National Technical University of Ukraine

“Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”

Faculty of Radio Engineering

Term review

in the course of English for Technical Purposes

“Doppler Effect and Its Application”

Performed by:
Serhii Brook
Group RI-11MP

Kyiv 2021
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 3
1 HISTORICAL ASPECTS 5
2 ESSENCE AND UNIVERSALITY 7
Эффект Доплера в астрономии Doppler effect in astronomy 8
Метод Доплера в обнаружении экзопланет 8
Доплеровский радар Doppler radar 9
Измерения скоростей потоков. Measurements of flow rates. 9
Методы биомедицинской диагностики Biomedical diagnostic methods 9
3 SPECIAL CASE OF APPLICATION - DOPPLEROGRAPHY 11
CONCLUSION 13
LITERATURE 14
 INTRODUCTION

Relevance: In the world constantly suffering incessant scientific nano- and

giga-revolutions, it is significant not to underestimate the past contributions that
firmly settled their influence on the prospects of present discoveries.
The majority of urban living species have inevitably made themselves to encounter
one of those uncountable bounties of science from the recent past. The lion's share
of them were taking it for granted not even being aware of the numerous
implementations this not completely obvious effect might have - the most
fundamental (and most useful) property of waves.
Waves are not an ordinary phenomenon to dogmatic physics. If one visualizes an
empty bottle dangling near the shore, the union of bottle and water will remain in
place, fluctuating only in a plane perpendicular to the surface of the reservoir. In
other words, the movement of the medium in which the waves propagate does not
correspond to the movement of the waves themselves.
Waves are usually described by their frequency (the number of wave peaks per
second at the observation point) or length (the distance between two adjacent
crests or troughs). These two characteristics are interconnected through the speed
of wave propagation in the medium, therefore, knowing the speed of wave
propagation and one of the main wave characteristics, one can easily calculate the
other. With the wave distancing, the speed of its propagation is determined only by
the properties of the medium in which it propagates, while the source of the wave
no longer plays any role. Referring to the water with the bottle, excited surface
waves propagate only due to the interaction of forces of pressure, surface tension
and gravity. Acoustic waves propagate in air (and other sound-conducting media)
due to the directional transfer of the pressure difference. And none of the wave
propagation mechanisms depends on the wave source.
And conjuring up an image of random motor vehicle rushing by with a special
signal and a siren turned on pitch howling on approach and depressing with it
rapidly distancing leads us to one of the incarnations of the well-known among
specialists Doppler shift - a rule of change in frequency of a wave in relation to an
observer who is moving relative to the wave source.
So the object of the research will cover the theoretical aspects of the Doppler
effect examined under the prism of practical application in various spheres of
science. And analyzing the above mentioned, the first-glance summary of our work
would include the theoretical-practical value aimed to manifest the versatility of
feasible implementations. It would only claim the systematic approach and the
profound knowledge in the wave physics area and the environments it can spread
in.
The aspects tasks covered in the study are the following:
- reveal the historical evolution and initial concept;
- throw light on the essence of the effect;
- enlist the spheres the effect might be applicable in;
- clarify the technical aspects of effect implementation concerning the
anatomy sphere;
- develop the reason this effect is useful;
 1 HISTORICAL ASPECTS

This effect is named after Austrian physicist Christian Johann Doppler, who first
predicted it theoretically in 1842 in his treatise "Über das farbige Licht der
Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels" (On the coloured light of
the binary stars and some other stars of the heavens).[2].
The hypothesis was tested for sound waves by Buys Ballot in 1845 by putting the
brass band in an open railway carriage. A group of musicians gathered on the
platform with perfect pitch. (Ideal hearing is the ability, after hearing a note, to
name it exactly.) Whenever a composition with a music carriage drove past the
platform, the brass band played a note, and the observers (listeners) recorded the
musical score they heard. As expected, the apparent pitch was in direct proportion
to the speed of the train, which, in fact, was predicted by Doppler's law.
He confirmed that the sound's pitch was higher than the emitted frequency when
the sound source approached him, and lower than the emitted frequency when the
sound source receded from him.
Hippolyte Fizeau discovered independently the same phenomenon on
electromagnetic waves in 1848 (in France, the effect is sometimes called "effet
Doppler-Fizeau" but that name was not adopted by the rest of the world as Fizeau's
discovery was six years after Doppler's proposal).[p 2][7]
In Britain, John Scott Russell made an experimental study of the Doppler effect
(1848).[p 3]
A somewhat more esoteric application of the Doppler effect was found in
astrophysics: in particular, Edwin Hubble, for the first time measuring the distance
to the nearest galaxies with the latest telescope, simultaneously discovered a red
Doppler shift in the spectrum of their atomic radiation, from which it was
concluded that galaxies were moving away from us (see . Hubble's Law). In fact, it
was as unambiguous a conclusion as if you, having closed your eyes, suddenly
heard that the sound of the engine of a car of a model familiar to you was lower
than necessary, and concluded that the car was moving away from you. When
Hubble discovered, moreover, that the farther the galaxy, the stronger the redshift
(and the faster it flies away from us), it realized that the Universe was expanding.
This was the first step towards the Big Bang theory - and this is a much more
serious thing than a train with a brass band.
 2 ESSENCE AND UNIVERSALITY

The Doppler effect is a change in frequency and wavelength (it is recorded by the
receiver), generated by the movements of both the wave source and the receiver.
Moreover, the movement of the medium in which the waves move is not
associated with this movement, and the wave velocity depends on the
characteristics of this medium. The wave source itself can no longer influence the
further behavior of the waves. The receding source will have a spectral shift
towards the red side, and its wavelength will increase.
Referring to a howling siren example, let's assume the vehicle being stationary.
The sound from the siren reaches us because the elastic membrane inside it
periodically affects the air, creating compression in it - areas of increased pressure
- alternating with rarefaction. The peaks of compression - the “crests” of the
acoustic wave - propagate in the medium (air) until they reach our ears and affect
the eardrums, from which a signal will be sent to our brain (this is how hearing
works). The frequency of the sound vibrations we perceive, we traditionally call
the tone or pitch: for example, the vibration frequency of 440 hertz per second
corresponds to the "A" note of the first octave. So, while the special vehicle is
stationary, we will still hear the unchanged tone of its signal.
But as soon as the special vehicle moves from its place in your direction, a new
effect will be added. During the time from the moment of emission of one peak of
the wave to the next, the car will travel a certain distance towards you. Because of
this, the source of each next peak of the wave will be closer. As a result, the waves
will reach your ears more often than they did while the car was stationary, and the
pitch of the sound you perceive will increase. Conversely, if the vehicle moves in
the opposite direction, the acoustic peaks will reach your ears less frequently and
the perceived sound frequency will decrease. Here is an explanation of why, when
a car with special signals drives past you, the siren tone goes down.
We have examined the Doppler effect in relation to sound waves, but it applies
equally to any other. If a source of visible light approaches us, the wavelength we
see is shortened, and we observe the so-called violet shift (of all the visible colors
of the gamut of the light spectrum, violet corresponds to the shortest wavelengths).
If the source moves away, there is an apparent shift towards the red part of the
spectrum (lengthening of the waves).
Lets investigate the versatility of the Doppler effect implementations:
Doppler effect in astronomy
Doppler's discovery is used in the analysis of space objects. When observing the
spectrum through the prism of the spectrometer, you can see the characteristic lines
of chemical elements that are part of the research object. This is precisely what
Hubble drew attention to. Noticing the red Doppler shift in the atomic radiation
spectrum of the galaxies he studied, he concluded that these galaxies were moving
away.
The shift towards the red side of the spectrum is the greater, the further away from
us the objects are.
Thus, it becomes clear that the Doppler effect is a bright indicator of the expanding
universe. If Doppler knew Hubble's law, he himself would be able to calculate the
distances to galaxies.
Doppler's method for detecting exoplanets
In other words, this method is called spectrometric measurement of the radial
velocity of stars. It is most widely used for searching for exoplanets, and its
efficiency is extremely high. The Doppler method allows you to detect planets
with masses of several Earth masses, which are located close to their star. And
also, you can "see" the giant planets with orbital periods of up to 10 years. Moving
around its star, the planet wobbles it, which causes a Doppler shift in the spectrum
of the star. Using this method, the amplitude of the radial velocity fluctuations
between a star and a single planet is determined. By the end of 2012, using the
Doppler method, it was possible to discover 488 planets in 379 planetary systems.
Doppler radar
The Doppler effect is widely used both in science and in everyday life. All over the
world, it is used in police radars, allowing you to catch and fine violating drivers of
traffic rules exceeding the speed limit. The radar gun emits a radio wave signal
(usually in the VHF or microwave range) that is reflected off the metal body of
your car. The signal comes back to the radar with a Doppler frequency shift, the
value of which depends on the speed of the car. By comparing the frequencies of
the incoming and outgoing signals, the device automatically calculates the speed of
your car and displays it on the screen.
Measurements of flow rates.
The Doppler effect is used to measure the flow rate of liquids and gases. This is
possible without directly placing the sensor in the flow itself. Velocity is
determined by wave scattering.
Но детальнее мы рассмотрим один из частных методов применения эффекта
допплера в медицине - допплерографию - Методике, использующей
ультразвуковые исследования, основанные на эффекте Доплера,
Biomedical diagnostic methods
S tochki zreniya ob"yekta issledovaniya tselesoobrazno razlichat' metody otsenki
mikro i makroparametrov. Odnimi iz naiboleye rasprostranennykh
mikroparametrov, kotoryye opredelyayut v khode mediko-biologicheskikh
issledovaniy, yavlyayutsya: koeffitsiyent diffuzii, razmery molekul i dr. V dannom
sluchaye, doplerovskiy sdvig chastoty i ushireniye liniy spektra ob"yasnyayetsya
brounovskim dvizheniyem, svoystvennym vsem fizicheskim telam. K takim
metodam otnosyat metody dinamicheskogo rasseivaniya sveta (foton-
korrelyatsionnuyu spektroskopiyu), lazernuyu doplerovskuyu mikrometriyu i
drugiye. K tipichnym makroparametram, kotoryye predstavlyayut klinicheskiy
interes, otnosyat skorosti zhidkostnykh i gazovykh potokov, a takzhe skorosti
dvizheniya biologicheskikh struktur. Metody, kotoryye ispol'zuyut v dannom
napravlenii: lazernaya doplerovskaya anemometriya (floumetriya), velosimetriya i
vibrometriya. Lazernaya doplerovskaya anemometriya. Lazernaya doplerovskaya
anemometriya (LDA) yavlyayetsya metodom izmereniya skorosti i napravleniya
potokov gazov i zhidkostey na osnove registratsii chastoty rasseyannogo
chastitsami lazernogo izlucheniya. V meditsine naiboleye chasto primenyayetsya
pri transkutannom izmerenii mikrotsirkulyatsiy krovi v sosudakh v rezhime
real'nogo vremeni, kak pokazatel' fizicheskoy, medikamentoznoy i ekologicheskoy
nagruzki (lazernaya doplerovskaya floumetriya), a takzhe pri izmereniya
krovotoka setchatki. Shiroko rasprostraneny sistemy s primeneniyem odnogo ili
dvukh lazernykh puchkov
Ещё
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Результаты перевода
From the point of view of the object of research, it is advisable to distinguish
between methods evaluation of micro and macroparameters. Some of the most
common microparameters, which are determined in the course of biomedical
research, are: diffusion coefficient, molecular sizes, etc. In this case, the Doppler
frequency shift and broadening of spectrum lines are explained by Brownian
motion inherent in all physical bodies. These methods include methods of dynamic
light scattering (photon correlation spectroscopy), laser Doppler micrometry, and
others. Typical macro parameters that are of clinical interest include the velocities
of liquid and gas flows, as well as the velocities of movement of biological
structures. Methods that are used in this direction: laser Doppler anemometry
(flowmetry), velocimetry and vibrometry. Laser Doppler Anemometry. Laser
Doppler Anemometry (LDA) is a measurement technique velocity and direction of
flows of gases and liquids based on the registration of the frequency of laser
radiation scattered by particles. In medicine, it is most often used for
transcutaneous measurement of blood microcirculation in blood vessels in real
time, as an indicator of physical, medical and environmental stress (laser Doppler
flowmetry), as well as for measuring retinal blood flow. Systems with one or two
laser beams are widely used.
 3 SPECIAL CASE OF APPLICATION - DOPPLEROGRAPHY

auto_awesome
Язык оригинала: украинский
3 305 / 5 000

Результаты перевода
On the current day, ultrasound dopplerography is a significant addition to the
medical field. The method of Doppler ultrasound (USG) is used to detect changes
in frequency and to ultrasound (Doppler ultrasound), which is generated from a
lumpy middle, including those from the erythrocytes in the blood [1]. The
frequency of the Doppler dysfunction is proportional to the speed of blood flow in
the vessels and the bottom of the vessel and the sensor. UZDG allows a non-
invasive method to conduct a lineal fluidity of the blood flow directly in the
superficially rooted vessels, including in extracranial forms of sleepy and spinal
arteries. It is possible for people to become ill in their own time, as they are most
likely to get sick, so they are hard-pressed to wear them. Continuous wave Doppler
(CW-Doppler) was the first (at an early stage of development of ultrasonic
Doppler systems) by using the Doppler method. In the CW mode, sinusoidal
signals are received with a great triviality of exo-signals, which are processed in
the system, as it is interrupted in hours. The reason is that it is necessary to change
the Doppler frequency on the endurance intervals, but not to overstep 5 ÷ 10 ms. In
general, it is unwise to assess the change in the spectrum of blood flow rates in
hours at the early phases of the heart cycle, so that the principle of "in real time" is
not implemented. Pulsed Wave Doppler (PW). The main method of processing, in
the context of a continuous and flexible Doppler, is the manifestation of individual
health in terms of glybin. It is good to see that for rejection of two-world acoustic
images (B-exograms) in ultrasound scanners, we will be able to promote impulse
signals. When the number is shorter in the hour of impulse, it is more beautifully
distributed in terms of glybin, for later it is different in terms of length
(longitudinal resolution) By the way, with the mind of Rao-Kramer [2], it is
possible to adjust the accuracy of the estimate of the middle frequency, to increase
the triviality of the Doppler signal from the elementary ultrasound, and change its
frequency modulation. It is shown on the basis of the visibility of the doppler
signal from the line stream in the case of continuous mode, but the width of the
spectrum of the Doppler signal from the line of the line in the continuous mode
does not lie in a wide range of clay for a wide range of clay to fill up a wide range
of clay. of the spectrum of the Doppler signal's pressure to appear as an invariable
way of probing and to start with the parameters of the system, and the physical
characteristics of the pre-juvenile middle. The variability of the spectrum width
does not just forgive the vibration of the optimal parameters of the impulse-
Doppler system, but also ensures the stability of the robot in reaching a wide range
of working glybin / When developing the transmission functions of
p'zopertvoryuvachiv in the main vikorystovuyutsya method of hvilyovy
ryvnyannya (іnsha name - the method of potential), and the method of equivalent
schemes. Logical advances in the method of equivalent schemes є the
manifestation of a piezoelectric re-transformation in the viglyadit of the electro-
mechanical chatropolis, which is victorious in the given robots.
 CONCLUSION

So, the main idea of this research was to highlight the practical implementation of
the Doppler effect in modern science studies. Processing the information
concerning the topic, conclusions made appeared to be not only confirming, but
also expanding the assigned aim.
The Doppler effect is a theoretical law derived from practical research. The
propagation of waves in different media is not only the subject of study of modern
science, but also an area with fairly wide areas of application.
If the area outside the world in open space was explored for use first, then research
at the micro-level of the human body and its components was as obvious as it was
remote in discovery, in comparison with the study of space. This theory should not
be surprising because of the obviousness of the inaccessibility and obscurity of
space in the eyes of the common man. But from the work done, we can safely say
that the Doppler effect is already there and can become an even more revolutionary
way of non-invasive examination of human organs to identify and remove life-
threatening diseases and injuries.
as for the study of the human body directly, an analysis of the scientific method
based on the ultrasound aspect - Doppler ultrasonography was carried out.
The principles of continuous and pulse-wave Doppler devices were considered,
their disadvantages and advantages were revealed, and the possibilities of
increasing the efficiency of medical diagnostics based on Doppler effect were
considered. The choice of optimal piezoelectric transducer parameters pulses of the
required duration.
 LITERATURE

1. Тарасова И. Б. Информационно-технологическая компетентность
студентов / И. Б. Тарасова // Изд. ун-та им. А.И. Герцена. – 2006. – № 7. – С.
148– 160.
2. The search for Christian Doppler / Alec Eden – Wien: Springer-
Verlag, 1992 .