~- Unir- ape Rv wenn, + ~ Da vanase see WT IABASE VIESION “Root cause (5 Redundan ‘¢ ANOMALY: Problems that oc Unn ormalixzed doctabase. © Insertion Anom cur 1 poorly Plann ed Updation Aromaly. 2 Delehon eA INSER TION, ANOMALY : e aaa to Add data to database due to absence ether data, cree ANOMALY: * Data ncoatatency rents Ak not all occweuneeg Ose updated. © When nore Pna-tan ce Ge duplicated data 1% updated but not DELETION Auoraary: @ Unintentional beng of data due to deletion oF Otter datasae Functional DEPENDENCY “he SID , NAME , DOB, BRANCH SID —> Name , DOB » Branch ay In a velation & rp tax = 20x) then e1 Ly] =t2LyJ xX Determinant Y— Dependent [eta [wane | Prove | Postttn] pee[ a [| cen | Eid —> Name , Phone, Position Position—> PhoneBP e/to/2022} 2g) SE connie) attributes of a relation eae axe derived fem the meanin [ semantics of the attr T bute, d > These Censtraimts hold emeeverw jnaeunce of 2 relaton. ¢ AB X BAX Ae XxX Bowcx ABCX = a-racx C-AX AB ex. CBX Ac>eX CABX RC—>AX AB Boe Raa BA ABE Bae CHAK ABO CHBX BCA CABXK CA 8 x ar gn 8: -TRIWAL FD’s ©. Telviau Fd’s @-Non-Tri t tn x—y tf Yex XY ,Y IS not a subset of ABA RCemp_id, e name, e_addr) AB—-8 neti ae AB— AB eres ©. TRANs! TIVE FD’s In Relation xy hold ik X>Z and Z>y ioe oes che cae candi decte ie or al Ke fubset oF d if inReR(Auth id , Author , Book, Auth Nationality ) Book Author Author—> Author National7e Book —> Author_ Nationality ‘@. Fu FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCY ¢ | Xe aya rf frully functional dependent On X, and Y % | not functionally dependent on aa proper , Aubset of Xe | AB—>C , but nerthey A—>C or B-30¢ 1 ©. parriqn FUNCTIONAL, DEPENDENCY: In FD x, if ' Some aftsibute A, AEX can be xemoved from Ne ' the dependency st7ll holds - Z ’ AC>¢ ,A—D , DE | A—E ie ARM IIEONG FAyions sci t G TNFERENCE Auce ) 1 | Preiagry Axjorns : Lefty of yen soy tg© Fvirfouay Axloms : Union — rf Xy and x22 then XYZ Decoms Position ( Aree Z thorny y xz) Pseudo Trans FEV if X>Y and wy—9z then WXz - ! Prpye Pes WxX— wy WY->z CLOSURE OF SET OF, FD’s > Closure of wet punched dependencies a | th @ kek ef all qpunctional dependenciex | Aopicalty derived by F. 1 > Complete the cet all functional de perder, Possible ythat Can oe fom Fr aad occ R(A,8,C, G,H,z) fa ae AC, C&—>H, : pci > BO ) | Find Ft 1). A+B 2 BH then A—>H | 2: CGH, CT then CG, HL Be AB, AC they A— Be 4)) A305 Chon thn Pee 5); Ate p a day Athy $)* A@—oHn ee oe CeFt} A 8, AVC, COH, COT, Bony oy, CH HT re as a + te PRocepure To COMPUTE F™ : Ftor repeat For each FD fin Ft rey replete and Atigenentation rubies en add tty cama ED% to Et For tach FD Fand Fy tn Ft If fF, and o cain be Combined ust bras HUA, tun add resulting oh a until Et dees not ia frerther, CLOSURE OF AN ATTRIBUTE SET D set of attributes X — >closure of cet of attributes yt as PE IS a get ott buted ncten determined cee ee ae E RC AD 8,0) E> ATK the key that dit. FS ? A228, BC t all Oty buted A*= § aacy Xtex on fect repeat unttl no ch int Lip thee is am FD Yow Such fot U Cxt drow Pacem ash ae che feyUSES OF AttRiguTe, Ser cLosuRE, O-Finding Ke is ah clonuwru @- Check TE ED ie Ty! pt ®. Computing closeow of F Suppliers ( Sid, Sname , addwexs ) Posits( pid > Pname, colour) Catalog ( sit > pid , cont ) 2 | St. iShe “selling FEI color parts ond 1t conte me | mere than shor ” or Catal peace (Ase Opa ( eotor- react Po) ‘g 7 . rt> Sve g -- @ eaeeeee eae = Boe deen etent expec. poort > a ear cone ( Parts bd Catalog ) R2 : SF hid, pram, epat (Pasta dM catalog ) Raetigp (uh CR a) RrecestZ R2. cone Provett (Men esstay = 23 ~-_ ean oman eanenenane11/10/2022 [4-©/ \° (USE, OF AT TRIgUTE CLOSURE i tdi Super Key/ Candidate Kp ead R(A,8,C,D) Fs Hes Boch La ft =f aac} fAsr}t= saeces AmD ts a aupen Key = Pap} ut also a super key Saayt=j Aaect Sav yt= fT ARery of 0. a i favty* = Ley GAD 2 £6 rabaimal pabser of oolf-ri butes detewre all dty Pa Sof ADZB He @ check swlrtes Sasa radi ES Rigmcaen wie E+ (niumberstup ) F-- 5438, Boo Beck sf ceyX eae ORES Ac <7 iat = fiAacy dx ao FD < oR ackhlloute claus» oa ts Neg ico eee (@.- copu th vow of ee tenvPal £ neu—trrural FD %- a eee ce Sad Pe S Axe, Bc% + A sAsA IB AIC yA AB > A> AC ABC, Ashe BIB) (Be Be 1e-9 oO FAB A AB, » AB < IB AB, AIS MC AR BC BC ancehs Find ven-trvial FD. ‘og othrbute chonot (aus For cack prossble cll bute sor X Auipupe fle elapuru Ke of Kon For eas athtinde A eet Odd to Pte. Pox aa iP xane etry Et Se Sepplien(. Sit , Sneune, we x single gelation Labo P40 or vl “ Ee, cus decompes rion Net all decomponl tions. coe govd R © Lossless decomposition Na \ mia Dope Peace nly ae ES eet ne | fi PAR, Dd ~rtR, =R-4y leg 7 Ri Rp Me, 3a ten | EL LG Ger ; decomprattien, Some ghivsoed ' BL prentect 1° i often Via 2) Ser ron Ly we D) R2 (Nome Reieee i 2 yet Salar, 7 Tis ay oe TR, STIEE Kien Met Pascnpvige Jove Le i 9 R G ID, Name, Street, a Ry (ED Nowe) Ri od Ro 2 ye/oe TATE ory Nord Mampdin & 700 Wiene ae ; OF OL,Poepoures Cf Leap less, ie O% £08, =R and @. ROR, # A and SR AR, = efter bey of ROMY of Ry fr 106g > 8, br Ry dc Jepe CEES [PED Depeadeney tf sve akeom pese velatioan K tito elation KER, , Alt fnchional dependeneied of R TUE be a Postef. er}tar KR, & Ry Crdeuiobee Coubirapion ef FDA sa Ca Qn Un wea ©R(A,6,69 ee cs a “0 ee a he 2 a se i Fre hCab 3 (Ayr)! aa @© R(ASe, aoc, ee ay R, CAR) as) &) Gind nen trivial FD Im Ry aud Roy, »\ Ai Sar fAsBic¥ eae ie. BOR \ poste pocn gl ay ieRy ' ats fey feay (ec ee es _ Sai casenc cS =) (un) t= et : Cts 3car i COA [3g 40/2022] ‘ “Equivalence of &t of. functional, Dependbncies 2 Let Fand G be «et of fo’. en relation Rs FandG cau equivalent both of tee polo condi fers ee E can be mfoud fr FF 2 or ESF F can be Luperred $rr GO, le ae Examples 8 C4, d, E51) F=fADC,AC— 2D, E>Ad, EH G =f Ate, &An G Ea ea 7)» Check Aotett 207 F cevenA OF js dake clone Of LMS of FD? In cy eng Fr At= § ACD i ACG Bt —FeADpH? so & 77H Cea > Fuse G7 ©, heck DOILEN ee Ke LHS => ° 2 pats lapel ope amet 7 feat ED ff Clee e ane gee AC 5D as pL AncD eH Cm) . a ae a ASD eee Crete > Carter GQi2F er FEG,4 al i faumdainnas Dhurdencis : i ud 4 FD's ow sulationw R. { bath of the fallswing Mudl fron, F F26, : oo afin) tw teats? oe ©) a) Pow be imjoud from G5 G2F or FeG 3 thew. FSG exon RCAs CS OSE 5h) fF: {2c AC3D, Ernv,€59} G«{ASCD, ESAH} © Is F=G7 O doch whan Psa toi cLasiowe} Lins a FO tn Giang AT=2 ACD} gs Aven b*- LEADH) 49 G2 AH A OEE 6 acen.G @ hth whithuii® atdele F tok. Loa of LHS PD's, inv F sng G Ate{pnepy avec act-{pco} ACD et -Lennco} E28 @eh* imu 6i 20> Gre rf. Kameniroh doris COimimat Cosion) of ve Ae of Fong A camenical cover for Fm clnsti ab Fo, Lt in set of fuumetionar elifpundercin auch, that F Logically implis » ALL apendencis tin Fen Onc Fo : ene 7 No £ : mittee oe eet A Fe sande echiay, and tach LHS of FD Jin’ Fe ie ities NOTE 7 famerizal cover a. ah q FO B nat urge fompiu 5 Find minimol sever a F. Fe {AB>Cc 5 DPE ,AB PE VEC} Aish 12 Ouemfose RUS of FD do - rentoin ody sr AR LIL + , ' ADBe SADB.APC- . / a bas Foor cue FD’ Aowtng more Wan ‘one AB Co B20, Ldinnuirele aut suikbadeat FD'4 i al A7B> BE, (NPOK Apts Abby wmnaare if murded. -gd KcCABebE : Fe{ NB NBrC,oaNC, Doe} geet: AHR sABS CY DON, bo, b5e" bh &- hock or crtbvaninus aids ov LHS J PD ahh of Ads extromigus (890) Five B" dn xemvaining PD's (Bids ties FD) ’ B= 6) 20 A us ot eatnaontaur « Check Yow corromusun MLAB Bas exinamcss : fs Bent €- {998 999 C4 DAA, DICa DIE} Ab 3. Chaels Jor Pu clumclant ep’s duck if PPB dy vedluncont At {AC} ASB wb not Weluclant AT AL PB) ADC & mot wdunolent © duck for AR D*< § DCE}, mot weclumdonst Cnule for pac / Diz f{ DerBOy, SUclumclemt Ceiedeead ee | ot. {oA ncy, not reclumdent -Fo {Ar BC, DAES wading abp S anteConomical |Mininred Cowt ee ra ae an ismeduemble <4 af Fos cushich do nef contain “the Sted 4 ‘ loner cots undo} D4 and F104 with cobra neous alo bude roe. Nels In OB uss joy Jo moke fo FD Jochnique qaroducin ab 4 ‘ Netomlicadion > wa 7 fs ; Srlation gsith clesrsiable proper’ in Dedelon | % Neommalizahion ot Piece eppreed decompent ld 4 clemmak — aladct sea un re ond eidamalte Vchanradler ne dike | Insertion 5 Deletion cmd caps OLOGIED Lyf ws tednique 787 predes ewopen ties in Dofaloass ts Minimal ear Benya S prnous with | LJ galetions Cie FP Nerval forms — 14 1» srele Scene aladion amet mat ened ( bet eee caaith clei ( ‘ mm ; th 5 M He eden Jt es ae ox nedundiove2 eleet AT NE ( vo buf aneafty chesign up beg, PAA | cores Nem eal ful noes 3 pose Wea |g few ea | 8 | yoo | ¢ poe We | cP oes “Tn Hy flow Melfort iprding) Fade lech Dest to Heme ete Geet) me ms { e ' re | Us) suletin 4 In INF cond very non pai cotleibule » fly dept en aoe boy Paime apts Mode Tout Ner—Poins cfd > Lechas jet ee? R Credle Lechas Dept) prodal—>hackna 1 {pF Re Cmodilt “Tent |) RC ABO) | 20 Fe al ce - AY Paine ectteme: Ao pal — nec} [Nem parnangetitrd 1 OD ntehny Bi < 804 peegcod Boh BheABo) my aeioe eis ea (ray dlatempaite ea Ag RG Roce en G42/11/2002 > i Pascal Dependency Jf von porte obtviutes are of Aeperrdent on priper Aubset off Candidate key Hoy, PD exrsta« 7 Leurne, Aipsthutes — Aitr’butes wich. panties, te In . Candidate Key ae fA « mead tates 2 7 Len-Prme Attribute Mributer Hat ase not past of om Candida fk, aoe ; §. R(A,B,C,D) F= JAB, A—»c, 6-04 } Zs Rn INE? If not decompose re tuto wr oO” va D: Grd all Cardidate Keys At= Saecp 8% foact ADT = 5 adect b*= f edac} CkK= FAD, ep} 5 ‘ Lime Ui bote : £45850? Men /Pruint Attelbute: fey 2): PD) AC & pr pe 2 So RIB not © REDMI NOTE 9base relate Fé fh BNE oe CO Thebre «1% np trmatie FD cllewed LD Foe nen-bRhat PD 5 ew | Cher 6 a CK on | } Ak pre othr bute cE ate Sap Aat= f aecre 7 CR AS Aa? Rouime Alle bute 24,67 ae Or.) 2 VE satisfies ane RC ABceve ) Rite, elena ten ; vA : , : R, (de) S ; een R, CABc) taal pea anes { | »E} | |@O REDMI NOTE 9 ONO Re Niele Oer WIs74 Oa ad fer eugy von-derminal FD XA, X boa Yor | Shas te HB en @ RCH BcHe) Ffnepc, C506) 9 : ck 6 as papice) S) Pee 14 * gudyy BOVE C7 pe YM vpoloby BOwP 2A Ss ct feveh aE & Cove d Pie SOE Baas ue Papeene: «@ Plage) Fe hpss Bsc toad i Bee 8TH — In Bee Fim clen wo optohagch & din BraAgcay B Go a Kusy —¢_ Neve... Pana as SNE Rowe — 5h & alusayy ponitle fo decompoy a RIN BNF, Sah 4yal Ab fon 00 dlecomperton ® pander 5 pewaerue HW abucy) jpteiad ch decompor q RK in SNP Suck tof © Ff % Jey ey oLecompsyl @ x. nat be dy pray| & RCA BCD) ra ee ee in Ben f : . CR CAB /BCY «Cag. D | aio snr a Pre) RSC cb i cKehah in ' { eA Ree) eas cer AnsyWe4 a cjoue fen BONE aeoc (O73 pn gene es ah is rat oe sce @ cede for 3VF p-BSe er pine | n er sa in 8nF R » i8 3NF \ EF A asaveted Dapersed > e-KUP ' eC count aid 1 focul’ty 4) a w f ' Gs Fi > Nox svolyadiT RES et fz is ie : ' “or a FI a Be : aes : «1 Fe A ps yy sndleaf- elation ae: q Tass fave he ‘aUU AY) AVS Let R be guledin, XCR ord YOR Xspy halls on R cur loth Kod Y ae subeh of R in oR) egal drone md <9 ; of tapls ard dp So haa in HOTJe bOI whet a ert t5 cyncl ta suth Het ee aol d3DJ- tytxd Pb tol ¥] =4LV7 Ce- Quays) 2 L4Ce-Cons $C e-Oopd= Ly(e-Cxvy 0) then pavB ot Pa pave xXSSY im eR 4 Taival pause to y & abd of 7 @2 xKuy ze Decompoe R into tuso 4VF gelato 21 C Coon eid , forutpy td ) -C93E R1 ( Couns ja, Boek ad ) C98 ane oe ae fae Mm ange Usad Seb foto! a mae 4 oueny nen -Aeaviel an oy Moy in FP, x 8 supe keyed R XR oped td» Ceproclnd d ) dleperclote) wdpivalued Q gnompl(D & CEnplege ity ps EP G33 0 a Ceplage Hf , proper ad a Snphipe dy Deperclt rd)Lanchunien Dearden, Gino) ' An incuvien dependensy ae a bfe feo ot of a foublBs, [Atobio pilots of taith Suagoachine’ oles” P Sprcifos comsaind , that han ov ya Seledkon instene of Roms y FS aclation instenee | gta a S asa mud aed “Th@) 2oMy(s) ' A S Dept mga_ssn & Emp Ss S5IV of manager 0 ales Guboh gf SS in Eopit ' CF ee eae I ee BS lise by 7 lees ae te ey sr whan Rencen Soin claston fapsrt* - pee p i E "nip sbreemtaen Dott be pester “Fain Depercloyyf_ 5 pak 69 — 1 gD Poojd ser Herwal jen (2 aie Rebtion ecempond do Riyferr PA se ' wile) Co) \ ee A= A 7TeC0) . det kn | TM CA) PA Mya) Pd. PAT am RU Rgu. -.U Pa =k ' quent RAB) CB), (80) <0) Ro io 6) (eae bry be feyCeme ge JO THT RCA, CABO) ome \ Phase Becca he Gro ¥ D= Anse reed ae (es BI=ABAY Bon 9 fr 2 fend FD © ‘ J nee galas ® Check feet Deporters) Prsentpy Chede PCIE mac Qecegreattg frnplled! 0 pies C58 pBA Powe Fd aes Bac CF he O franitns Peer ce hceh 4 Ae. anoinanes ae ae RCABS ve) F= 4 A>8) BE) 19 Re Ae SNE @ find cesaiAcy fore Koc pon pomse A DDE act = ApcReo) @ 28 pst avr HP peodel Popordene/ ¢ SO copy fe neta @QNnfe alo 2 Cascoe? Cele. Pi CABE D R2CacD) AB C50 at-foes BIE nuke ct hens bs aBe asd Reacn, Retac) BE AsB C20) Rey Rar Ps) Pe 2% mm Wwe