposure such

as the number of texts they received each month and the number of books they read the

previous year). Both currently used Standard English word forms and other unique or

unconventional ones received acceptance ratings. The majority of the time, participants

with higher. Therefore, in general, participants who had more exposure to print media

accepted more test items, while participants who had more exposure to text messaging

accepted fewer things.

According to Stephen Emrich (2022), they listed different importance of

printed media and benefits of this. Print media as a physical, the customer has the

substances proper in the front of them, bringing a mental information of "realness" which

you might now no longer get with virtual media. Handling a bodily item has a detail of

sensory input. It's something your mind recollects an awful lot extra vividly than random
 23

pixels on a display screen. According to the Scientific American, the human mind will

don't forget phrases on a bodily paper an awful lot higher than it'd don't forget phrases

displayed on dynamic screens. The act of bodily interacting with the paper of an eye-e

book stimulates the reminiscence segment of your mind extra than a display screen can.

This can provide you with a part over the competition, despite the fact that they have got

a virtual advertising finance an awful lot large than yours. With the proper blend of print

and virtual marketing, you may have the gain over your competitors. Even simply having

enterprise playing cards at hand out to human beings will increase the possibilities of

them enticing together along with your logo or services. I comply with a number of

human beings on social media, and I may not be searching through my following listing

after a networking occasion to locate a person I simply met; however, I am more likely to

don't forget and have interaction with a person's logo if I actually have a bodily enterprise

card. Harya (2022) stated that Newspapers, as part of printed mass media, have become

one of the printed media that can assist students in readily comprehending the text, and

Printed Mass Media can have a good and significant impact on the student's reading

comprehension skills. According to Wynand,(1999), Teaching visuals can greatly

improve recall, comprehension, and problem-solving abilities. This learning effect is

strong and can be obtained with a wide range of learners, text, images, media, and

learning situations. Images can sometimes be distracting and interfere with the learning

process of how to read. Individuals may struggle to use pictures in picture-text learning

materials due to unfamiliar graphic conventions and weak visual and verbal literacy

skills, and culture was demonstrated as a filter through which people absorb, interpret,

and transfer signals. Furthermore, while culturally acceptable and relevant graphic
 24

features and customs may not always reveal measurable cognitive worth, they are key

components of instructional picture-text learning products geared specifically at

emerging and underdeveloped areas. Cultural appropriateness in images can influence the

congeniality of picture-text learning material, but it does not always contribute to the

cognitive worth of picture-text learning material. Improper cultural customs in text and

images, on the other hand, can create a communication barrier and hence reduce the

cognitive usefulness of such learning material.

Social Issues

W.W. Rostow (1953) stated that in order for poverty to decrease as a result of

benefits that "trickle down" from society, and the economy must generate wealth. He also

makes the case that traditional social structures and insufficient economic growth are

some of the causes of poverty.

According to (American Medical Association, 2002) bullying as an aggressive

action by a person that might cause harm to other individuals, occurs frequently over

time, and is related to a relationship of strength or power imbalance. Additionally, there

are forms of bullying and one of this is the Physical Bullying that includes hitting,

kicking, stealing, hiding, and destroying property. Then there is the verbal abuse. Name-

calling, taunting, and insulting someone are examples of psychological abuse that

involves oral behavior that might affect how they feel. And lastly, The Relational

Bullying, which is a form of bullying that carried out by others through the dissemination

of rumors and false information, Warren (2011). (World Bank, 1997; UNDP, 1999),

stated that corruption is the misuse of public office for one's own personal gain. This

behavior can take on many different forms, such as bribery, graft, speed money, influence
 25

peddling, and campaign contributions. Furthermore, corruption is present in public

sectors and is also evident in other facets of administration. like the National Government

Organization, economic sector, and political parties, (USAID Anti-Corruption Strategy,

2005). Tarriela (2006) mentioned that the Philippines only has a small number of

occupations relative to its population. Then, the employment of the Philippines has

increased consistently from &.4 percent in the year of 1990 to increase more in the year

of 2003 with the percentage of 12.7 percent, (BLES 2003)

Trial (2020) claimed that the COVID-19 epidemic is a significant issue that

affects everyone, endangering not only the global economy but also education globally,

particularly in underdeveloped nations. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, the majority of

the world's nations have temporarily closed their educational institutions in an effort to

slow the virus' spread and prevent infections.

McCleary (2012) stated that our ability to prosper as a country, as a people, and as

a business depends on the quality of the talent that our public schools produce. The

quality of our workforce has a significant and direct impact on our economic

productivity. K–12 is a strategy for generating opportunities that will benefit all kids from

the start of school until they enter the workforce.

According to (Poss, 1996) Anything that has the potential to lead to addiction,

habituation, or altered awareness is considered a substance or drug. It is also possible to

define drugs as any chemicals that have the power to alter how the body looks or works.

Drugs are typically used on a doctor's prescription for nutritional or medical reasons, but

they can be dangerous if used for other purposes. And, it was projected that 250 million
 26

people between the ages of 15 and 64 took illicit drugs in 2014, (World Drug Report,

2012)

RAND (2022) stated that despite of being outnumbered, Ukraine has mounted a

strong defense; however, Russian bombing and shelling have decimated Ukrainian cities;

civilian casualties are rising daily; and fighting has sparked a massive refugee crisis. On

February 24, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin launched an unprovoked invasion

of Ukraine, starting the large armed conflict in Europe since World War II.

As the initial Russian invasion slowed, long-range missile attacks that bring down

Ukranian military equipment, urban areas, and transportation infrastructure. Russia

declared it would decrease in military action in the vicinity of Kyiv and Chernihiv at the

end of March 2022. After Russian forces left the districts around Kyiv, Ukrainian

villagers forces apparently perpetrated war crimes, including the reports of rape, torture,

and summary killings. Following a failed attempt to seize the capital on April 17, Russia

began a new, significant operation in eastern Ukraine. By May, Russian forces had taken

control of Mariupol, a significant and vitally important port city in the southeast that had

been under siege since the end of February. According to CFR (2022), Drone Footage

made public by the far-right Azov Battalion in Ukraine exposed the ferocity of the

Russian attack which had left the city ruins and sparked a severe humanitarian crisis.

Allegation that Russian forces violated international humanitarian law were strengthened

by indiscriminate and targeted assaults against people in the city, such as an air strike on

a theater and the bombardment of a maternity hospital. Early in September, Ukrainian

forces were able to make significant gains in the northeast and launched a reenergized

counteroffensive in the south. Ukraine claims to have retaken considerable ground in the
 27

Kharkiv region, shocking Russian forces and cutting off vital supply routes, despite the

fact that Russia still controls much of the country’s southeast. In order to counter the

current Ukrainian attack, Russia has made it known that it intends to send troops to the

eastern front, numbering between ten and twenty thousand soldiers.

Malacañang has concluded that the shortage of sugar is artificial as a result of the

enormous amount of sugar that authorities have found in the several Luzon warehouse

that have been surveyed, according to the statement. Customs officers are investigating if

the warehouse have legitimate import licenses, it was noted. Philippines faces a shortage

of sugar as food inflation problems worsen.

The new administration of President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. has been battling sugar

problems, which have driven up prices. Marcos has approved the acquisition of sugar

from abroad while ordering shops to lower prices after first rejecting plans to import.

After announcing the resignation of some important leaders, he also overhauled the sugar

organization. Calonzo (2022).

Torres (2022), in addition to Typhoons “Odette” and “Agaton” last year, the high

and rising cost of fertilizer, weed killers, and pesticides have had a negative impact on

sugar production. De la Cruz the President of the National Congress of Unions in the

Sugar Industry of the Philippines (Nacusip), applauded President Marcos for delaying the

importation of sugar at this time. He thinks that there is still enough sugar available in the

nation. However, he supports the idea of importing highly refined sugar, sometimes

known as “bottler’s grade sugar”, which only a few refineries in the nation attempt to

make.
 28

The President gave assurances recently that he would take necessary measures to

ensure enough supply of sugar, especially for companies that are engage in food and

beverage production. This announcement from the Palace shows that there is a short

supply of premium refined sugar.

China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei are the six

countries in the South China Sea that are parties to the Spratly Islands dispute, which is a

regional maritime territorial sovereignty conflict. The issue has important worldwide geo-

strategic, economic, political, and legal repercussions, as evidence by the potential for

abundant natural energy supplies, control over key marine regions, and shifting global

power dynamics. Gonzales (2014).

Asia House (2016), Numerous islands and reefs make up the Spratly Islands. The

spratly island became a very desirable commodity due to their strategic placement in the

middle of many important trade routes, the fact that they are home to fishing grounds that

serve people all across the region, and the chance that they may contain natural resources.

There hasn’t been any in-depth study of the region, estimations are primarily estimated

from the mineral abundance of nearby places.

Alexandra Mortensgaard (2015), stated the South China Sea, where the Spratly

Islands are found, borders many states and very tellingly also known as the West

Philippine Sea, and the East Sea in Vietnam. These nations’ territorial claims over the

Spratly Islands are justified for a number of historical, political, and economic reasons.

However, there is no small feat and none of the five countries involved in this territorial

dispute are known for their green technology. Ideally, Spratly Islands should go to the

country that is best equipped and most qualified to sustainably develop the islands’
 29

resources and protect their diverse marine ecosystem. Despite having a tenuous historical

claim to the islands, China has remained a major player in the Spratly Islands conflict due

to significant military intimidation.

Bennett and Bennett (2001) a statement to the effect of There is a lot of evidence,

as well as a general portrayal in the media, that college students nowadays are jaded and

apathetic towards politics, with commentators even lamenting the return of the "silent

generation" of college students from the 1950s. And a slew of survey results appears to

support this somber view, which is similar to some of the findings from focus groups

conducted in the early 1990s that led to the publishing of College Students discuss

politics, Hardwood Creighton (1993). Ambassador Walther Lichem (2016) stated that

Women must be given the leadership and engagement opportunities necessary to end

poverty and hunger, advance global sustainability, and develop peaceful societies.

Politics must be used to make women's voices heard. leadership, via a free press, and

through the emancipation of society and the economy. And, they look into whether

gender differences in labor force participation and employment (which serve as proxies

for gender differences in education and employment) have an impact on economic

growth. They discover that gender differences in employment and education significantly

slow economic growth by using the most recent data and analyzing a wide time period

(1960-2000). Employment gender disparities seem to be becoming worse. The Middle

East and North Africa and South Asia have slower increase in female employment as a

result of disparities in economic growth between the two regions, (Stephen Klasen and

Francesca Lamanna 2009).

 30

National Center for Educational Statistics, 1989) analyzed that There are

numerous repercussions if you drop out of college without earning a degree. The college

or institution loses thousands of dollars in unrealized tuition, fees, and alumni

contributions for each student who withdraws before finishing their degree. The decision

to drop out of college often has a negative impact on a dropout's financial situation

because it makes it likely that they will earn substantially less over the course of their

career of employment. Other students, Porter (1990) claims, are less able to handle this

change and opt to leave higher education during or at the conclusion of their freshman

year. According to estimates, 40% of college students will drop out without earning a

degree. Furthermore, according to Tinto (1987), 75% of students drop out of college

during the first two years. Richard Cho (2015) a MIT Neuroscientist analyzed the

synapse strengthening. Synaptic connections are strengthened when neurons fire

frequently; the opposite is true when neurons fire infrequently. This phenomenon, known

as synaptic plasticity, explains why certain memories endure while others vanish.

Reviving the neural network that contains the memory and more thoroughly encoding it

occurs when a stored but fading memory—such as a geometry rule or a significant

historical fact—is repeatedly accessed.

According to Harcourt and Donovan, (2005) those who engage in indirect

prostitution are less likely to be identified as sex workers and There are at least 25

different types of sex work, and they are frequently divided into two categories: direct

prostitution and indirect prostitution. While it has been discovered that there are only 6

sorts of prostitutes—Call Girls, Escorts, Brothel Workers, Massage Parlor Workers, Bar

and Casino Workers, and Streetwalkers—Weitzer (2009).

 31

The issue of prostitution has been identified, Caporaletti (2006). According to

Brown et al. (2013), it is a problem connected to current social and political institutions

that is regarded as a serious one in the majority of nations around the world with little to

no agreement on how to handle it (2019). And they stated that whether prostitution is

legal, tolerated, or illegal, it has the same negative effects around the world because it

contributes to the objectification of women, normalizes violence, and has a futile effect,

Justice (2019).

According to (Freedom to Mary, 2015) reports, twenty countries had legalized

same-sex marriage as of 2015. As time went on, the trend is likely to have increased

occasionally. Same-sex marriage has long been controversial and is currently at the top of

the list of hot topics. Additionally, it was said that there are local activists in the

Philippines who try to steer clear of the topic in order to support the advancement of anti-

discrimination laws. (Lim & Jordan, 2013). Furthermore, Badgett (2009); Bufe (2010)

added that the topic must be discussed because it is crucial as the students demonstrate

that the legal recognition of same-sex partners lessens social exclusion, lessens the

oppressive effects of institutionalized stigma, and increases access to more benefits and

resources, which can improve a person's mental and physical health.

In stated of (Estévez 2012, Muehlmann 2013) One of the most significant causes

of violence, militarization, conflict, and suffering in the world over the past few decades.

As many academics have highlighted, the fundamental premise of the war on drugs

frames the drug problem as a military issue rather than one of public health or education,

requiring state violence against people loosely referred to as "the enemy" and made up of

users and traffickers. The idea of the war on drugs also gives the impression that there is
 32

a clear division between legitimate and illicit activities and actors, but in reality, the lines

between legitimate and illicit actors are frequently blurred by drug trafficking and the

violence that results from it.

In addition (Campbell & Herzberg 2017) more crucially, by recruiting the public

to support a "war," the militarized language of such programs contributes to the

bloodshed it ostensibly intends to end.

THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

 33

This study aims to identify the level of retention in significant relationship to

printed media in social issues among Social Studies students in Talisay City College. The

result of this study will be the basis of proposed plan.

Specifically, this study aims to answer following questions;

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of;

1.1. Age

1.2. Gender; and

1.3. Year Level

2. What is the extent of print media

2.1 Magazine

2.3 Newspaper

2.4 Books

2.5 Extracted media article

3. What is the degree of retention on social issues in printed media in terms of:

3.1 Time

3.2 Cognitive Skills

3.3 Community Involvement

4. Is there a significant relationship between the profile and the extent of printed media

exposure on social issue?

5. Is there a significant relationship between the extent of printed media and degree of

retention on social issues?

6. Based on the findings, what program can be prepared?

Null Hypothesis
 34

HO1: There is no significant difference between the profile and the extent of

printed media exposure on social issue.

HO2: There is a significant relationship between the degree of retention on social

issues.

Significance of the Study

The purpose of this study is to give a general overview of retention when it comes

to assessing and comprehending social concerns through printed media.

A variety of sectors will benefit from the outcome:

Students. This study will provide data on the effectiveness of reading printed

media on long-term memory retention.

Parents. They will gain a better understanding of how their kids processed

information to function in society.

Teachers. The information provided will help teachers create educational

materials that take their student's degree of retention into account.

Researchers. As a result, they were able to compile convincing evidence and

responses from the respondents. This could be used as a tool to find trust worthy

information to help with topic understanding.

Future Researchers. This may serve as their references or guide in making study

for their future purposes.

Community. This may serve as the baseline for the enhancement that being

develop and used for the vicinity of learning. In a such, for the betterment of the youth as

well as to the localities.

 35

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This section presents the research methods that the researcher used in the study.

Specifically, it includes the research design, location of the study, research instrument,
 36

the respondent, the data gathering procedure, and the statistical treatment used. The study

aimed to identify the Level of Retention on Social Issues in the Printed Media Among

Social Studies students at Talisay City College.

Research Design

The research method used is quantitative method. It involves gathering data,

organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data. This aim to describe the level of retention on

social issues in printed media among Social Studies students in Talisay City College and

anticipate them a tool that will help them to retain all their readings.

Research Respondents

The respondents are the social studies from the first year to fourth year students in

Talisay City College were selected through stratified sampling which the quota of 10

each year level.

Research Locale

The study is conducted in Talisay City College in Garces St, Poblacion, Talisay,

Cebu- 6045 that is situated approximately (Latitude: 10° 17’ 60.00” N, Longitude: 123°

53’ 59.99 E) in the island of Cebu, with the population of 5,770 students in all

department while 261 in particular to BSED- Major in Social Studies students.

Research Instrument

In this study, the researcher will be using the survey questionnaire (Checklist

questionnaire) and this will be completed quantitatively and primarily given to the

respondents by the researcher. This will start with a profile of a randomly chosen

respondents at Talisay City College and will identify the age, gender, course and major of

the respondents.
 37

Transformative power of printed media is used to apply a questionnaire consisting

of a checklist. The highest rate of variation is used to determine the student's response to

a particular variable by looking at the accumulated results for the questionnaire's items.

The researcher can use this tool to find out how the researcher views printed

media in relation to social issues and social studies students, as well as to inform

respondents about the effectiveness of printed media.

Data Gathering

This study follows the process on how the data being gathered by the researcher

to the respondents. The researcher will conduct systematic techniques in the collection of

data, in corresponds to the following steps being done.

Preliminaries. The researchers proposed a research title to the president for approval in

Talisay City College. Subsequently, researchers compile the information that may help

support the research process. Due to that, a consent letter will be administered to the

president, asking permission to conduct the research. In gathering the data, a letter of

authorization will be given to each respondent in correspondence in answering the

questions.

During Data Collection. Researchers profoundly administered reading an article using

printed media to be distributed to the recipient. The researchers will be back two days

after giving the piece; in connecting with that, survey questionnaires are distributed to the

respondents, which respondents will answer. In data collection, the researcher will easily

interpret the statistics.

Post Data Collection. It is how students retain different social issues in using printed

media as a source of information will know if the study concludes that printed media is a
 38

reliable source nowadays. At the beginning of the study, we already planned who among

those students to be included in the respondents to show that our tools are successful

uses. Time is given to make this research entirely successful in the issues and how to

involve. The researchers assume that after the study, it can show everyone that printed

media still exists and there are also students willing to be used it. It can evaluate the

student's response based on the given questions and conclude of the issues.

Statistical Treatment

The researcher will legitimately accomplished review the obtained data to guarantee

the study's validity and reliability. In order to attain the main goal of the study, collected

data will be kept confidential in correlated to the respondent’s privacy. Eventually, in

corresponds to the statistic gathered, it will statistically interpret and analyze using the

systematic techniques given. The researcher used the percentage formula to identify

relationship of printed media in retaining information as the source of information.

Percentage: This will assess the relationship of the respondents to the other correlated

variable given on the study at the same time it will provide answer of the problem.

Ethical Consideration

The researchers want to achieve study how effective it is. Before making the main

point of this research, it assured first that there is no any hazardous chemical that can hurt

anybody or the respondents. Moreover, by securing that no animals will be involved in

this study and considering that animals are the same as humans, they also have life to

live.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
 39

The researcher used these following variables in corresponding to the terms being used in

the study.

Article – a form of writing used to inform and entertain readers.

Books - a printed material containing various information.

Cognitive- mental process involving conscious intellectual activities

Comprehension- understanding of the students about the issue

Extracted Media – a media that has been extracted from the primary source.

Magazine- a tool used for publication of articles, and promoting products for advertising

industry.

Media- tools used store and deliver information.

Newspaper – a tool used for publication about national and international social issues.

Printed- to produce by means of using electronic printer on a paper surface.

Printed Media- written form of communication.

Reading- making meaning from print; the act of reading.

Retention- the absorption of information of the students; the capacity of retaining

especially in mind

Social Issues- current issue or events that impacts people

Theory- set of principles on which the practice of an activity is based; a system of ideas

intended to explain something.

Time – a measurable period during making a process.

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about-it

APPENDIX
Talisay City College
https://www.google.com.ph/maps/@10.2432602,123.8460989,749m/data=!3m1!1e3!
5m1!1e4