PHILIPPINE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL—QATAR

General Biology 1
11 - STEM A | Athena Angelica P. Areta

Meiosis
Cell Division

Chapter 2: Cell Cycle | Report

 Topics for discussion

Content
Meiosis
Difference between Meiosis and Mitosis
Stages of Meiosis
Importance of Meiosis
Things to Remember
References

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 Cell division is the
process by which a
Defining Cell Division

parent cell divides into

two or more daughter
cells.
Meiosis

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The word meiosis originates from the Greek language. It
means to lessen; this refers to the lessening of the number of
chromosomes within the cell.
It is a special type of cell division which is exclusively for
gametes (sperm and egg cells).
This cell division process is needed to produce gametes.
Only occurs in eukaryotic organisms that reproduce sexually.
Consists of two sets of cell division.
Reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half
and produces four gamete cells.
Chromosomes are threadlike structures in our cells, made of
a long DNA molecule, wrapped around a protein scaffold.
Mitosis

Meiosis
The number of chromosomes in a The number of chromosomes in a
cell is conserved. cell is reduced.
 Meiosis Mitosis
Difference Meiosis allows exchange of Mitosis produces genetically

Between genetic material between

homologous chromosomes.
identical daughter cells so, no
exchange of genetic material

Meiosis and have corresponding DNA sequences

and come from separate parents.
happens.

Mitosis Meiosis produces four haploid Mitosis produces two diploid

cells. cells

Haploid means that a cell contain Diploid describes a cell that

a single set of chromosomes. contains two copies of each
chromosome.

Meiosis involves two cell Mitosis involves only one cell

divisions: Meiosis I & Meiosis II. division.

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For sexual reproduction. For asexual reproduction and
regeneration.
Stages of Meiosis
Meiosis I and Meiosis II

Meiosis I
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I Meiosis II
Cytokinesis I Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Cytokinesis II
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 General Biology 1

Interphase
This phase happens before cell division. It is
the preparation of the cells to divide.

During this phase, the chromosomes and

the centrosome of a cell is duplicated.

Before the cell division happens.

 Prophase I
Nuclear membrane of the cell
dissolves and the DNA is bunched into
condensed form.
Homologous chromosomes are paired Tetrads - two sister
to make tetrads. chromatids

Meiosis I Crossing over happens during this Crossing Over - exchange of

phase genetic material or genes.
Chiasma - the place where the
Phases of the first Cell Metaphase I breakup and exchange of genes
division happen.
The tetrads/chromosomes line up at
the equator.
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The centrosomes migrate to two

opposite poles.
Meiotic spindle fibres form from the
two centrosomes and attach
themselves to the chromosomes. Meiotic spindle fibres -
these are used to move
Centrosomes - forms the chromosomes.
the spindle fibres
 Anaphase I
The chromosomes are pulled to the
opposite sides.
The homologous pairs are split apart.
The sister chromatids are not pulled
apart, just pulled to the other end.

Meiosis I
Telophase I
Phases of the first Cell Each pole of the cell gathers a full
division equal set of chromosomes.
Membranes form at each of the set of
chromosomes to create a new nucleus.
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 Cytokinesis I
A single cell pinches in the middle of
the cell to form two separate daughter
cells.
The chromosomes are also
decondensed.

Meiosis I The number of chromosomes in the

two daughter cells is half of its parent
cells.
Phases of the first Cell
division
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 Prophase II
The nuclear membrane of the two
daughter cells dissolve again.
Chromosomes in both cells become
condensed.
Centrosomes in both cells are also

Meiosis II
duplicated and create meiotic spindle
fibres.

Metaphase II Phases of the second Cell

The centrosomes in the daughter cells Division
migrate to its poles.
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Chromosomes in both cells line up at

the equator.
The meiotic spindle fibres attach to
each sister chromatid.
 Anaphase II
The spindle fibres pull the
chromosomes into opposite sides,
separating the sister chromatids in
both daughter cells.

Telophase II Meiosis II
Each pole has two single chromatids in
Phases of the second Cell
each cell.
A membrane forms again at each two
Division
single chromatids to form a new
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nucleus.
The chromatids unravel from the
condensed form
 Cytokinesis II
The cell membranes divide into four
granddaughter cells.
Each granddaughter cell contains the
same amount of chromosomes after
Meiosis I, which is half of the parent

Meiosis II
cell. Thus, this division produced a
haploid cell.

Phases of the second Cell

Division
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Importance of Meiosis
Meiosis is important to a sexually reproducing organism because
of three things:

It regulates the Each parent It increases genetic

chromosome contributes half the variability in the
number of the genes to produce a population of that
organism. new organism. organism by
recombination, which
creates diversity on
Earth.
Things to Remember!
Cell Division: Meiosis

Meiosis is a type of cell division that lessens the number of

chromosomes in cells.
Meiosis has 10 phases that are divided into two cell divisions: Meiosis I
and Meiosis II.
Meiosis I is also known as reduction division because it reduces the
number of chromosomes by half.
Meiosis II is known as the equational division because it retains the
number of chromosomes of the parent cells (the two daughter cells
from Meiosis I).

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Things to Remember!
Cell Division: Meiosis

Each cell division has 5 phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,

Telophase, and Cytokinesis.
Crossing over pertains to the exchanging of genetic material; it only
happens during Prophase I.
Meiosis = to reproduce sexually
Mitosis = to regenerate, reproduce asexually

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 Resources
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Sources Used
Rea, M. A. D., Dequillo, M. Z. M., & Chua, J. L. C. (2017). Cell Cycle.
General Biology 1 (pp. 44-47). Rex Book Store.

What is Meiosis? (2021, July 21). Yourgenome.

[Link]

Vidyasagar, A. (2018, October 16). What is Meiosis? Live Science.

[Link]
[Link]#:~:text=As%20mentioned%20above%2C%20it%20prod
uces,rise%20to%20sperm%20or%20eggs.

Meiosis. (n.d.). Nature. Retrieved September 18, 2021 from

[Link]
 Resources
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Sources Used
Khan Academy. (n.d.). Meiosis and Genetic Heredity. Retrieved
September 18, 2021 from [Link]
biology/heredity/meiosis-and-genetic-diversity/v/chromosomal-
crossover-in-meiosis-i

Replication and Distribution of DNA during Meiosis. (n.d.). Nature.

Retrieved September 18, 2021 from
[Link]
distribution-of-dna-during-meiosis-6524853/#
 Resources
General Biology 1

Sources Used
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis. (n.d.). Biological Principles. Retrieved
September 18, 2021 from
[Link]
genomes/4-1-cell-division-mitosis-and-
meiosis/#:~:text=The%20result%20of%20mitosis%20is,cell%2C%20al
l%20having%202N%20chromosomes.

Photos
[Link]
[Link]
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 General Biology 1
Thank you for listening!

Meiosis
Cell Division

Chapter 2: Cell Cycle | Report