Education in UST

Medical Studies at the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)

Mother’s Opposition to Higher Education

 Both Don Francisco and Paciano wanted Jose to pursue higher learning in the University. But,
Dona Teodora, who knew what happened to GomBurZa, vigorously opposed the idea and told
her husband: “Don’t send him to Manila again; he knows well enough. If he gets to know more,
the Spaniards will cut off his head.”Jose Rizal himself was surprised why his mother, who was a
woman of education and culture, should object to his desire for a university education. Years
later he wrote in his journal: “Did my mother perhaps have a foreboding of what would happen
to me? Does a mother’s heart really have a second sight?”

Rizal Enters the University

Rizal enrolled in Santo Tomas and took up Philosophy & Letters for two reasons:

1. His father liked it

2. He was “still uncertain as to what career to pursue

Finishes Surveying Course in Ateneo (1878)

 Rizal studied in Ateneo during his first school term in University of Santo Tomas
 He took vocational course leading to the title of peritoagrimensor (expert surveyor)
 At the age of 17, he passed the final examination in the surveying course, but he could not be
granted the title as survey or because he was below age. The title was issued to him on
November 25, 1881.

Victim of Spanish Officer’s Brutality

 Happened during the summer of 1878 while he was a first year student at UST.
 The man turned out to be a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil.
 Brutally slashed the back of Rizal with a sword.
 Rizal reported the incident to Gen. Primo de Rivera, but nothing happened with his complaint.
 A letter dated March 21, 1887, addressed to Blumentritt, stated: “I went to the Captain-General
but I could not obtain justice; my wound lasted two week.”

“To the Filipino Youth” (1879)

“The Council of the Gods” (1880)

 (Year 1880) The Artistic-Literary Lyceum opened another literary contest to commemorate the
fourth centennial of the death of Cervantes, Spain's glorified man-of-letters and famous author
of Don Quixote
  Rizal submitted an allegorical drama entitled "El Consejo de los Dioses" (The Council of the
Gods)
 Rizal won a Gold Ring which was engraved the bust of Cervantes.

Other Literary Works

 A zarzuela called Junto Al Pasig (Beside the Pasig)

 Staged by the Ateneans on December 8, 1880
 Feast Day of Immaculate Conception, Patroness of the Ateneo
 Mediocre
 Now without comfort,
Sadly groans in the power of a foreign people,
And slowly does
In the impious clutch of Spain.
 1880- A Filipinas
 1879- Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma
 Manuel Fernandez

Champion of Filipino Students

 There were frequent student brawls between the Filipinos and the Spaniards
 1880: Rizal founded Companerismo (Comradeship), a secret society of Filipino UST students.
The members were called “Companions of Jehu”.
He was the chief of the society. His cousin, Galicano Apacible was the secretary.
 In one of the skirmishes, Rizal was wounded on the head.
 His friends brought him to Casa Tomasina where Leonor Rivera took care of him.

Unhappy Days at the UST

 The Dominican professors were hostile to him.

 The Filipino students were racially discriminated against by the Spaniards
 The method of instruction was obsolete and repressive.
 El Filibusterismo: Chapter XIII "The Class in Physics"

Decision to study abroad

 Rizal decided to study in Spain.

 Paciano, Saturnina, Lucia and etc
 Rizal did not seek his parents' permission
TRAVELS OF RIZAL

The Expedition of Jose Rizal

MAY 3, 1882

 Left Philippines
 First trip abroad
 Boarded Barkong Salvadora

MAY 9, 1882 (SINGAPORE)

 he boarded the Salvadora, stop over at Singapore, and checked in hotel Dela Paz for 2 days on
his way to pursue his studies in Spain

BOARDED THE BOAT DJEMNAH TO CONTINUE HIS TRIP TO SPAIN

May 17, 1882 Rizal arrived at Punta de Gales

May 18, 1882 At 7:30 a.m. he left Punta de Gales for Colombo

COLOMBO, CEYLON (SRI LANKA)

 Rizal arrived Colombo and in the evening trip was resumed May 27, 1882
 He landed at Aden
 He made observation at the time June 2, 1882
 June 2, 1882 He arrived at the Suez Canal en route to Marseilles
 He went to chateau fif where Dante jailed from his favorite Novel, Monte Cristo

June 15, 1882 – he left Marseilles for Barcelona in an Express Train

June 16, 1882 – arrived at Barcelona, Welcomed by his colleagues in Ateneo. He boarded in the Fonda
De Espana

September 2, 1882 (SPAIN)

 Universidad Central de Madrid

 Course in Medicine
 Course in Philosophy

MADRID

 Join Circulo Hispano-Filipino and Masonic Lodge Acasia

 Started writing Noli Me Tangere

August 14, 1886 – visited some cities

November 1, 1886 (BERLIN)

  Accepted in Circulo Scientist
 Here he enhanced his knowledge of ophthalmology with the help of his colleague
 Lived in poverty, he was hungry, got sick but this did not stop him from publishing his Novel

PARIS, FRANCE

 Dr. Louis De Weckert - He entered as an assistant to the well-known physician there Dr. Louis de
Weckert, which greatly helped him in specializing in the treatment of the eyes

LEITMERITS, BOHEMIA

 Ferdinand Blumentritt (May 13, 1887) - the train arrived at the leimeritz station where he was
waiting for Rizal who has beautiful memories of this place

VIENNA, AUSTRIA

 Maximo Viola (May 20, 1887) - Came to Vienna to meet Norfenfal, on the recommendation of
Blumentritt, who was a great novelist at the time

SWITZERLAND

 They stayed in this city from JUNE 2-3, 1887 to visit Schaffhausen which is considered one of the
most charming places in the alpine nation. then viola had to return to Barcelona and Rizal
continued his journey
 After sightseeing in Lausanne, Rizal and Viola left on a little boat, crossing the foggy Leman Lake
to Geneva.

ITALY

 In Italy Rizal went to the place of Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence, On June 27, 1887 he went
to roma, after a week of sightseeing in roma here turned to the Philippines

HOME IN CALAMBA

 August 8, 1887
o established a Medical Clinic
o Opened a gymnasium for young folks and introduced European Sports.
 Recieved a Letter from Governor General Emilio Terrero
 Governor General assigned a young Spanish Lieutenant as bodyguard of Rizal
The friars approached the governor general and filed a complaint against Noli Me Tangere

Due to Noli MeTangere and Rizal's interference in the agrarian problem at the hacienda in Calamba,
Rizal is very hated by the Dominican friars

Rizal was forced to leave the country again because the lives of his parents, siblings, and friends were in
danger and he could fight more for the sake of the people if he writes freely in the country

February 8, 1888 (HONGKONG) - Checked in Victoria Hotel where he stayed

February 18, 1888 (MACAO) - Visited Macao with Jose Maria Basa

February 20, 1888 - They returned to Hong Kong

February 22, 1888 - Left Hong Kong boarded in Oceanic for Japan

February 28 - April23, 1888 - arrived and stayed at Hotel Grande

TOKYO

 Went to Tokyo and was visited by Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of the Spanish Legation.

STATES

 April 28, 1888

o the Belgic ship landed in San Francisco and he saw America for the first time
o Rizal had good and bad impressions of the US
 May 8, 1888
o Rizal began to travel to different corners of the United States
 May 16, 1888
o From New York, sailed to England

ENGLAND (LONDON)

Early in September 1888 - Rizal visited Paris for just a week for some historical materials at Bibliotheque
Nationale

May 1888 - March 1889 - Rizal lived in London to expand his knowledge of English and make
annotations on “Succesos de las Islas Filipinas” of Antonio Morga.

He sent articles of “Filipinas Dentro de Cein Anos” (Ang Pilipinas sa Darating ng Sandaang Taon) and
“Sobre La Indolencia de los Filipinos” (Ang Tungkol sa Katamaran ng mga PIlipino)

March 1889 - Rizal left London for Paris

On December 11, 1888 - Rizal Went to Madrid and Barcelona in Spain to meet with Marcelo H. Del Pilar
and Mariano Ponce

December 24, 1888 - Rizal returned to London to celebrate Christmas and new year with Beckett's
family

March 19, 1889 - Rizal established Samahang Kidlat. Next, Indios Bravos and Redencion de los Malayos
(Para sa Katubusan ng mga Malayo)

Rizal wrote Por Telepono, a catholic against Padre Labrador Font who masterminded the ban on Noli Me
Tangere in the Philippines.

Used Dimas-alangas pen name

BRUSSELS, BELGIUM

 January 18, 1890

o because of the pandemic in Paris and the city's obstacle to writing El filibusterismo, he
left Paris for Brussels, Belgium
o Rizal was busy writing El Filibusterismo and wrote articles for La Solidaridad
o Rizal also received letters from home that worries him. The Calamba agrarian trouble
was getting worse. The management of the Dominican hacienda continually raised the
land rents

MADRID

 Life in Madrid could be described as full of misfortunes

 His brother-in-law; Silvestre received a copy of eviction order by the Dominicans. He also
learned of the deportation of Paciano, Antonio, Silvestre, Teong and Dandoy to Mindoro. He
further learned from Saturnina’s letter that their parents had been forcibly ejected from their
home
 Adding to his misfortunes was the death of Jose Panganiban—his co-worker in the Propaganda
Movement

BIARRITZ

 It was in Biarritz where he had finished the last chapter of his second novel, El Filibusterismo
 On March 30, 1891, Rizal proceeded to Paris by train. Rizal retired from the Propaganda
Movement and retired also from La Solidaridad.
 In Brussels Rizal worked day after day revising the finished manuscript of El Filibusterismo and
readied it for printing
GHENT

 He stayed at Ghent because the cost of printing is cheaper. Rizal had limited funds and lived in a
cheap boarding house
 The El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the martyrdom of the Gom-Bur-Za
 Rizal left Europe for Hong Kong

HONGKONG

 He lived there from November, 1891 to June 1892

 During the voyage he began writing his third novel in Tagalog. Makamisa, Dapitan, and another
untitled novel were some of the unfinished novels of Rizal
 This Christmas was one of the happiest moments in Rizal’s life for he had a happy family reunion
 There he became a well-known medical practitioner
 In May, 1892, Rizal made up his mind to return to Manila

JUNE 26, 1892 - Rizal returned to Manila

Rizal was deported to Dapitan for allegedly sending anti-church pamphlets

For the last time Rizal left the country for Spain

September 3, 1896 – Rizal left Barcelona on board the Isla de Panay

September 30, 1896 – Rizal was arrested and being blamed as the guiding force of the Philippine
Revolution that broke out in August 1896.

October 6, 1896 - Rizal was released from prison to be returned to Manila aboard the ship SS Colon.

November 3, 1896 – Rizal was sent to his cell in Fort Santiago.

EXILE & EXECUTION

 Rizal arrived at Dapitan on the Night of July 17, 1892

 His four years of stay in Dapitan was quiet and do useful activity
 He was soon practice different professions as a Doctor, Businessman, Scientist and Inventor,
Farmer, Teacher, Engineer, and Community Development Consultant.

RIZAL AS A DOCTOR

 Ophthalmology
 Mr. George Taufer
 Josephine Bracken - adopted daughter of Mr. George Taufer
 casitas de salud
RIZAL AS A BUSINESSMAN

 Ramon Carreon
o copra and abaca trading
o fishing business
 Manuel Hidalgo

RIZAL AS A SCIENTIST AND INVENTOR

 Collection of Conchology (346 shells & 203 species)

 Example: Rhacophorus Rizali (rare toad) and Draco Rizali (flying dragon)
 Pharmacologist - tuber "nami“
 Botanist – herbarium
 Canangium Odoratum
 Ethnography, Anthropology and Archeopology (revealed by his scholar and scientist group in
Europe)
 Brick Making (Germany and Belgium) manufacture 6000 bricks a day

RIZAL AS A FARMER

 16 Hectares of Agricultural Land in Talisay

 70 Hectares (cacao, coffee, coconut and sugar cane)
 Import Agricultural Equipment from USA
 1000 Coconut Trees and 6000 Abaca Plants

RIZAL AS A TEACHER

 Academic and Vocational training

 16 selected boys
 No Tuition Fees
 Boxing, Swimming and Wrestling, and arnis
 Class time is 2 to 4 PM
 3Rs (reading, writing, and arithmetic)
 Spanish and English

RIZAL AS AN ENGINEER

 Water System (1895)

 Bricks, Bottles, Stones and Discarded Roof Tiles
 Carreon (American Engineer)
 Coconut Oil Lamps
RIZAL AND THE KATIPUNAN

 KKK
 June 21, 1896
 DR. PIO VALENZUELA- An emissary of Bonifacio. He visited Rizal in Dapitan to informed about
the Katipunan's plan to Launch a Revolution.
 Rizal objected to Katipunan's plan
 He instructed Valenzuela to get first the support of rich and influential people of Manila to
strengthen their cause
 Rizal suggested to take Antonio Luna to direct the military operations of the revolution.

END OF EXILE

 GOVERNOR GENERAL RAMON BLANCO

o First letter (1894)
o Second letter (1895)
 July 30, 1896 - Governor Blanco approved his petition to go to Cuba
 September 3, 1896 - Rizal left Barcelona on Board the Isla de Panay
 September 30 - Rizal was arrested and being blamed as the guiding force of the Philippine
Revolution that broke out in August 1892
 November 3, 1896 - Rizal was sent to his cell in Fort Santiago
 October 8, 1896
o "Ominous Prognosis :5"
 Founding illegal association and of promoting and including rebellion
o Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade
 Rizal submitted a plea of not guilty
o Capitan Francisco de Olive
 November 20, 1896
 Colonel Rafael Dominguez a special judge
 Rizal was subjected to a continuous interrogation for 2 days.
 Questioned about his participation to various political activities, membership on masonic lodges
 As honorary president of the Katipunan, Piovalenzuela's meeting him at Dapitan, Testimonies of
arrested Katipuneros "implicating" him.
 Paciano tortured to almost death
 Judge Rafael Dominguez recommended speedy trial and been approved by Judge advocate
General Nicolas Dela Pena through trial by military Court
 The bloody revolutions in the Philippines and Cuba
o “Soul of the Rebellion”
o "Machiavellian cunning"
 Andrade cited some technicalities of the law
 Rizal pleaded in court
 Given a chance to speak in his defense
 o “He has nothing whatsoever to do with political affairs from July 6, 1892 to June 1,
1896.”
 December 27, 1986 - El Imparcial
 Rizal defended himself
 December 29
o Governor General Camillo Polavieja
o Signed and affirmed the death warrant
o “I do not agree with it, I am an Indio puro."
 LAST DAY
o December 29
o Rizal wrote a letter for Paciano
 4:00 PM - Dona Teodora arrived
 Gave Narcisa a wicker chair; Angela a handkerchief; Mauricio a watch and belt; Trinidad a little
alcohol burner whispering into her that there was something inside it. (Ultimo Adios) his last
poem
 5:30AM - December 30
o to bury him in the ground
o place a stone and cross over it
o put his name, the date of his birth and of his death
o if you wish to surround my grave w/ a fence, you may do so.
o No anniversaries and He prefer in Paang bundok

RETRACTION

 “I declare myself a catholic, and in this religion in which I was born and educated I wish to live
and die. I retract with all my heart what every in my words, writings, publications and conduct
has been contrary to my condition as a son of the church.”
 Pro-retraction historians and writer also believed in the testimonies of reverend Father Pio Pi,
Luis Viza and Vicente Balaguer.
 According to Father Balaguer, he married Rizal and Josephine at 5:30 am on December 30, 1896
 Was it possible for a man of Rizal’s convictions and beliefs to be transformed overnight and
retract? Claro M. Recto, a foremost nationalist shared this belief in his article, Rizal y sus
Memorias de un Estudiante
 “According to the Jesuits, Rizal prayed with all the fervor and devotion of which his sensitive and
romantic soul was capable and a miracle of faith occurred in him similar to those which history
has recorded attesting, not only gods omnipotence, but also his mercy.”
 At 6:30 am December 30, 1896, Rizal dressed in black from head to foot, came out of his cell.
His arms were loosely bound, elbow to elbow
 A bugler and a drummer led the detachment of Filipino soldiers who escorted him to
Bagumbayan. The firing squad was composed of eight Filipino soldiers with another line of
Spanish soldiers behind them to ensure that the Filipino did their job of shooting Rizal.
RIZAL, AS THE NOVELIST