How  

to  Restore  Nickel-­based  Batteries

During  the  nickel-­cadmium  years  in  the  1970s  and  1980s,  most  battery  ills  were  blamed  on  “memory.”  Memory  is  derived  from  “cyclic  memory,”  meaning  that  a  nickel-­
cadmium  battery  could  remember  how  much  energy  was  drawn  on  previous  discharges  and  would  not  deliver  more  than  was  demanded  before.  On  a  discharge
beyond  regular  duty,  the  voltage  would  abruptly  drop  as  if  to  rebel  against  pending  overtime.  Improvements  in  battery  technology  have  virtually  eliminated  the
phenomenon  of  cycling  memory.

Figure  1  illustrates  the  stages  of  crystalline  formation  that  occur  on  a  nickel-­cadmium  cell  if  overcharged  and  not  maintained  with  periodic  deep  discharges.  The  first
enlargement  shows  the  cadmium  plate  in  a  normal  crystal  structure;;  the  middle  image  demonstrates  full-­blown  crystalline  formation;;  and  the  third  reveals  some  form  of
restoration.

New  nickel-­cadmium  cell.The  anode  (negative  electrode)  is  in

fresh  condition.  Hexagonal  cadmium-­hydroxide  crystals  are
about  1  micron  in  cross  section,  exposing  large  surface  area  to
the  electrolyte  for  maximum  performance.

Cell  with  crystalline  formation.Crystals  have

grown  to  50  to  100  microns  in  cross  section,  concealing  large
portions  of  the  active  material  from  the  electrolyte.  Jagged
edges  and  sharp  corners  can  pierce  the  separator,  leading  to
increased  self-­discharge  or  electrical  short.

Restored  cell.After  a  pulsed  charge,  the  crystals  are  reduced

to  3–5  microns,  an  almost  100%  restoration.  Exercise  or
recondition  is  needed  if  the  pulse  charge  alone  is  not  effective.

Figure  1:  Crystalline  formation  on  nickel-­cadmium  cell.  Crystalline  formation  occurs  over  a  few  months  if  battery  is  overcharged  and  not  maintained  with  periodic
deep  discharges.

Courtesy  of  the  US  Army  Electronics  Command  in  Fort  Monmouth,  NJ

The  modern  nickel-­cadmium  battery  is  no  longer  affected  by  cyclic  memory  but  suffers  from  crystalline  formation.The  active  cadmium  material  is  applied  on  the
negative  electrode  plate,  and  with  incorrect  use  a  crystalline  formation  occurs  that  reduces  the  surface  area  of  the  active  material.  This  lowers  battery  performance.  In
advanced  stages,  the  sharp  edges  of  the  forming  crystals  can  penetrate  the  separator,  causing  high  self-­discharge  that  can  lead  to  an  electrical  short.  The  term
“memory”  on  the  modern  NiCd  refers  to  crystalline  formation  rather  than  the  cycling  memory  of  old.

When  nickel-­metal-­hydride  was  introduced  in  the  early  1990s,  this  chemistry  was  promoted  as  being  memory-­free  but  this  claim  is  only  partially  true.  NiMH  is  also
subject  to  memory  but  to  a  lesser  degree  than  NiCd.  While  NiMH  has  only  the  nickel  plate  to  worry  about,  NiCd  also  includes  the  memory-­prone  cadmium  negative
electrode.  This  is  a  non-­scientific  explanation  of  why  nickel-­cadmium  is  more  susceptible  to  memory  than  nickel-­metal-­hydride.

Crystalline  formation  occurs  if  a  nickel-­based  battery  is  left  in  the  charger  for  days  or  repeatedly  recharged  without  a  periodic  full  discharge.  Since  most  applications
fall  into  this  user  pattern,  NiCd  requires  a  periodic  discharge  to  one  volt  per  cell  to  prolong  service  life.  A  discharge/charge  cycle  as  part  of  maintenance,  known  as
exercise,  should  be  done  every  one  to  three  months.Avoid  over-­exercising  as  this  wears  down  the  battery  unnecessarily.

If  regular  exercise  is  omitted  for  six  months  and  longer,  the  crystals  ingrain  themselves  and  a  full  restoration  with  a  discharge  to  one  volt  per  cell  may  no  longer  be
sufficient.  However,  a  restoration  is  often  still  possible  by  applying  a  secondary  discharge  called  “recondition.”  Recondition  is  a  slow  discharge  that  drains  the  battery
to  a  voltage  cut-­off  point  of  about  0.4V/cell  and  lower.  Tests  done  by  the  US  Army  indicate  that  a  NiCd  cell  needs  to  be  discharged  to  at  least  0.6V  to  effectively  break
up  the  more  resistant  crystalline  formations.  During  this  corrective  discharge,  the  current  must  be  kept  low  to  minimize  cell  reversal  and,  as  discussed  earlier,  NiCd  can
tolerate  a  small  amount  of  cell  reversal.  Figure  2  illustrates  the  battery  voltage  during  a  discharge  to  1V/cell,  followed  by  the  secondary  discharge  to  0.4V/cell.

Figure  2:  Exercise  and

recondition  features  of  a
Cadex  battery  analyzer

Recondition  restores  NiCd

batteries  with  hard-­to-­
remove  memory.
Recondition  is  a  slow,
 deep  dis-­charge  to
0.4V/cell.

Courtesy  of  Cadex

Recondition  is  most  effective  with  healthy  batteries  and  the  remedy  is  also  known  to  improve  new  packs.  Similar  to  a  medical  treatment,  however,  the  service  should
only  be  applied  when  so  needed  because  over-­use  will  stress  the  battery.  Automated  battery  analyzers  (Cadex)  only  apply  the  recondition  cycle  if  the  user-­set  target
capacity  cannot  be  reached.

Recondition  is  only  effective  on  working  batteries.  Best  results  in  recovery  are  possible  when  applying  a  full  discharge  every  1–3  months.  If  exercise  has  been  withheld
for  6–12  months,  the  capacity  may  not  recover  fully,  and  if  it  does  the  pack  might  suffer  from  high  self-­discharge  caused  by  a  marred  separator.  Older  batteries  do  not
restore  well  and  many  get  worse  with  recondition.  When  this  happens,  the  battery  is  a  ripe  candidate  for  retirement.

Results  of  Battery  Maintenance

After  the  Balkan  War  in  the  1990s,  the  Dutch  Army  began  servicing  its  arsenal  of  nickel-­cadmium  batteries  that  had  been  used  for  the  two-­way  radios.  The  technicians
in  charge  wanted  to  know  the  remaining  capacity  and  how  many  batteries  could  be  restored  to  full  service  using  battery  analyzers  (Cadex).  The  army  knew  that
allowing  the  batteries  to  sit  in  the  chargers  with  only  two  to  three  hours  of  use  per  day  during  the  war  was  not  ideal,  and  the  tests  showed  that  the  capacity  on  some
packs  had  dropped  to  a  low  30  percent.  With  the  recondition  function,  however,  nine  out  of  10  batteries  could  be  restored  to  80  percent  and  higher.  The  army  uses  80
percent  as  a  threshold  for  usability.  At  time  of  service,  the  nickel-­cadmiumbatteries  were  two  to  three  years  old.

To  analyze  the  effectiveness  of  battery  maintenance  further,  the  US  Navy  carried  out  a  study  to  find  out  how  user  pattern  affects  the  life  of  nickel-­cadmium  batteries.  For
this,  the  research  team  responsible  for  the  program  established  three  battery  groups.  One  group  received  charge  only  (no  maintenance);;  another  was  periodically
exercised  (discharge  to  1V/cell);;  and  a  third  group  received  recondition.  The  2,600  batteries  studied  were  used  for  Motorola  two-­way  radios  deployed  on  three  US
aircraft  carriers.  Table  3  summarizes  the  test  results,  including  the  cost  factor.

Annual  %  of  batteries Annual  battery  cost

Maintenance  method
requiring  replacement (US$)

Charge-­and-­use  only 45% $40,500

Exercise 14% $13,500

Recondition 5% $4,500

Table  3:  Replacement  rates  of  nickel-­cadmium  batteries

Exercise  and  recondition  prolong  battery  life  by  three-­  and  nine-­fold  respectively.

GTE  Government  Systems,  the  organization  that  conducted  the  test,  learned  that  with  charge-­and-­use  the  annual  percentage  of  battery  failure  was  45  percent;;  with
exercise  the  failure  rate  was  reduced  to  15  percent;;  and  with  recondition  only  5  percent  failed.  The  GTE  report  concludes  that  a  battery  analyzer  featuring  exercise  and
recondition  costing  US$2,500  would  return  the  investment  in  less  than  one  month  on  battery  savings  alone.
Me  gusta 11 Tweet 3 14
0

Comments
On  December  6,  2011  at  11:43am

COburner  wrote:

I’ve  tried  the  deep  reconditioning  method  advised  here  on  some  individual  NiCd  and  some  multicell  tool  battery  packs.  I’m  unsure  if  you  could  deep  discharge  multicell  packs  effectively
without  taking  the  pack  apart  and  discharging  each  cell  individually—so  far  that’s  what  I’ve  done  because  used  cells  vary  so  much  in  capacity.  If  you  try  to  discharge  the  whole  pack
(even  very  slowly)  it  seems  some  will  hold  charge  a  long  time  while  others  go  into  reversal.  I’m  not  sure  if  that  harms  the  weaker  cells  or  not.  If  you  need  to  discharge  each  cell  individually
it  becomes  an  enormous  hassle  to  keep  a  pack  conditioned.  Any  advice  on  this?

I’m  also  quite  unclear  from  this  article  if  the  target  for  deep  conditioning  discharge  of  0.4  v.  is  a  no-­load  voltage  or  what?  I’ve  assumed  it’s  a  no-­load  voltage,  but  it  takes  a  very  long  time  to
get  there  at  low  disch  rate.  The  battery  that’s  0.4  v  under  50  ma.  load  will  repeatedly  bounce  back  to  1.1  v.  under  no  load.  Can  you  clarify  this?

On  July  28,  2012  at  12:57am

Graham  Jones  wrote:

I  have  the  same  experience  as  COburner,  and  would  greatly  appreciate  your  advice.  Many  thanks

On  July  29,  2012  at  8:50am

robert  wrote:
What  current  should  be  used  for  deep  discharge?  example  0.1  C  or  lower?

On  August  4,  2012  at  4:56am

Arek  wrote:

Welcome.

Works  with  batteries  ni-­cd  for  18  years.  Much  of  that  time  I  gave  discharge  ensure  preservation.  Max.  discharge  current  for  a  typical  AA  cell  is  15  mA,  the  High  Current  SC  -­  50mA.  The
current  is  independent  of  the  capacity  of  the  cell,  since  less  capacious  cells  are  resistant  to  reverse  polarity.
Sorry  for  the  english,  I  come  from  Polish.
Regards
Arek.

On  August  4,  2012  at  2:49pm

COburner  wrote:

Agree  with  Mr.  Arak.  Slow  discharge  seems  best  for  reconditioning  purposes.  For  typical  used  AA  NiCd  of  1000  maH  capacity  (C),  C/50  =  20  ma.  For  typical  sub-­C  of  2000  maH  capacity,
C/50  =40  ma.  One  might  argue  that  anything  slower  than  C/20  is  OK,  but  I’m  not  sure  of  that.

I  certainly  wish  the  scientist/engineer  who  wrote  the  article,  or  others  at  his  company,  would  respond  here.  Since  posting  the  question  7  months  ago,  I’ve  continued  to  experiment.  First,  I
think  I  was  wrong  in  assuming  you  should  drain  each  cell  to  0.8  v.  measured  with  no  load.  With  no  load,  you’re  just  measuring  surface  charge,  not  true  charge  state.  So  I  think  that  the
target  discharge  state  must  be  measured  with  a  light  load,  50  ma.  for  a  sub-­C  cell.

It’s  a  tiresome  endeavor  to  try  to  externally  discharge  a  tool  battery  pack  (e.g.  12  v,  with  10  NiCl  cells  in  it)  to  the  above  recommended  0.8  v.  per  cell.  After  a  period  of  use,  cells  seem  to
have  very  different  charge  capacities.  Not  knowing  whether  prolonged  charge  reversal  would  hurt  the  weaker  cells,  I’ve  been  reluctant  to  keep  even  a  slow  discharge  (C/40,  where  C  =
charge  capacity  of  cell)  on  a  pack  for  the  30+  hours  it  might  take  to  fully  drain  the  stronger  cells  in  the  pack.  Here’s  my  ‘current’  protocol  for  pack  conditioning:

   •  use  up  the  pack’s  charge  with  the  tool  or  device,  to  the  point  it’s  depleted.

   •    open  pack  so  you  can  measure  each  cell’s  remaining  charge  under  light  load  (C/40  or  less;;  for  typical  1.2  v.  sub-­C  cell  this  would  be  50  ma.,  approx.  22  ohm  load);;  some  will  be  at  0,
many  will  have  >1.1  v.

   •  for  any  that  still  give  you  >0.8  v.,  wire  each  cell  to  its  own  22  ohm  1  w.  resistor,  keep  load  on  until  voltage  is  <  0.8  v.  under  this  load.

   •  do  a  test  recharge  on  pack  as  usual;;  let  sit  a  few  days  and  test  each  cell  again  as  above;;  those  that  are  below  1.24  v.  probably  are  self-­discharging  and  should  be  replaced.

   •  replacing  individual  cells  in  pack  is  tricky  to  do,  but  possible.  I  don’t  have  the  spot  welder  you  should  have,  but  I’ve  had  luck  using  a  250  w.  soldering  gun  &  copper  strips  to  attach  new
cells.  Careful  prep  of  surface,  pre-­tinning  attachment  spots,  applying  minimum  necessary  heat  has  worked  so  far.  To  keep  all  cells  in  a  pack  as  age-­matched  as  possible,  I’ll  try  to
combine  the  good  cells  from  2  old  faulty  packs  to  make  one  good  one.

   •  keep  pack  in  discharged  state  until  needed;;  don’t  keep  packs  fully  charged  and  unused  for  months  at  a  time.

If  there  are  errors  here,  I’m  happy  to  have  them  corrected  by  someone  with  more  knowledge.

On  August  5,  2012  at  1:45am

Arek  wrote:

Hello  again.

I  gave  the  current  at  which  there  is  no  polarity  reversal  for  destroying  cells  that  are  in  series.
Very  supportive  of  Mr..  Isidor  to  do  a  deep  discharge  from  the  beginning  of  a  new  battery  life  is  very,  very  prolonged  his  life.
Unfortunately,  cells  that  have  internal  short  circuit  can  not  be  saved,  although  their  performance  slightly  increases,  it  will  never  get  rid  of  no  fault,  and  the  battery  will  discharge  itself.
My  oldest  AA  Ni-­cd  are  now  14  years  old  and  about  540  mAh  to  600  mAh  her  ​​when  they  were  new.  no  longer  have  such  a  low  internal  resistance  and  faster  to  unload  but  still  hold  50%
charge  after  about  40  days.
Modern  Ni-­Cd  cells  are  not  as  good  and  will  not  live  as  long  as  manufacturers  design  them  specifically  worse.  But  always  appropriate  treatment  can  be  extended  several  times  of  their
lives  in  good  condition.
Of  course,  while  charging  the  battery  must  be  cool,  if  it  heats  up  the  charge  current  is  too  high.
Developed  by  the  Soviet  army  for  the  cell  current  is  120mA  SC  for  the  maximum  duration  of  life  without  regard  to  capacity  as  more  capacious  goals  less  accept  over-­charge.
For  cell-­C  160mA  and  350mA-­D  cell.  However,  the  current  welfare  and  civilian  customers  forced  to  design  a  fast  charger  because  posiadli  money  and  charging  time  was  the  most
important.
In  1970  one  AA  cell  in  the  socialist  countries  cost  about  1/10  the  average  salary.  The  recipients  were  only  military  users.  Produced  very  little,  the  price  was  very  high  and  therefore  had  to
be  a  lifetime  maximum.

On  August  5,  2012  at  1:52am

Arek  wrote:

posiadli  -­  have.

For  AA-­cell  45-­50mA,  for  F-­cell  700  mA  (military  battery  for  radio).

On  March  17,  2013  at  5:45pm

mike  wrote:

“a  battery  analyzer  featuring  exercise  and  recondition  costing  US$2,500  would  return  the  investment  in  less  than  one  month  on  battery  savings  alone.”

I’m  thinking  that’s  stretching  things.  How  many  cells  (or  packs  -­  batteries)  a  day  can  this  device  recondition?  The  graph  shows  a  3  hour  period.  Unless  it  can  handle  multiple  packs  at  a
time,  that’s  8  per  day  -­  240  per  month,  way  less  than  the  2600  batteries  in  the  study.
On  May  13,  2013  at  11:30am

Eric  J  wrote:

Mike,  I  bet  it  sure  would  pay  off  in  a  month  for  the  U.S.  Navy  (that’s  the  statement  they  were  making.  Not  for  your  average  consumer  of  course).  They  probably  have  guys  mistreating  and
tossing  batteries  left  and  right  when  they  don’t  hold  a  perfect  charge  anymore.  Can’t  really  blame  ‘em  for  tossing  ‘em  if  it’s  something  that  might  save  their  lives.

On  July  5,  2013  at  2:20pm

THE  PEAK  OIL  TITAN  OF  INDUSTRY  wrote:

After  spending  about  2  months  +  non  stop  online  learning  about  nicd  and  other  battery  types,and  brutally  learning  the  lesson  of  the  battery  voltage  that  refuses  to  die.ill  give  you  this
example  of  how  i  would  discharge  an  18v  cordless  tool  battery  pack.

i  would  charge  the  battery,use  it  in  the  tool  till  there  is  a  noticeable  drop  in  power  output,take  it  out  of  the  tool,connect  a  1000  omh  resistor  and  6  leds  at  3.6v  each  blue  or  white  and  let  the
battery  run  until  it  totally  died,then  unhook  the  leds  and  short  the  battery  with  the  1000  ohm  resistor  and  put  it  in  storage.

On  July  6,  2013  at  7:18am

COburner  wrote:

P.O.  Titan:  are  you  measuring  discharged  voltage  under  a  small  load  (C/20-­50)?  No  load  voltage  for  most  types  of  cells  tells  you  almost  nothing  of  the  true  state  of  charge.

As  written  above,  you’re  safe  to  discharge  sub-­C  cell  packs  at  50  mA,  which  would  be  about  400  ohm  load.  I  don’t  see  the  point  of  leaving  the  1000  ohm  load  on  the  fully  discharged  pack
either.

I’m  now  trying  out  a  smart  charger  that  can  put  cells  thru  conditioning  cycles,  test  capacity  using  charge/DC  cycle,  charge  at  various  currents,  and  measure  cell  resistance.  Generic
Chinese  maker  and  cheap,  but  I’m  not  going  to  recommend  until  I’ve  tested  further.

On  July  8,  2013  at  8:05pm

PO  TITAN  wrote:

all  i  do  all  day  is  work  on  stuff  like  batteries.im  going  to  tell  you  what  i  know  and  what  i  think.i  know  that  when  a  nicd  is  fully  discharged  the  voltage  drops  to  0  under  load,any  load  pretty
much,and  if  you  short  out  the  battery  like  nasa  does  when  they  store  them  the  voltage  is  0  and  it  stays  that  way.after  you  remove  the  short  the  voltage  quickly  climbs  back  to  close  to
normal  voltage  1.2+-­  even  after  days  of  being  let  shorted  .according  to  everything  iv  seen  the  best  plan  is  to  drain  the  battery  fast  and  hard  then  drain  it  as  slow  as  possible  then  short  it
out-­when  the  danger  of  over  heating  ect  is  no  longer  present.i  believe  from  my  research  that  a  nicd  is  fundamentally  unstable  and  that  this  is  the  reason  for  long  life  (electrode
regeneration  especially  on  the  cadmium  side)  but  that  when  the  battery  is  simply  left  lying  around  discharged  or  charged  fluctuations  in  the  open  circuit  voltage  lead  to  crystal
growth/distortions.if  im  correct  eventually  all  nicd  will  short  out?  it  would  naturally  stabilize  the  environment  inside  the  cell.

On  August  16,  2013  at  2:40pm

PO  TITAN  wrote:

as  a  follow  up  to  my  previous  post’s,i  took  a  brand  new  9.6v  nicd  battery  pack  to  a  cordless  drill  and  hooked  3  leds  to  it.it  took  9  hours  to  charge  and  with  a  1000ohm  resistor  it  literally
was  still  discharging  like  2+  weeks  later.i  stopped  it  around  7v  and  if  you  left  the  pack  sitting  the  voltage  would  climb  to  only  about  8v  but  after  charging  again  the  voltage  climbed  back  up
to  10v,the  initial  level  of  the  brand  new  pack.iv  recently  read  papers  online  that  say  that  leaving  a  nicd  to  self  discharge  causes  crystal  growth,it  also  recommended  not  leaving  the  pack
open  circuit.My  strategy  now  is  to  just  put  enough  leds  together  to  match  the  voltage  of  the  pack  and  let  it  discharge,resistors  aren’t  really  necessary  because  the  voltage  drop  on  the
pack  controls  current  flow.it  may  take  multiple  sets  of  leds  to  fully  discharge  the  pack  down  to  0.Example  18v  pack  6  leds  voltage  drops  to  12,connect  4  leds  ect.Im  now  considering  high
voltage  pulse  standby  float  charging.

On  September  19,  2013  at  9:30am

martin  borjas  wrote:

I  had  a  dead  battery  this  a.m.  and  put  my  charger  on.  about  5  ninutes  latter  I  unhookeed  the  negative  and  noticed  the  volts  on  the  charger  climb.  what  is  up  with  this?

On  September  21,  2013  at  8:43pm

po  titan  wrote:

it’s  either  something  weird  about  your  charger  or  it  sounds  like  what  i  described  above  the  voltage  of  a  totally  dead  battery  is  like  1.12-­1.16.

a  good  tip  to  add  is  that  if  you  leave  a  battery  shorted  for  along  time  it  will  leak,i  had  2  AA  nicds  leak  badly.I  use  a  breadboard  and  i  remove  6  5mm  white  leds  from  an  18v  battery  1  at  a
time  until  it  is  down  as  low  as  possible.the  voltage  will  stay  low  but  once  i  charge  again  it  goes  back  up  to  normal  like  20v  or  so.job  finished  in  my  book.

On  October  29,  2013  at  2:47am

Arek  wrote:

Welcome  COburner  .

Surely  0.4  V  is  measured  under  load.

This  is  certainly  a  very  small  current  .

Good  exercise  loading  -­  unloading  can  take  several  weeks.

It  is  often  not  cost-­effective  ,  I  performed  only  for  research  purposes  .

If  the  cell  is  susceptible  to  repair,  it  ‘s  been  two  cycles  of  very  deep  discharge  will  significantly  improve  its  condition  .
Unfortunately,  the  old  cells  ,  very  worn  out  will  not  be  a  good  fix  .
The  electrolyte  is  an  old  and  often  evaporate  as  a  result  of  overloading  .

Repair  should  link  misused  or  old  that  have  long  lay  unused  .
Of  course,  even  for  cell  50mA  high  power  SC  will  reverse  polarity  sensitive  .  But  I  will  not  damage  the  electrodes  and  the  electrolyte.
Mass  anti  -­pole  assume  no  problem  50mA  current  and  turns  it  into  heat.

I  have  a  Panasonic  SC  cell  1.9  Ah  (  high  power  )  ,  they  can  take  150mA  and  no  damage  is  ,  it  can  take  up  to  several  hours.  Cells  already  have  seven  years  and  I  do  it  once  every  two
weeks.
This  is  a  very  good  link.  Currently  have  a  1700mAh  at  0.2  C  discharge.

Poor  quality  cells  have  no  mass  anti-­pole,  even  50mA  can  be  reversed  polarity  and  spoil  the  electrolyte  and  the  electrode.  Often,  these  cells  swell  with  reversed  polarity  even  a  very  small
current.

A  friend  recently  got  a  new  cell  weak  brand.  Cells  without  a  name.  Were  sold  in  Poland  for  a  professional  company  for  emergency  lighting.
The  cells  are  1.5  Ah  high  temperature
After  10  cycles  to  1.1  Ah.
Load  current  of  0.5  A  at  -­  DV  (-­  1  mV).
Unloaded  0.5  A  to  1V  per  cell.

Here,  no  battery  memory  effect  only  corrupts  the  very  very  poor  quality.
It  can  not  be  repaired.  I  recently  sailed  electrolyte  from  the  cells,  leaving  white  coating  of  potassium  hydroxide.

I  recommend  to  use  good  cells  because  they  have  a  real  capacity  and  you  can  try  to  fix  it  when  we  use  it  properly.
Poor  quality  cells  are  highly  perishable  and  are  expensive  to  maintain  because  they  still  need  to  be  replaced  and  monitored.

The  biggest  impact  on  life  expectancy  than  -­  CD  cells  is  the  temperature  ,  especially  when  loading  .  You  have  to  use  the  DV  systems  responsive  as  possible  .
The  only  draw  back  is  that  old  or  unused  cell  long  may  be  too  early  detected  as  charged.  After  a  few  cycles  of  load  cells  normally.
Cells  can  not  heat  up  above  30st.C  during  charging.  If  that  is  the  charge  current  is  too  high  or  DV  system  is  not  sensitive  .
Factory  battery  charger  cordless  tools  are  often  very  poorly  loaded  .  very  hot  batteries  for  very  low  detection  -­  DV  .
When  you  load  the  correct  charger  can  even  2-­3  times  to  extend  the  life  of  the  battery  and  its  charging  speed  as  it  saves  time,  which  previously  served  only  to  reload  the  cell  and  its
heating  .
The  heated  cell  also  loses  some  of  the  accumulated  capacity  and  shorter  working  device  powered  by  a  battery  .

Perfect  charger  detects  (-­  DV)  of  ZERO.

Charging  takes  the  shortest.
Loading  cares  very  much  about  the  life  of  the  battery.
The  battery  is  the  most  energy.

Even  with  1C  charge  the  battery  remains  cool.

High  current  also  minimizes  the  formation  of  memory  effect.
A  lot  of  cycles  can  be  performed.  More  than  0.1  C  charge  and  no  -­  DV  (charger  overnight).

This  charger  Zero  DV  very  difficult  to  buy,  I  myself  slowly  so  I  make  the  ATmega8  (learn  Bascom).  My  professional  charger  has  a  sensitivity  of-­3  mV.  It’s  a  little  too  little  for  the  best
possible  charge.

Ni-­MH  batteries,  just  not  hot.  Cycles  are  almost  useless,  a  mere  work  them  enough.  Discharge  cycle  necessary  when  non-­stop  several  dozen  times  discharge  is  only  30%  and  then
charging.  Very  graceful  batteries,  just  recharge  the  chilly  temperature  30st.C  max.
The  ideal  fast  charging  is  0.3  C  and  ZERO  DV  for  high  power  cells.

On  November  14,  2013  at  4:16am

Imre  wrote:

Hi  Arek,
I’m  opening  a  battery  recondition  business  in  Ireland.I  would  like  to  contact  you.my  email  is  pathfinder0628@gmail.com
Regards  Imre

On  November  14,  2013  at  4:27am

Imre  wrote:

Hi  Arek.Im  opening  a  battery  reconditioning  business  in  Ireland,would  like  to  contact  you.
Regards  Imre

On  March  22,  2014  at  9:40pm

jjgarett  wrote:

Id  like  to  add  that  the  army  pays  10  times  the  normal  cost  for  items.  The  savings  is  easily  seen.  thanks

Join  us  on  Facebook

Learning  the  basics  about  batteries  -­  sponsored  by  Cadex  Electronics  Inc.

©  2014  Isidor  Buchmann.  All  rights  reserved.  Site  by  Coalescent  Design. Home Disclaimer  &  Copyright Sitemap Links Visit  Cadex