1 Dynamic Routing Protocols 2 Distance Vector Dynamic Routing 3 RIP and RIPng Routing 4 Link-State Dynamic Routing 5 The Routing Table 6 SummaryObjectives Explain the basic operation of dynamic routing protocols. Compare and contrast dynamic and static routing. Determine which networks are available during an initial network discovery phase. Define the different categories of routing protocols. Describe the process by which distance vector routing protocols. learn about other networks. Identify the types of distance-vector routing protocols. Configure the RIP routing protocol Configure the RIPng routing protocol. Explain the process by which link-state routing protocols learn about other networks.Objectives (cont.) Describe the information sent in a link-state update. Describe advantages and disadvantages of using link-state routing protocols. Identify protocols that use the link-state routing process. (OSPF, IS- Is) Determine the route source, administrative distance, and metric for a given route. Explain the concept of a parent/child relationship in a dynamically built routing table. Compare the IPv4 classless route lookup process and the IPv6 lookup process. Analyze a routing table to determine which route will be used to forward a packet.Dynamic Routing Protocol Operation The Evolution of Dynamic Routing Protocols = Dynamic routing protocols used in networks since the late 1980s = Newer versions support the communication based on IPv6 Routing Protocols Classification Exteror Gateway Protecols a a rive |EIGRP [OSV |ISis-| GPs ripng | EIGRP & | OSPFVS | isis or | BGPP ive meDynamic Routing Protocol Operation Purpose of Dynamic Routing Protocols Routing Protocols are used to facilitate the exchange of routing information between routers. The purpose of dynamic routing protocols includes: = Discovery of remote networks * Maintaining up-to-date routing information = Choosing the best path to destination networks « Ability to find a new best path if the current path is no longer availableDynamic Routing Protocol Operation of Dynamic Routing Protocols (cont.) Main components of dynamic routing protocols include: = Data structures - Routing protocols typically use tables or databases for its operations. This information is kept in RAM. = Routing protocol messages - Routing protocols use various types of messages to discover neighboring routers, exchange routing information, and other tasks to learn and maintain accurate information about the network. = Algorithm - Routing protocols use algorithms for facilitating routing information for best path determination.Dynamic Routi Purpose of Dynamic Routing Protocols (cont.) Components of Routing Protocols seeDynamic Routing Protocol Operation The Role of Dynamic Routing Protocols Advantages of dynamic routing include: Automatically share information about remote networks Determine the best path to each network and add this information to their routing tables Compared to static routing, dynamic routing protocols require less administrative overhead Help the network administrator manage the time-consuming process of configuring and maintaining static routes, Disadvantages of dynamic routing include: Part of a router's resources are dedicated for protocol operation, including CPU time and network link bandwidth Times when static routing is more appropriateDynamic verses Static Routing Using Static Routing Networks typically use a combination of both static and dynamic routing. Static routing has several primary uses: Providing ease of routing table maintenance in smaller networks that are not expected to grow significantly. Routing to and from a stub network. A network with only one default route out and no knowledge of any remote networks. Accessing a single default router. This is used to represent a path to any network that does not have a match in the routing table.Dynamic verses Static Routing Using Static Routing (cont.) 49 192:168.10.0724 192.168.11.0728 Router RZ connected i ‘ther networks an to the Internet. tis aloo my ony way out of here. ust use a ‘fault stati ete to reach fany netwerk Ido net know sbaut 209.165.200.224/30, Router Rt only has two fetworks that ed To ‘ow about 80 | ust Use two state routes reach these networks, 10.1.2.0/24Dynamic verses Static Routing Static Routing Scorecard Static Routing Advantages and Disadvantages Easy to implement in a small network Very secure, No advertisoments are sent as compared tb dynamic routing protocols Route to destination is always the same. No routing algorithm or update mechanism required; therefore, extra resources (CPU or RAM) are not required. ‘Suitable only fr simple topologies or for special purposes such as a default static route. Configuration complexity increases (ramatically a8 network grows. ‘Manual intervention required t re-route trafDynamic verses Static Routing Dynamic Routing Scorecard Dynamic Routing Advantages and Disadvantages [Advantages _{ Disadvantages | Generally independent of the network Less secure. Additional configuration | Automatically adapts topology tb reroute Route depends on the current topology. Requires additional CPU, RAM, andiink bandwidth:Routing Protocol Operating Fundamentals Dynamic Routing Protocol Operation In general, the operations of a dynamic routing protocol can be described as follows: 4 The router sends and receives routing messages on its interfaces. The router shares routing messages and routing information with other routers that are using the same routing protocol. . Routers exchange routing information to learn about remote networks. . When a router detects a topology change the routing protocol can advertise this change to other routers.Routing Protocol Operating Fundamentals Cold Start Directly Connected Networks Detected Routers running RIPv2 Ri adds the 10.1.0.0 network available through interface FastEtheret 0/0 and 10.2.0.0 is available through interface Serial 10/0. R2 adds the 10.2.0.0 network available through interface Serial 0/010 and 10.3.0.0 is available through interface Serial 0/0/1 R3 adds the 10.3.0.0 network available through interface Serial 0/0/1 and 10.4.0.0 is available through interface FastEthemet 000.Routing Protocol Operating Fundamentals Network Discovery Init Exchange Routers running RIPv2 ‘Sends an update about network 10.1.0.0 out the Serial0/0/0 interface ‘Sends an update about network 10.2.0.0 out the FastEthemet0/0 interface Receives update from R2 about network 10.3.0.0 with a metric of 1 Stores network 10.3.0.0 in the routing table with a metric of 1Routing Protocol Operating Fundamentals Network Discovery (cont.) Init Exchange Routers running RIPv2 ‘Sends an update about network 10.3.0.0 out the Serial 0/0/0 interface Sends an update about network 10.2.0.0 out the Serial 0/0/1 interface Receives an update from R1 about network 10.1.0.0 with a metric of 1 Stores network 10.1.0.0 in the routing table with a metric of 1 Receives an update from R3 about network 10.4.0.0 with a metric of 1 Stores network 10.4.0.0 in the routing table with a metric of 1Routing Protocol Operating Fundamentals Network Discovery Init Exchange Routers running RIPv2 ‘Sends an update about network 10.1.0.0 out the Serial0/0/0 interface ‘Sends an update about network 10.2.0.0 out the FastEthemet0/0 interface Receives update from R2 about network 10.3.0.0 with a metric of 1 Stores network 10.3.0.0 in the routing table with a metric of 1Routing Protocol Operating Fundamentals Network Discovery (cont.) Init Exchange Routers running RIPv2 ‘Sends an update about network 10.3.0.0 out the Serial 0/0/0 interface Sends an update about network 10.2.0.0 out the Serial 0/0/1 interface Receives an update from R1 about network 10.1.0.0 with a metric of 1 Stores network 10.1.0.0 in the routing table with a metric of 1 Receives an update from R3 about network 10.4.0.0 with a metric of 1 Stores network 10.4.0.0 in the routing table with a metric of 1Routing Protocol Operating Fundamentals Network Discovery (cont.) Init Exchange a ll ail Routers running RIPv2 Sends an update about network 10.4.0.0 out the Serial 0/0/1 interface Sends an update about network 10.3.0.0 out the FastEthemet0/0 Receives an update from R2 about network 10.2.0.0 with a metric of 1 Stores network 10.2.0.0 in the routing table with a metric of 1Routing Protocol Operating Fundamentals Exchanging the Routing Information Rt: (Next Update ‘Sends an update about network 10. 1. 0. 0 out the Serial 0/0/0 interface Sends an update about networks 10. 2. 0. 0 and 10. 3. 0. 0 out the FastEthernet0/0 interface Receives an update from R2 i about network 10. 4. 0.0 ae a sa reticor2 00 | a0 sous o | ws00 | sion 0 | * StOFes network 10. 4.0. 0 in the routing table with a metric of 2 30 soo e208 ‘Same update from R2 40 rf soot 1100 contai formation about network 10. 3. 0. 0 with a i metric of 1. There is no Routers running RIPv2 Change: therefore, the routing information remains the sameRouting Protocol Operating Fundamentals Exchanging the Routing Information (cont.) R2: ‘Sends an update about ie nase nase save Se © panera: 7 . 4. 0. 0 out of Serial 0/0/0 a Zor gy=| —inertace * Sends an update about networks 10. 1. 0.0 and 10. 2.0. 0 out of Serial 0/0/1 ERA ra8 ii Receives an update fom Rt about network 10. 1. 0.0. There is no change; therefore, the routing sata] ea Bai information remains the veaoe | sou | 2 + |[ rae same. Receives an update from R3 about network 10. 4. 0. 0. There is no change; therefore, the routing information remains the same. Next Update Routers running RIPv2Routing Protocol Operating Fundamentals Exchanging the Routing Information (cont.) Next Update R3: a wae * Sends an update about network 10. 4. 0. 0 out the rs vil ot Serial 0/0/1 interface pana S&S: i ‘Sends an update about networks 10. 2. 0. 0 and 10. 3.0. 0 out the FastEthernet0/0 interface aaa aa Mad Owith a metric of 2 Stores network 10. 1.0.0 in the routing table with a metric of 2 ‘Same update from R2 contains information about Routers running RIPv2 network 10. 2. 0.0 with a metric of 1. There is no change; therefore, the routing information remains the same.Routing Protocol Operating Fundamentals Achieving Convergence The network is converged when all routers have complete and accurate information about the entire network: * Convergence time is the time it takes routers to share information, calculate best paths, and update their routing tables. Anetwork is not completely operable until the network has converged. Convergence properties include the speed of propagation of routing information and the calculation of optimal paths. The speed of propagation refers to the amount of time it takes for routers within the network to forward routing information. Generally, older protocols, such as RIP, are slow to converge, Whereas modem protocols, such as EIGRP and OSPF, converge more quickly.Types of Routing Protocols Classifying Routing Protocols Routing Protocols Classification Dynamic Routing Protocols ———F+ Estror Gateway Protocols ‘ecPs) ———Jj | Distance Vecor LUnistat Rowing Rong Protocols Pretocoe 4 {| FIp2 EIGRP OSPF PretaceTypes of Routing Protocols IGP and EGP Routing Protocols IGP vorsus EGP Routing Protocols Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP) - * Used for routing within an AS * Include RIP, EIGRP, 3, )__ OSPF, and IS-IS Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP) - Used for routing between AS Official routing protocol used by the InternetTypes of Routing Protocols Distance Vector Routing Protocols ‘The Meaning of Distance Vector Distance vector IPv4 IGPs: * RIPv1 - First generation legacy protocol + RIPv2 - Simple distance vector routing protocol Distance = How Far + IGRP - First generation Cisco proprietary protocol (obsolete) * EIGRP - Advanced version of distance vector routing s7a1s30a4 For R1, 172.16.3.0/24 is one hop away (distance). It can be reached through R2 (vector),Types of Routing Protocols Distance Vector or Link-State Routing Protocols Distance vector protocols use routers as sign posts along the path to the final destination. Alink-state routing protocol is like having a complete map of the network topology. The sign posts along the way from source to destination are not necessary, because all link-state routers are using an identical map of the network. A link-state router uses the link-state information to create a topology map and to select the best path to all destination networks in the topology.Types of Routing Protocols Link-State Routing Protocols Link-State Protocol Operation ow Tanase) Link-state IPv4 IGPs: = OSPF - Popular standards based routing protocol = IS-IS - Popular in eS provider networks.Types of Routing Protocols Classful Routing Protocols Classful routing protocols do not send subnet mask information in their routing updates: Only RIPv1 and IGRP are classful. Created when network addresses were allocated based on classes (class A, B, or C). Cannot provide variable length subnet masks (VLSMs) and classless interdomain routing (CIDR). Create problems in discontiguous networks.Types of Routing Protocols Classless Routing Protocols Classless routing protocols include subnet mask information in the routing updates: = RIPv2, EIGRP, OSPF, and IS_IS = Support VLSM and CIDR = IPv6 routing protocolsTypes of Routing Protocols Routing Protocol Characteristics a El eee Spoed Ror [Sew [See fat [ee | Fast Seas Sma] Smal —| Smal —] Carpe | Tage Carpe Saat Network Use af VIS No] You | No | You] You —[ Von Usage Taehareeay | Seif STE Sasa | Taf Carga] eaeTypes of Routing Protocols Routing Protocol Metrics A metric is a measurable value that is assigned by the routing protocol to different routes based on the usefulness of that route: = Used to determine the overall “cost” of a path from source to destination. = Routing protocols determine the best path based on the route with the lowest cost.