E

xpe
ri
men
tNo
.-1
3

Ai
m:De
ter
min
ati
onofp
art
i
ti
onc
o-ef
fi
ci
en
tofa
cet
i
cac
id
b
etwee
nn-bu
tan
olan
dwat
er

Th
eor
y:-

Wh enas yst
emc onsi
stofp art
swh i
chh aved if
feren
tp hysi
ca lpr
op er
ti
es( p
erhaps
al
sod i
ffe
rentchemical
p r
opert
ies)andwh i
cha reseparatedb yb oundi
ngs ur
faces,
th
e nthats y
stemi scall
edh eter
o ge
neo u
ss yst
em.I nah eterogeneouss ystem,
whenas o l
ut
eiss h
a k
enwi thtwoi mmiscibl
es ol
venta ndifth es ol
uteiss o
lubl
ein
boththes o
lve
nts,itwil
ldi
stri
butesits
elfb etweent h
et wos o l
ventsinac co
rdance
withNernstDist
ri
buti
onL aw.Th el a
ws ay s“ Thec oncentrat
iono ft hes olut
e
di
str
ibu
tedb etweent wop ha
ses( t
woi mmi sci
b l
es ol
vents)a te q u
il
i
bri
uma ta
const
antt e
mp e
ratur
eb earaf i
xedr ati
oc al
ledp ar
ti
ti
o nco-effi
ciento rdi
stri
buti
on
co-ef
fi
cient
(Kd=C 1/
C2).
C1andC2 refertothec oncentrat
ionso ft hesolu
teint woi mmi sci
bl
es ol
v ent
s
1
and2r espect
iv
ely.
Thev a
lueofp ar
ti
ti
onc o-
e f
fic
ient(Kd)iscon st
anta ndindependento fthea mo un
t
ofsol
utep r
ovi
dedthetemp er
aturerema i
nsc onstan
t.
Nernstals
op oin
tedo uta nimp or
tantlimitat
ionint hed i
stri
buti
o nlaw.Ift he
sol
uteunderg
oesd i
ssoc
iat
ionora ssoci
ati
o nina nyoneo fthep ha s
e s(mediu
m)t he
di
str
ibu
tionl
awwi l
lnothol
dg ood.Th us,ifas olu
ter e
ma i
nsu nal
teredinon esol
v en
t
andundergoespart
iald
iss
o ci
at
iono rassoc i
ati
onina nother
,t her ati
oo ft h
et otal
concen
trati
onofthes o
lut
eint hetwop h aseswilln
otb econstant,b uttheratioof
th
ec oncentr
ati
ono fundi
ssoci
atedo ru nassoci
ateds ol
uteint het wos ol
ventswi l
l
re
ma i
nc onst
ant.Forexamp l
e,t hep ar
ti
tionc o-ef
fic
ientofb enzoica ci
db etween
watera ndbenzeneisg i
venb y
,K d =C 1/C2 asinb enze nelay erthereisa n
equi
l
ibr
i
umb e
tweend i
mme rsandmo nomerso fb enzoi
ca ci
d.B utinc aseo fo xal
i
c
aci
da n
da cet
icaci
db et
we enwa terando r
g ani
cs ol
venttheparti
ti
o nc o-
effi
ci
en t
[
Kd=C 1(1
-)/C]asinwa terla
y e
ra ci
ds uffersd i
ssoc
iati
ona ndi sthee xtentof
di
ssoci
ati
onwh i
chcanb eevalu
atedf romt hed i
ssoci
ati
onc onstantofa ci
d.B utinn
-but
anollayerthea ceti
ca ci
dr emai
nsu nal
tered.Th ere
fo ret hep arti
ti
onc o-
effi
ci
entofa ce
ti
ca ci
db e
twe enn- b
utanolan dwa t
erK d=C /(
1 1
-)C2wh ereC1a nd
C2a r
et heconcentr
ati
onso fa ceti
ca ci
db etweenn -but
ano landwa te
r.Ast he
exten
to fd i
sso
ciat
ion()isv erys mal
linc a s
eo fa ceti
ca cid,th ep a
rti
ti
onc o-
effi
ci
entofaceti
ca ci
dbetweenn -butanolandwa ter(Kd=C /
1C2).
Ap
par
atu
san
dRe
age
nts
:-

 Mi
cr
obu
ret
te a
cet
i
cac
idi
nn-b
uta
nol
sol
ut
i
on
 P i
pe
tte(5ml
) pu
ren-but
anol
B e
aker(1
00ml) di
sti
l
l
edwater
 Con
ic
alfl
ask(1
00ml) s
tan
dar
d0.1(N)Na
OHs o
lu
ti
on
S t
opperbot
tl
e(1
2 5
ml) p
henol
ph
tha
le
ini
ndi
cat
or
 Me
asuri
ngcyl
i
nder(
10ml&1
00ml
)
S e
parat
in
gf u
nnel
 Me
chani
cals
haker

P
roc
edu
re:
-

S
tep
-1:
-0.
1(N
)Na
OHs
ol
ut
i
oni
spr
ovi
de
d.

S
tep
-2:
-As
ol
ut
i
ono
fac
eti
cac
idi
nn-
but
ano
lan
dpu
ren
-bu
tan
oli
spr
ovi
de
d.

S
tep-3:
-L ab
el
in
go ft
hre
estop
per
db o
ttl
esbyI
,II
,II
Iandt
henpr
epar
ati
onof
f
ol
lo
wingset
sofcompo
si
ti
onb
ye x
actmeas
ure
men
tsus
ingmea
sur
i
ngcy
li
nd
er(1
0ml
a
nd100ml)
.

Vol
umeo f Vol
umeof Vo
lu
meo f
B
ott
l
eNo
. acet
icac
id p
uren
-buta
nol wate
r To
tal
vol
ume
s
ol
uti
oni
nn- (ml
) (
ml) (
ml)
but
anol
(ml
)
I 30 0 70 1
00
I
I 25 5 70 1
00
I
I
I 20 1
0 70 1
00

Ste
p-4:
-S t
opperth
ebott
l
ep r
oper
l
yandshaket
hembyusi
ngmec
han
ic
alsh
ake
r.
Al
l
owt h
eb o
ttl
estosta
ndfor10mi
nut
es.Twola
yer
s,th
eu pp
ero
neorg
ani
cand
th
elowero
neaqueou
ssepa
rate
doutco
mp l
et
el
y.

Step
-5:-Byu s
in
gas epa
rati
ngf
unne
lcol
le
cttheaqueou
slayerandorg
ani
cla
yer
se
p a
rat
el
yinthespeci
fi
edla
bel
edbeake
r.Now,p i
pet
teout5ml o
fo r
gani
cl
ayeri
n
a100mlcon
icalf
l
ask,add20mldi
st
il
l
edwaterand1-
2dropspheno
lph
thal
ei
ni
ndi
cat
or
i
ntoit
.Shaketheconi
cal
fla
skpr
oper
lyandti
tr
ateagai
nst0.1
(N)NaOHsol
uti
on
ta
keninamicrob
uret
te.Col
ourch
angeattheendpoi
ntwil
lbecol
ourl
es
stopin
k.
Theti
tr
ati
onisrep
eate
dt woti
mestogetac o
ncord
antread
ing.Thenfol
l
owthe
sa
mep ro
cedureaft
erpi
pett
in
gout5mlofaqueousl
ayer
.

R
esu
lta
ndCa
lc
ul
at
io
ns:
-
Te
mpe
rat
ur
eoft
hee
xpe
ri
men
t=

Ta
bl
e-
1:-De
ter
min
ati
ono
fco
nce
ntr
ati
ono
fac
eti
cac
idi
ntwol
ay
ers

Bot
tl
e No.of Pi
pet
te B
ure
tte Vo
lu
meo f Mean
N
o.and Ob
ser
vat
i
on R
eadi
ng Readi
ng NaOH Volu
meo f
Lay
er (
ml) I
ni
ti
al Finl r
a equ
ir
ed Na
OH(ml)
(
ml) ( ml)
I
AQ 1 5 (
V2)
2 5
3 5
I
IAQ 1 5 (V4)
2 5
3 5
I
I
IAQ 1 5 (V6)
2 5
3 5
I
ORG 1 5 (
V1)
2 5
3 5
I
I
ORG 1 5 (V3)
2 5
3 5
II
I
ORG 1 5 (V5)
2 5
3 5
Pa r
tit
ionco-
effi
ci
ento
face
ti
caci
dbet
wee nn-b
uta
nolan
dwa te
r
[K
d(
I)=C /
1C2V1/V2]
b
otht hec a
sessameN a
OHhasbee
nt a
kent oneu
tr
al
izeace
ti
ca ci
d.He
nceV1is
t
hev olu
meo fNaOHrequ
ir
edf
oror
gan
icl
ayerandV2foraq
ueousl
ayer
.

K
d(
I
I)V/
3V4(
sup
pos
e)a
ndK
d(
I
I)V
I /
5 V6(
sup
pos
e)

.
P
rec
aut
i
ons
:-
1
.Thestopperbot
tl
essh o
ul
dbestr
ongl
ycle
anedanddri
ed.
2.Thestop
pershoul
db eti
gh
tenoug
hd u
ri
ngshaki
ng.
3.Pr
efera
bl
yg l
ass
,n otther
ubb
erstopp
ersho
u l
dbeusedasor
gan
icr
eag
ent
canr
eactwit
hwa ter
.
4.Dur
in
gs ep
a r
ati
ononelaye
rmustnotbecon
tamin
atedwit
hoth
er.
5
.Lo o
senth
estop
peraf
ters
hak
in
ginor
dert
ore
le
asepre
ssu
re,i
fan
y,d
eve
lo
ped
d
uri
ngthep
roce
ssofsh
aki
ngoft
hecon
ten
tsi
nth
eb o
ttl
es
.

Co
ncl
us
io
n:-
K
d(
I
)= , K d(
I
I
)= , K d
(I
I
I)=
Kd
()≈K
I d
()≈K
I
I d(
I
I
I)

 K
dva
lu
eso
fal
lthr
eebo tt
l
esa rea
lmo
sts
ame.