CONTENT

SUBJECT/SUBJECT CODE-4030410/ ELECTRICAL MACHINES II

1. NOTES OF LESSON INDEX PAGE

2. NOTES OF LESSON (VIDEO LINK,PPTLINK ATTACHED IN THE INDEX

PAGE) PREPARED BY:

1.Mr.B.MOHANKUMAR
 NOTES OF LESSON –INDEX PAGE

YEAR SECOND YEAR SEMESTER IV SEMESTER

SUBJECT/SUBJECT CODE Electrical Machines – II /4030410 SCHEME N-SCHEME

UNIT-I-ALTERNATOR PRINCIPLES AND CONSTRUCTION

S.N TOPIC REFER VIDEO PRESENTATION PPT ANY

O. TEXT OTHER
BOOK
NAME
Basic principle of alternators https://www.youtube.com/watc
1
– Types of alternators h?v=YkHhFho6L2Y
Stationary armature rotating
field – advantages of
rotating field – Construction A Textbook https://www.youtube.com/watc
2. of Electrical
details of alternator – Salient h?v=xRpWuYyUuyY
pole rotor, Cylindrical type Technology -
rotor Volume II
Types of A.C. armature B.L. Theraja https://www.youtube.com/watc
3.
windings h?v=wex3ZenASl0
Types of slots – Full pitch
4.
and short pitched windings
Phase spread angle and
5. https://www.youtube.com/watc
effect of distribution factor
h?v=rusquXYezNA
6. pitch factor
relation between frequency,
7.
speed and number of poles
https://www.youtube.com/watc NIL NIL
8. EMF equation – Problems
h?v=J85eybdH25k
Electrical
methods of obtaining sine https://www.youtube.com/watc
9. Technology
wave h?v=pnp-7146wSY
Edward
10. Critical speed of rotor
Hughes
Ventilation of turbo https://www.youtube.com/watc
11.
alternators h?v=u0ShvEquaoA
advantages ofhydrogen
https://www.youtube.com/watc
12. cooling and its precaution –
h?v=EVE4JK8zFbM
excitation and exciters.
 UNIT-II-ALTERNATOR PERFORMANCE AND TESTING

S.N TOPIC REFER TEXT VIDEO PPT ANY

O. BOOK NAME PRESENTATION OTHER
Load characteristics of
1. alternators – reason for
change in terminal
voltage
Qualitative treatment of
armature reaction for various A Textbook of
2.
power factor loads – Electrical
effective resistance Technology -
leakage reactance – Volume II
3. synchronous reactance, B.L. Theraja
synchronous impedance
4. Voltage regulation
Determination of voltage
regulation by synchronous
5.
impedance method (simple
problems)-
MMFmethod NIL E-BOOK
6. NIL
– potier method
Necessity and conditions for
7. parallel operation of
alternators Electrical
synchronizing by dark lamp Technology
8. Edward Hughes
method, bright lamp method
dark - bright lamp method
9.
and synchroscope method
synchronizing current,
10.
synchronizing power
11. synchronizing torque
load sharing of alternators,
12.
Infinite bus bar
 UNIT-III-THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
S.NO. TOPIC REFER VIDEO PPT ANY OTHER
TEXT PRESENTATION
BOOK
NAME
Rotating magnetic field
1.
Principle of operation of
2. three phase induction
motors
slip and slip frequency –
comparison between cage
3. and slip ring induction
motors
slip-torque characteristics
4. – stable and unstable
region A Textbook
no load test and blocked of Electrical
5. rotor test Technology -
development of Volume II
6. approximate equivalent B.L. Theraja
circuit
problems on the above
7. topics
simplified circle diagram –
determination of
8. maximum torque, slip
(problems not required)
starting torque and starting
9. current expression
relationship between NIL
10. starting torque and full Electrical NIL E-BOOK
load torque Technology
speed control of induction Edward
11. motors. Hughes
Starters of induction
12. motors – direct on line
starter
13. star delta starter

14. auto transformer starter

-rotor resistance starter
cogging –crawling in
15. induction motor
double cage induction
16. motor-induction generator.
 UNIT-IV-SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR & SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

S.N TOPIC REFER VIDEO PRESENTATION PPT ANY

O. TEXT OTH
BOOK ER
NAME

single phase induction

motors not self starting
methods of making it
selfstarting https://www.youtube.com/watch?
1..
construction,working v=8QB0P9HWL7Q
principle
–phasor diagram-slip torque
characteristics- split phase A Textbook
motor of Electrical
capacitor motor Technology
-Volume II https://www.youtube.com/watch?
2. shaded pole motor
B.L. Theraja v=Uity_1XDLZ4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
repulsion motor - universal v=XlZo7YlP_D0
3.
motor https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=1T_SQIO-1Xg
Operation of three phase motor https://www.youtube.com/watch?
4.
with single phase supply v=mrC2NksYwcQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
Principle of operation –not self v=w7EW6_KjWxY
5.
starting – methods of starting https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=iOvlQ5BhZcI
NIL NIL
effects of excitation on Electrical
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
6. armature current and Technology
v=6zHlsyTm3oI
power factor Edward
‘V’ curve and inverted ‘V” Hughes https://www.youtube.com/watch?
7.
curve of synchronous motor v=SHk49rSvVp8
the phenomenon of hunting
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
8. and prevention of hunting by
v=ODXEsqUytDQ
damper winding
comparison between
synchronous motor and three
9. phase induction motor - https://www.youtube.com/watch?
applications v=vh6lxv8jMrg
-problems on power factor
improvement
 UNIT-V- MAINTENANCE OF INDUCTION MOTORS AND STARTERS
S.NO TOPIC REFER VIDEO PRESENTATION PPT ANY
. TEXT BOOK OTHER
NAME
BIS Publication
Dealing with The
Code of Practice of
1.
Induction Motors
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
and Starters
TWUyWDydB-E
Classification of
2. Cage Motor
.
Continuous Rating https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
3. and Intermittent t8PNGF5hsME
Rating
Various Types of A Textbook of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
4. Electrical
Enclosures UFQiKO69lwM
Specifications of Technology - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
5. Motors – Selecting Volume II 2mrTZvZ8Yb0
the Cable Rating B.L. Theraja
Single Phase https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
Prevention using bZ2NJ_WOswU
6.
Current Operated
Relay
Commissioning - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
Annual sQV92yBpIQQ
Maintenance https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
7. NIL NIL
Selection of 7UzGZpgQZwQ
Starters of
Induction Motor
Common Induction Electrical https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
8. Motor Troubles Technology Zkbn62GALgI
and their Remedies Edward
Hughes
Causes of Noise https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
9.
and Vibration 8RXu1f3Z9po
Care of Bearings
Static Balancing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
10.
ZSvrbMCx6Lo
Degreasing – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
11. Vacuum cj1rJ83VkFQ
Impregnation
Varnishing – Effect https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
of Unbalanced UYe-C_j4F9k
12. Supply on the
Performance of
Induction Motor
 UNIT-II

ALTERNATOR PERFORMANCE AND TESTING

Load characteristics of alternators:
As the load of an alternator is varied, its terminal voltage is also found to vary. This
variation in terminal voltage is due to the following reasons
 Voltage drop due to armature resistance Ra
 Voltage drop due to armature leakage reactance XL

Voltage drop due to armature reaction

Fig: 2.1
A load characteristic of an alternator is the relation between the terminal voltage and the load
current keeping the field excitation and speed as constant. The variation of terminal voltage also depends
on the power factor of the load. With unity power factor load, there is a moderate voltage drop. But if
there load has a lagging power factor this voltage drop is considerably increased. On the other hand, a
load having a leading power factor has the reverse effect. If the load current leads the voltage by sufficient
angle, the voltage drop may actually be converted into a voltage rise. The load characteristics curves for
different power factors are shown in fig 2.1
Reason for change in terminal voltage or causes of voltage drop in
alternators
When the armature current increases, the terminal voltage drops due to the following reasons.
•
Voltage drop due to armature effective resistance (Reff) of the armature winding.
•
Voltage drop due to armature leakage reactance (XL).
•
Voltage drop due to armature reaction.
Armature reaction of alternators on load at various power factors
The armature winding of an alternator carries current only when the alternator is loaded. At no-load,
there will be no current flowing through the armature winding. In alternators under loaded condition,
there are two fluxes present in the air-gap. They are
• Flux due to the field ampere turns
• Flux due to the current flowing through the armature winding
That is, when the armature carries the load current, an armature flux (фa) is produced in the
armature winding and is also present in the airgap. There is already another flux due to field current that is
also present in the air-gap. Now there are two fluxes present in the air gap. But actually the machine
needs only the fluxes due to field ampere turns only.
The effect of armature flux due to armature current over the main field flux is called
armature reaction. This effect can be in the following forms.
They are
• The armature flux will produce a distortion over the field flux
• The armature flux will oppose the main field flux (or) will aid the main
flux. The above said armature reaction effects depends upon the p.f of the
load.

Fig 2.2 Unity p.f

Consider the load of the alternator as resistive and for which the p.f is unity. That is the load
current is in phase with the terminal voltage V. at unity p.f, armature flux cross magnaetising. i..e at
unity
p.f of the load, the main flux and the armature flux are as shown in Fig 2.2

Fig 2.3 Zero p.f lagging

The result is that the flux at the leading pole tips of the pole is reduced. While it is increased at
the trailing pole tips. Hence these two effects are more or less off set each other. Hence the filed strength
is constant. Under unity p.f load, the armature reaction is distortional.
Consider the load of the alternator as pure inductive, and for which the p.f is zero lagging. That is
the load current lags the terminal voltage by an angle 90 0 . At zero p.f lagging load, the armature flux is in
direct opposition to the main flux as shown in Fig 2.3. So the main flux is decreased. For zero p.f lagging,
the armature reaction is demagnetizing. It weakens the main flux. So less emf is generated. To keep the
generated emf constant, field excitation has to be increased, in order to compensate the weaken flux.

Fig 2.4 Zero p.f leading

Consider the load of the alternator is pure capacitive, and for which the p.f is zero leading. That
is the load current leads the terminal voltage V by an angle 900. At zero p.f leading, the armature
flux is in phase with the main flux as shown in Fig 2.4. The armature flux
 added with the main flux and hence the flux is increased. Here the armature reaction effect is
magnetizing. Due to increasing of flux, the generated emf is increased. Hence to keep the generated emf
constant, the field excitation has to be reduced in order to compensate the increasing flux.

Fig 2.5 Intermediate power factor

If the p.f the load is intermediate (say 0.7 p.f lagging) the armature reaction effect is partly
distortion and partly demagnetising. The effect is shown in Fig 2.5
Effective Resistance, Reff:
The effective resistance of the armature is the resistance offered by the armature winding for a
alternating current. It is greater than the D. C resistance due to skin effect. R eff is usually assumed to be
1.6RDC. the voltage drop due to this resistance (IReff) is very low compared to other voltage drops.
2.4.1 Armature Resistance:
The armature resistance/phase Ra causes a voltage drop/phase of IRa which is in - phase with the
armature current I. However, this voltage drop is practically negligible.
Armature Leakage Reactance:
When current flows through the armature conductors, fluxes are set up which do not cross
the air- gap, but take different paths. Such fluxes are known as leakage fluxes. The
leakage flux is practically independent of saturation, but is dependent on I and its phase angle with
terminal voltage V. This leakage flux sets up an emf. of self-inductance which is known as reactance
emf. and which is ahead of I by 90°.
Hence, armature winding is assumed to possess leakage reactance X L (also known as Potier
reactance XP) such that voltage drops due to this equals IX L. A part of the generated emf is used up in
overcoming this reactance emf.
Synchronous Reactance Xs:
The synchronous reactance of an alternator is a fictitious reactance. It is equivalent to a reactance
value, which is equal to the combined effects of the armature leakage reactance, X L and a fictitious
inductive reactance to represents the armature reaction Xa, synchronous reactance XS is equal to (XL + Xa)
Synchronous Impedance, ZS :
The effective value of armature resistance R eff and synchronous reactance combined together is
called synchronous impedance, ZS. it is the vector sum of armature resistance and the synchronous
reactance
ZS = ohms.
Voltage Regulation:
It is clear that with change in load, there is a change in terminal voltage of an alternator. The
magnitude of this change depends not only on the load but also on the load power factor.
 The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as “the rise in voltage when full-load is removed
(field excitation and speed remaining the same) divided by the rated terminal voltage.”

Determination of Voltage Regulation:

In the case of small machines, the regulation may be found by direct loading. The procedure is as
follows:
The alternator is driven at synchronous speed and the terminal voltage is adjusted to its rated
value V. The load is varied until the wattmeter and ammeter indicate the rated values at desired p.f. Then
the entire load is thrown off while the speed and field excitation are kept constant. The open-circuit or no-
load voltage E0 is read. Hence, regulation can be found from

In the case of large machines, the cost of finding the regulation by direct loading becomes
expensive. Hence, other indirect methods are used as discussed below. It will be found that all these
methods differ mainly in the way the no-load voltage E0 is found in each case.
• Synchronous Impedance or E.M.F. Method
• The Ampere-turn or M.M.F. Method
• Zero Power Factor or Potier Method
All these methods require:
1. Armature (or stator) resistance R
a
2.
Open-circuit/No-load characteristic.
3.
Short-circuit characteristic (but zero power factor lagging characteristic for Potier method).

To find the Value of Ra:

Armature resistance Ra per phase can be measured directly by voltmeter and ammeter method or
by using Wheatstone bridge. However, under working conditions, the effective value of Ra is increased
due to ‘skin effect’. The value of Ra so obtained is increased by 60% or so to allow for this effect.
Generally, a value 1.6 times the d.c. value is taken.
Open circuit characteristics
The open –circuit characteristics or magnetization curve is really the B-H curve of the complete
magnetic circuit of the alternator. But it is usual to plot the curve with exciting current in X-axis and the
terminal voltage in Y-axis. The test is carried out on open circuit maintaining the speed of the machine at
normal.
 Fig 2.6
The connection in diagram for the open –circuit characteristics (O.C.C) is shown in fig.2.6 the
armature terminals are left open circuited and a voltmeter is connected to show the induced emf . The
ammeter connected shows the field excitation of the alternator. For various field current the induced emfs
are noted and plotted the open-circuit characteristics as shown fig
.2.7

Fig 2.7
2.8.3 Short –circuit characteristics
The short –circuit characteristics, as its name implies, refers to the behavior of the alternator
when its armature is short circuited. The connection diagram for conducting the short
–circuit test is shown in fig 2.8. The armature terminals are short circuited through an ammeter to show
the short circuit current. Another ammeter is connected in the field circuit of the alternator to show the
field excitation.
 Fig: 2.8
The alternator is allowed to run at rated speed. The filed current is gradually increased till the
armature current reaches its rated value. The small induced emf in the armature is equal to the voltage
drop in the winding itself. This induced emf is required to circulate the short – circuit current through the
armature windings.
The armature short- circuit current and the filed current are found to be proportional to each other
over a wide range as shown in fig 2.9 .So the short –circuit characteristics (S.C.C) is a straight line.

Fig: 2.9
Synchronous Impedance Method:
Following procedural steps are involved in this method:
1. O.C.C is plotted from the given data as shown in Fig. 2.10 (a).
2. Similarly, S.C.C. is drawn from the data given by the short-circuit test. It is a straight line
passing through the origin. Both these curves are drawn on a common field-current base.

Consider a field current I f. The O.C. voltage corresponding to this field current is E 1. When
winding is short-circuited, the terminal voltage is zero. Hence, it may be assumed that the whole of this
voltage E1 is being used to circulate the armature short-circuit current I 1 against the synchronous
impedance ZS.

3. Since Ra can be found as discussed earlier

4. Knowing Ra and XS, vector diagram as shown in Fig. 2.10 (b) can be drawn for any load and any
power factor.

Fig.2.10 (a) OCC & SCC

 Fig.2.10 (b) Vector Diagram

Here

or

This method is not accurate because the value of ZS so found is always more than its value under
normal voltage conditions and saturation. Hence, the value of regulation so obtained is always more than
that found from an actual test. That is why it is called pessimistic method. The value of ZS is not constant
but varies with saturation.

At low saturation, its value is larger because then the effect of a given armature ampere- turns is
much more than at high saturation. Now, under short-circuit conditions, saturation is very low,
because armature m.m.f. is directly demagnetizing. Different values of ZS corresponding to different
values of field current are also plotted in Fig. 2.10 (a).

The value of ZS usually taken is that obtained from full-load current in the short-circuit test. Here,
armature reactance Xa has not been treated separately but along with leakage reactance XL..
The operation of connecting an alternator in parallel with another alternator or with
common bus- bars is known as synchronizing.
Generally, alternators are used in a power system where they are in parallel with many other
alternators. It means that the alternator is connected to a live system of constant voltage and constant
frequency. Often the electrical system, to which the alternator is connected, has already so many
alternators and loads connected to it that no matter what power is delivered by the incoming alternator, the
voltage and frequency of the system remain the same. In that case, the alternator is said to be connected to
infinite bus-bars.
Example 2.1 The effective resistance of a 2200 V, 50Hz, 440KVA, single phase alternator is 0.5Ω. On
short circuit, a field current of 40 A gives the full load current of 200 A .The emf on open circuit with
the same field current excitation is 1160V. Calculate the synchronous impedance and reactance.
Solution:

Synchronous impedance,

Synchronous impedance,

Synchronous reactance,

Example 2.2 The effective armature resistance and synchronous reactance of a 60 KVA, star
connected. 440V, 3-phase, 50 Hz alternator are 0.2Ω and 3Ω per phase respectively. Determine the
percentage voltage regulation on full load at unity power factor.
Solution:

Terminal voltage per phase

Full load current

Induced emf per phase, Eo V cos   IR a 2 V sin   IX S 2

254  1  78.72  0.2 2  254  0  78.72 

358.5 Volts
 Percentage of voltage regulation Eo  V
 100
V

358 .5  254
254  100  41%

Example 2.3 A 550V, 55 KVA, single phase alternator has an effective resistance of 0.2Ω. A field current
of 10A produces an armature current of 200A on short circuit and an emf of 450V on open circuit.
Calculate (1) the synchronous impedance and reactance (2) the full load regulation with 0.8 power
factor lagging.
Solution:

Full load current

Synchronous impedance,

Synchronous reactance,

Induced emf per phase, Eo

V cos   IR a 2 V sin   IX S 2

550  0.8  100  0.2 2  550  0.6  100 

720 volts
Eo  V
Percentage of  100
voltage V
regulation

720  550
 100  30.92%
550
Example 2.4 Determine the voltage regulation of a 2000V, single phase alternator giving a current of
100 A at 0.71 power factor lagging from the following test results.

Test Results: Full load current of 100 A is produced on short circuit by a

field current of 2.5 A; an emf of 500V is produced on open circuit by the
same excitation. Armature resistance is 0.8Ω.

Solution:

Synchronous impedance,

Synchronous reactance,

Induced emf per phase, Eo

V cos   IR a 2 V sin   IX  S 2

2000  0.71  100  0.8 2  2000  0.71  100 

2431.7 Volts
Eo  V
Percentage of  100
voltage V
regulation

2431 .7  2000
2000  100  21 .58 %

Example 2.5 A 60 KVA, 220V, 50Hz, 1- φ alternator has effective armature resistance of 0.016Ω and an
armature leakage reactance of 0.07Ω . Compute the voltage induced in armature when the alternator
is delivering rated current at a load power factor of (a) unity (b)
0.7 lagging (c) 0.7 leading.
Solution:

Full load current

At unity power
Induced emf per phase, Eo V  IR aL 2 IX 2
 Eo 220  272 .2  0.016 2  272 .2 

225 V

At 0.7 lagging p.f Induced

V cos   IRa 2  V sin   2
emf per phase, Eo L

220  0.7  272 .2  0.016 2  220  0.7  272 .2 

235 Volts

At 0.7 leading p.f Induced

V cos   IRa 2  V sin  2 
emf per phase, Eo L

220  0.7  272 .2  0.016 2  220  0.7  272 .2 

208 lts

Example 2.6 Find the synchronous impedance and reactance of an alternator in which a given field
current produces an armature current of 200 A on short circuit and a generated emf of 50 V on open
circuit. The armature resistance is 0.1Ω. To what induced voltage must the alternator be excited if it is
to deliver a load of 100 A at a p.f. of 0.8 lagging. With terminal voltage of 200V

Solution:
Synchronous impedance,

Synchronous reactance,

Induced emf per phase, Eo

V cos   IR a 2 V sin   IX  S 2
 200  0.8  100  0.12  200  0.6  100 

222 lts

Example 2.7 Determine the voltage regulation of a 2000V, single phase alternator giving a current of
100 A at (i) unity p.f (ii) 0.8 leading p.f (iii) 0.71 lagging p.f from the following test results.

Test Results: Full load current of 100 A is produced on short circuit by a field
current of 2.5 A; an emf of 500V is produced on open circuit by the same
excitation. Armature resistance is 0.8Ω.

Solution:

Synchronous impedance,

Synchronous reactance,

At unity power factor Induced

emf per phase, Eo
V  IRa 2  IXs

2140 V 2000  100  0.8 2  100 

At 0.71 lagging p.f Induced

V cos   IRa 2  V sin  2 
emf per phase, Eo S

2432 Volts 2000  0.71  100  0.8 2  2000  0.71  100 

emf phase, Eo
per leading
At 0.8 p.f Induced

V cos   IRa 2  V sin  2 S 

 2000  0.8  100  0.8 2  2000  0.6  100 

1822 Volts

At Unity p.f
Eo  V
 100
Percentage of V
voltage
regulation

2140  2000
2000  100  7%

At 0.8 leading p.f

Eo  V
 100
Percentage of V
voltage
regulation

1820 
  9%
2000
100
200
0

At 0.71 lagging p.f

Eo  V
 100
Percentage of V
voltage
regulation
2432  2000
 100  21 .6%
2000

Example 2.8 A 100 KVA, 3000V, 50Hz, 3-phase star connected alternator has effective armature
resistance of 0.2Ω. The field current of 40 A produces short circuit current of 200 A and an open
circuit emf of 1040 V (line value). Calculate the full load voltage regulation at 0.8
p.f. lagging and 0.8 p.f leading.
Solution:

Synchronous impedance,

Synchronous reactance,
Full load current

Voltage per phase

(i) P.f 0.8 lagging

V cos   IR a 2 V sin   IX  S 2

At 0.8 lagging p.f Induced

emf per phase , Eo

1732  0.8  19.2  0.2 2  1732  0.6  19.2 

1770 Volts
At 0.8 lagging p.f
Eo  V

Percentage of
100
voltage
V
regulation
 100  2.2%
1770 
1730
173
0

(ii) At 0.8 leading p.f

V cos   IR a 2 V sin   IX S 2

At 0.8 leading p.f Induced

emf per phase, Eo

1730  0.8  19.2  0.2 2  1730  0.6  19.2 

1701.31 Volts
At 0.8 leading p.f Eo  V
 100
Percentage of V
voltage
regulation
 1701  1730
1730

 100  1.8%

Example 2.9 A 3 –phase star connected alternator is rated at 1600 KVA, 13500 V. the armature
resistance and synchronous reactance are 1.5Ω and 30Ω respectively per phase. Calculate the
percentage regulation for a load of 1280 KW at 0.8 leading power factor.
Solution:

Load current

Voltage per phase

At 0.8 leading p.f Induced

V cos   IRa 2  V sin   2
emf per phase, Eo S

7794  0.8  68.4  1.5 2  7794  0.6  68.4 

6860 Volts
Eo  V
At 0.8 leading p.f  100
V
Percentage of
voltage
regulation 6860  7795
 100  11.98%
7795

Example 2.10 A 3-phase, 10 KVA, 400 V, 50Hz, Y-connected alternator supplies the rated load at 0.8 p.f
lag. If armature resistance is 0.5Ω and synchronous reactance is 10 Ω. Find the voltage regulation.
Solution:

Full load current

Voltage per phase

At 0.8 lagging p.f Induced

emf per phase, Eo V cos   IRa 2  V sin  2 S 
 231  0.8  14.4  0.5 2  231  0.6  14.4 

342 Volts
Eo  V
At 0.8 lagging p.f  100
V
Percentage of
voltage
regulation 342  231
 100  48 %
231

Example 2.11 The following test results are obtained from a 3-phase ,600 KVA, 6600V, star connected
,2 pole, 50 Hz turbo alternator:

With a field current of 125 A, the open circuit voltage is 8000 V at the rated speed.
With the same field current and rated speed, the short- circuit current is 800 A. at
the rated full load, the resistance drop is 3 percent. Find the regulation of the
alternator on full load and at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.

Solution:
Synchrono
us
impedance,

Voltage per phase

Resistive drop 3% of 3810.5 V

114.3 V

Load current

IR 114.3

a 114.3/52.5 = 2.177Ω
Ra
 Synchronous reactance,

At 0.8 lagging p.f

V cos   IRa 2  V sin  2 
Induced emf per phase, S

Eo

3810  0.8  525  0.218 2  3810  0.6  525 

4073.23
Volts
At 0.8 lagging p.f
Eo  V
 100
Percentage of
V
voltage regulation

4073  3810
 100  6.89 %
3810

Example 2.12 A 3-phase 50 Hz star connected 2000 KVA, 2300 V alternator gives a short circuit
current of 600 A for a certain field excitation. With the same excitation, the open circuit voltage was
900 V. the resistance between a pair of terminals was 0.12Ω. Find full load regulation at (i) UPF (ii) 0.8
p.f lagging.
Solution:
Synchronous impedance,

Full load current

Resistance between the terminals is 0.12Ω . it is the resistance of two phase

connected in series Resistance /phase 0.12 / 2 = 0.06Ω

Effective resistance / phase 1.5

1.5

Synchronous reactance,

Voltage per phase

At unity power factor

V  IRa 2  IXs
Induced emf per phase, Eo

1328  502  0.06 2  502 

1425
V
Percentage of
voltage Eo  V

regulation
100
V   7.3%
100
1425 
At 0.8 lagging p.f Induced 1328
emf per phase, Eo 1328

V cos   IRa 2  V sin  2S 

1328  0.8  502  0.06 2  1328  0.6  502 

1644 Volts
Eo  V
At 0.8 lagging p.f  100
V
Percentage of
voltage
regulation 1643  1328
 100  23.7%
1328
Example 2.13 A 500 KVA, three phase, star connected alternator has a rated line to line terminal
voltage of 3300V. The resistance and synchronous reactance per phase are 0.3Ω and
4.0 Ω respectively. Calculate the voltage regulation at full load, 0.8 power factor lagging.
Solution:
Full load current

Voltage per phase

At 0.8 lagging p.f Induced

V cos   IRa 2  V sin  2 
emf per phase, Eo S

1905  0.8  87.5  0.32  1905  0.6  87.5 

2152 Volts/phase
Eo  V
At 0.8 lagging p.f  100
V
Percentage of
voltage
regulation 2152  1905
 100  12 .96 %
1905

Example 2.14 A 1200 KVA, 3300V, 50 Hz, three phase, star connected alternator has armature
resistance of 0.25Ω per phase. A field current of 40 A produces a short –circuit current of 200 A and
an open –circuit emf of 1100 V line to-line. Calculate the regulation on
(a) full load 0.8 power factor lagging; (b) full load 0.8 leading power factor
Solution:
Full load current

Voltage per phase

Synchronous impedance,

Synchronous reactance,
 (a) At 0.8 lagging p.f
Induced emf per
V cos   IRa 2  V sin  2 S 
phase, Eo
1905  0.8  210  0.25 2  1905  0.6  210 

2398 Volts

At 0.8 lagging p.f Eo  V

 100
V
Percentage of
voltage
regulation
2398  1905
 100  25.9%
1905

(b) At 0.8 leading p.f

V cos   IRa 2  V sin  2 S 
Induced emf per
phase, Eo
1905  0.8  210  0.25 2  1905  0.6  210 

1647 Volts
Eo  V
 100
At 0.8 leading p.f V

Percentage of
voltage
1647  1905
regulation  100  13 .54 %
1905

M.M.F. or Ampere-turn Method:

For determining the regulation of an alternator by Magneto Motive force (MMF)
method, the open circuit test and short circuit test are to be conducted on the
alternator.
In this method, the armature leakage reactance and the effect of armature reaction are treated as
mmf
The following steps are followed in this method for calculating the regulation
1. MMF in terms of field currents are calculated.
2. Field current (MMF) for the voltage of the vector sum of terminal voltage (V) and IR a drop
is found out from the O.C.C . Let this field current be If1.
 3. Rated armature current is known. Then from the S.C.C, the value of field current is found out
in order to produce the rated full load armature current on short circuit. Let this filed current
If2.
4. This is the field current or MMF necessary to send the rated current against the effect of
armature leakage reactance and the armature reaction.
5. The vector sum of the two field currents If1 and If2 are found out and let this value be Ifr.
6. For this current Ifr ,the corresponding e.m.f . on the open circuit characteristics is found out.
This e.m.f is the no load e.m.f of the alternator E.
7. Knowing the no load EMF E, the regulation can be calculated as

Fig 2.11 Shows the OC and SC characteristics and also the vector diagram for lagging
p.f load. For lagging p.f load the I f2 is drawn from If1 by an angle (90+θ) as shown in fig 2.12 (a). The
vector sum of If1 and If2 is Ifr . For this current Ifr , the corresponding e.m.f on the open circuit
characteristics is found out. This is no load emf (E)
Hence

Can be calculated for lagging p.f.

Fig 2.12
For leading p.f load , If2 is drawn from If1 by an angle (90-θ) as shown in Fig 2.12.(b) . the vector sum of
If1 and If2 is Ifr . for this current Ifr, the corresponding e.m.f on open circuit characteristics is found out.
This e.m.f is no load e.m.f (E) . Then the

can be calculated for leading p.f

Fig 2.13
 For unity p.f load ,I f2 is drawn 90o from If1 as shown in fig 2.13 the vector sum of I f1 and If2 is Ifr. For this
current Ifr, the corresponding e.m.f on O.C.C is found out. This e.m.f is no load e.m.f (E)
. Then the

Can be calculated for unity p.f

Zero Power Factor or potier Method

This method gives more accurate results since it is based on the separation of armature leakage
reactance drop and the armature reaction effects. The following experimental data is required in this
method:
(i) No –load or open circuit curve
(ii) Full –load zero power factor curve (S.C.C)
The circuit diagram to conducting this test is shown in fig 2.14
From (ii) the reduction in voltage due to armature reaction is found out and volltage drop due to
armature leakage reactance (also called potier reactance) X L is found from both (i) and (ii). By combining
the two, Eo can be calculated.
The above two curves are similar and displaced horizontally by the m.m.f due to armature reaction in
terms of the field current.

Zero power factor test

To conduct zero power factor test, the switch ‘S’ is kept closed. Due to this, a purely inductive
load is connected to the alternator through an ammeter. A purely inductive load has zero power factor
lagging (i.e cos90o). The machine speed is maintained constant at synchronous speed. Then by adjusting
the field current such that the voltmeter reads rated voltage and by varying the inductance of the load,
such that ammeter reads rated full load current.

Fig 2.14
In this test there is no need to obtain number of points to obtain the curve. Only two points are enough to
construct the zero power factor curve. This is the graph of terminal voltage against
 excitation when delivering full load zero power factor current.

Fig 2.15
Zero power factor, full-load voltage excitation characteristics can be drawn by knowing two points A
and P. point A is obtained from a short circuit test with full –load armature current. Hence OA represents
field current (Excitation) required to overcome demagnetizing effect of armature reaction and to balance
leakage reactance drop at full –load. Point P is obtained when full –load current flows through the
armature and wattmeter reading is zero. Zero power factor curve may be drawn as follows:
(i) From P draw line PQ equal and parallel to OA.
(ii) Through point Q draw a line parallel to initial straight part of O.C.C (parallel to OB),cutting the
O.C.C at R.
(iii) Join RQ and draw a perpendicular Line RS on PQ.
(iv) Impose the triangle PRS at various –points of O.C.C to obtain corresponding points on the zero
power factor curve.
In triangle PRS
Length RS represents leakage reactance drop (IXL)
Length PS represents armature reaction excitation. This shown in fig 2.15
Potier Regulation Diagram
Following is the procedure to draw potier regulation diagram:
(i) Draw OA horizontally to represent terminal voltage V on full load and OB to represent full load
current (I) at a given power factor
(ii) Draw AC (=IRa) ,voltage drop due to resistance (Ra) (if resistance is given)parallel to OB
(iii) Draw CD perpendicular to AC and equal to reactance drop
IXL. Now OD represents generated e.m.f E.
(iv) From O.C.C, find the field current I1 corresponding to this generated e.m.f E and draw OF (equal
to I1) perpendicular to OD. Draw FG parallel to load current OB (i.e . I) to represent
excitation (field current) equivalent to full load armature reaction.
OG gives total field current required.
(v) If the load is thrown off, then terminal voltage will be equal to generated e.m.f corresponding to
field excitation OG. Hence e.m.f Eo may be obtained from
 O.C.C corresponding to field excitation OG. Vector OJ will lag behind vector OG by 900 .
DJ represents voltage drop due to armature reaction.
Now regulation may be obtained from the following relation:

Necessity for Parallel Operation of Alternators:

If the load on a single alternator at a power station becomes more than the rating of alternator, it
becomes necessary to add another alternator in parallel to meet out the increasing load. For this reason,
total output of a power station is supplied with a number of alternator connected in parallel to a common
system of bus bars.

Condition for parallel operation:

• The terminal voltage of the incoming alternator must be the same as bus-bar voltage.
• The speed of the incoming machine must be such that its frequency (= PN/120) equals
bus- bar frequency.
• The phase sequence of the alternator voltage must be identical with the phase
sequence of the bus-bar voltage.
Advantages of Parallel operation:
• Increase the output capacity of a system beyond that of a single unit
• Serve as additional reserve power for expected demands
• Permit shutting down one machine and cutting in a standby machine without
interrupting power distribution.

Methods of Synchronizing:
There are three methods of synchronizing for parallel operation
• Dark lamp Method
• Bright Lamp Method
• Synchroscope Method
Synchronizing by Dark Lamp Method:
The connection for synchronizing a three phase alternator is shown in Fig 2.17 The alternator 1 is
already connected with the bus-bar and is supplying power factor to the external circuit. The
alternator 2 is the incoming alternator.
 Fig 2.17
The incoming alternator started and its speed is adjusted to its rated value. Its excitation is also
adjusted to generate its rated voltage. Voltmeter V 2 will indicate its voltage and voltmeter V1 will
indicate the bus-bar voltage. When the voltage V1 and V2 are equal, the condition 1 is satisfied.
The frequency of the incoming machine is adjusted to the bus-bar frequency by controlling the
speed of the alternator 2. This fulfils the condition 2. The phase sequence also checked as
mentioned above.
The synchronizing switch is closed at the middle of the lamps dark period. Now the incoming
machine is connected to the bus-bar. At this stage, the generated emf of the incoming machine is just
equal to the bus-bar voltage. It neither supply power nor receive power from the bus-bar, and the
alternator 2 is said to be “floating on the bus-bar”.
In dark lamp method, it is not possible to judge whether the incoming alternator is fast or slow.
Also, the lamp can be dark even though a small value of voltage may present across its terminals.
These are the disadvantages of dark lamp method. These disadvantage may not cause much in case of
slow speed alternators or small capacity alternators. But it may cause harm and disturbance in case of
high speed and large capacity alternators. The bright lamp method eliminates these difficulties.
Bright Lamp Method:

Fig 2. 18
In bright lamp method of synchronizing all three lamp connections have been reversed as
shown in fig 2.18. AS in dark lamp method, the incoming machine is started, voltage and frequency
are adjusted to bus-bar values. Phase sequence is checked by phase sequence indicator. Now the
lamps are flickering proportional to the difference in frequencies of bus- bar and the incoming
machine. The brightness of all the lamps are maximum when the voltages are in phase with the bus-
bar. The synchronizing switch is closed at the middle period of the brightest period and thus the
alternator is synchronized.

Two dark one bright Lamp method:

Fig 2.19 shows another method called the “rotating lamp method”, in which the lamp will flicker
two bright, one dark, and two dark, one bright successively. The synchronizing switch is closed when
the two lamps are bright and one lamp dark
Fig 2.19
Synchroscope Method:

Fig 2.20
Synchronizing an alternator by using lamps is not very exact method, since it requires a correct
judgment for closing the synchronizing switch. Therefore the lamps are replaced by a synchroscope.
The synchroscope indicates not only the exact moment but also shows whether the incoming machine
is fast or slow.
The synchroscope operates on the same principle as the power factor meter. It consist of a rotor
and a stator. The rotor is connected to the incoming alternator, and the stator is connected to the bus-
bar. A pointer is attached to the rotor. This pointer will indicate the correct time for closing the
synchronizing switch. The correct time for synchronizing is the pointer points at 120 clock position.
Fig 2.20 shows the connection diagram for synchronizing the alternator by using synchroscope.
In this case also, the phase sequence is checked by a phase sequence indicator or test lamp. After
checking up the voltage and phase sequence as in previous cases, the incoming alternator is adjusted
so that the pointer of the synchroscope rotates very slowly. If the frequencies are different values, the
pointer will rotate. If the pointer rotates in the anticlockwise direction then the frequency of the
incoming alternator is low. The clockwise direction of rotation of the pointer shows the frequency of
the incoming alternator is higher than the frequency of the alternator 1 (Bus-bar). If the
frequencies are
 equal, the pointer is at stationary position. The synchronizing switch is closed when the pointer is
stationary at 120 clock position in the synchroscope. This is the correct instant for closing the switch.
It is possible to parallel even the largest alternators without trouble.
Synchronizing Current:
Once a synchronous machine is synchronized, it will tend to remain in synchronism with the
other alternators. Any tendency to depart from the condition of synchronism is opposed by a
synchronizing torque produced due to circulating current flowing through the alternators.

When two alternators are in exact synchronism, the two alternators have equal induced emfs
which are in exact phase opposition as shown in Fig.2.21 a, no circulating current flows round the local
circuit.

E2 Fig.2.21 a E1

When the induced emfs of the two alternators are equal in magnitude but not in exact phase
opposition as shown in fig.2.21 b, their resultant emf acts round the local circuit causes flow of current
called the synchronizing current, Isy.

E2

∂
ER

E1

Isy
Fig.2.21b

If any alternator due to some disturbance tends to retard, E2 falls back by a phase angle 
electrical degrees, as shown in fig.2.13b.
Now though their induced emfs E1 and E2 are in equal in magnitude but have a phase difference
of180∘   . Let each of the induced emfs E1 and E2 be equal to E.

180∘       
Resultant emf, ER  2E cos   2E cos  90    2E sin
 2   2 2

= 2E   E  isverysmall
2
 Synchro
ER
nizing 
Current, ZS
Isy E
 Z
S
Where, ZS
is the combined synchronous impedance per phase of the two alternators

The synchronizing
current IS lags behind the resultant emf ER by an angle given by
Y
1 XS
  tan
R
e
Where, Xs is the combined synchronous reactance and Re is the effective resistance of the two
alternators. If resistance Re is very small as compared to synchronous reactance Xs then,

Synchronizing Current,
by 90∘
I E and lags behind
sy  ER
XS

Synchronizing Power:

In the parallel operation, machine no.1 supplies power E1 ISY cos and the machine

equal to no.2 receives power equal to E2

 
ISY cos 180∘ 2 . 
The power supplied by the machine no.1= Power supplied to machine no.2 + copper loses.
The power supplied by the machine no.1 is called synchronizing power and is given by the expression
P  E I cos  E I  E  E
2
 E1  E and  isverysmall
E S Y 1 SY 1 1 SY
X 
S XS 3E
2
Total synchronizing power for 3 phases = 3Psy =
XS
Synchronizing Torque:

If T , be the synchronizing torque in Nm, then the total synchronizing

power 3P 2 N S
sy
T 
SY SY
60
Or synchronizing torque, 3PSY 
TSY  60
2N
 S

Load Sharing Between Two Alternators:

Consider two machines with identical speed –load characteristics running in parallel with a
common terminal voltage of V volts and load impedance Z.
Let the generated emfs of the two machines1 and 2 operating in parallel be E1 and E2
respectively and synchronous impedance per phase be Zs1 and Zs2 respectively.

Similarly

Also

From Equation (1) and (2), we have

And

Adding equation (4) and (5) and we have

or

Fig.2.22 Equivalent circuit for two alternators in parallel

 From Equation (3)

or

or

Infinite Bus Bar:

It is the general practise to operate a number of alternators in parallel in the generating stations. A
power system with a large number of alternators connected in parallel is called Infinite bus bar.
When large number of alternators are connected in parallel to an infinite bus-bar, the synchronous
impedance of the system is reduced to a very small value.( Since all the alternators are connected in
parallel). Irrespective of the changes or variations of the electrical loads on the system, the terminal
voltage and the bus-bar frequency are constant in an infinite bus-bar system.
 Unit - 3

THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

INTRODUCTION
In the year 1821 British scientist Michael Faraday explained the conversion of electrical energy
into mechanical energy by placing a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field which resulted in the
rotation of the conductor due to torque produced by the mutual action of electrical current and magnetic
field. Based on his principle the most primitive of machines a DC (Direct Current) machine was designed
by another British scientist William Sturgeon in the year 1832. But his model was overly expensive and
wasn’t used for any practical purpose. Later in the year 1886 the first electrical motor was invented by
scientist Frank Julian Sprague, that was capable of rotating at a constant speed under a varied range of
load, and thus derived motoring action.

Types of AC motor
 Classification Based On Principle Of
Operation: (a) Synchronous Motors.
1. Plain

2. Super

(b) Asynchronous Motors.

1. Induction Motors:

(a) Squirrel Cage

(b) Slip-Ring (external resistance).

2. Commutator Motors:

(a) Series

(b) Compensated

(c) Shunt

(d) Repulsion

(e) Repulsion-start induction

(f) Repulsion induction

 Classification Based On no of phases:

1. Single Phase

2. Three Phase
  Classification Based On Speed Of Operation:

1. Constant Speed.

2. Variable Speed.

3. Adjustable Speed.

 Classification Based On Structural Features:

1. Open

2. Enclosed

3. Semi-enclosed

4. Ventilated

5. Pipe-ventilated

6. Riveted frame-eye etc..

General principle of operation

Conversion of electrical power into mechanical power takes place in the rotating part of an
electrical motor .In dc motor the electrical power is conducted directly to the armature through brushes
and commentator hence in this sense a dc motor can be called as conduction motor. However in ac motor
the rotor does not receive electric power by conduction but by induction in exactly the same way as the
secondary of a 2-winding transformer receives its power from the primary that is why such motor are
know as induction motors .infact a induction motor can be treated as a rotating transformer i.e. one in
which primary winding is stationary but the secondary as free to rotate.

Principles of operation of three phase induction motor:

Why a 3-Ø Induction motor is self-starting? How the rotor does rotate?

i. When a 3-Ø stator winding having a space displacement of 120° electrical is energized from a
3- Ø supply having 120° time displacement a rotating magnetic field is setup in the stator.
120
N 
ii. This rotating magnetic field rotates with synchronous f
S
P with respect to
speed stationary in the air gap
iii. This rotating field passes through the air gap and cuts the stationary rotor conductors
iv. Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and the stationary rotor EMFs are induced
in the rotor conductors
 Fig 3.1

v. If the rotor conductors are short circuited, currents start flowing in the rotor conductor
vi. According to Len’s law the direction of the induced current is such that it opposes the cause.
vii. Cause is the relative speed between the rotating field and stationary rotor
viii. Hence, a rotor has a tendency to reduce the relative speed
ix. So rotor begins to move in the direction of rotating field and continues towards synchronous
speed and the machine runs at a speed near but below synchronous speed depending upon
load on shaft
x. As the speed of rotor reaches to synchronous speed (speed of field) relative speed is zero. Hence
no emf, no current and therefore no torque at synchronous speed. Hence rotor never reaches to
synchronous speed.
xi. At synchronous speed current is zero in rotor conductor hence no force acting on rotor conductor
and slip back, somewhat less speed than synchronous speed.

Why 3phase induction motor does not run at synchronous speed?

 An induction motor can thus speed up to near synchronous speed but it can never
reach synchronous speed.

Advantages
Thus the three phase induction motor is:

 Self-starting.
 Less armature reaction and brush sparking because of the absence of commutators and brushes
that may cause sparks.
 Robust in construction.
 Economical.
 Easier to maintain.

Disadvantages
 Its speed cannot be varied without sacrificing some of its efficiency.
 Just like a dc shunt motor its speed decreases with increase in load.
 Its starting torque is somewhat inferior to that of a dc shunt motor.

Rotating Magnetic Field

The fundamental principle of operation of AC machines is the generation of a rotating
magnetic field, which causes the rotor to turn at a speed that depends on the speed of rotation of the
magnetic field.

Production of Rotating Magnetic Field

The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding offset by an electrical angle
of 120°. When the primary winding or the stator is connected to a 3 phase AC source, it
establishes a rotating magnetic field which rotates at the synchronous speed.

Rotating 3-phase magnetic field

Fig 3.2
Rotating magnetic field produced by Three phase:
It will now be shown that when three-phase windings displaced in space by 120º, are fed by three
phase currents, displaced in time by 120º, they produce a resultant magnetic flux, which rotates in
space as if actual magnetic poles were being rotated mechanically.
The principle of a 3-phase, two-pole stator having three identical windings placed 120 space
degrees apart is shown in Fig. 3.4 The flux (assumed sinusoidal) due to three-phase windings is shown in
Fig 3.3

Fig.3.3 Fig.3.4

Fig 3.5
The assumed positive directions of the fluxes are shown in Fig 3.3. Let the maximum value of
flux due to any one of the three phases be Φm.
 The resultant flux Φr, at any instant, is given by the vector sum of the individual fluxes, Φ1, Φ2 and
Φ3 due to three phases. We will consider values of Φ rat four instants 1/6th time- period apart
corresponding to points marked 0, 1, 2 and 3 in Fig. 3.3.

When   3
i.e corresponding to point 0 in Fig.3.6. 3 ,3  m
0∘   
Here 1 0,2 2 2
m

The vector for 2 in fig 4.8 (i) is drawn in a direction opposite to the direction assumed in Fig.3.4
3 3
r  2 m 60∘ 3    m
 3cos 2  2
m 2
2
(i) When 
i.e corresponding to point 1 in Fig.3.3.
60∘

Here 1 
3
 ……… drawn parallel to OI of Fig.3.4 as shown in Fig.3.6 (ii)
2 m

3
2    ……… drawn in opposition to OI of Fig.3.4
2 m

30
3 3
  cos 30∘  
r  2
m m
 2 2
3
It is found that the resultant flux is m but has rotated clockwise through an angle of 60º
again 2
(ii) When   120∘ i.e corresponding to point 2 in Fig.3.3
Here,  3 3
 , 0, 
1
2 m 2 2 m
3

It can be again proved that r  m
2
So that resultant is again of the same value, but has further rotated clockwise through an
angle of [Fig.3.6 (iii)]
60∘

(iii) When   180∘ i.e corresponding to point 3 in Fig.3.3

  0,  3 3
 ,  
m 3 m
1 2
2 2
 3
r   60∘ or
The resultant and has rotated clockwise through an additional
is 2 angle
m
 through an angle of 180∘ from the start.
ence, we conclude that

1. The resultant flux is of constant value = due

to any phase.3
m i.e. 1.5 times the maximum value of the flux
2
2. The resultant flux rotates around the stator at synchronous speed
given by Ns = 120 f/P.

Fig.3.6
Fig. 3.7 (a) shows the graph of the rotating flux in a simple way. As before, the
positive directions of the flux phasors have been shown separately in Fig. 3.7 (b).
Arrows on these flux phasors are reversed when each phase passes through zero and becomes
negative.

Fig.3.7
 Construction of Three Phase Induction:

An Induction motor consists of mainly two parts:

(a) Stator (b)

Stator:

(i) Stator core is made of laminated steel stampings and has slots and teeth on its
inn carries
(ii) Stator periphery to house
a 3-phase stator windings.
winding Thedisplacement
having space stampings are
of04.to
120° 0.5 mm thick.
electrical

(iii) The 3-phase winding is either star or delta connected and is fed from 3-phase supply

(iv) The radial ventilating ducts are provided along the length of the stator core

Stator Stamping
Rotor:
i. Rotor comprises a cylindrical laminated iron core, with slots on outer periphery
ii. Like stator, rotor lamination are punched in one piece for small Machine
iii. In larger machine the lamination are segmented
iv. If there are ventilating ducts on the stator core, an equal number of such ducts
is provided on rotor core
According to windings rotor are of two types:
a) Squirrel cage rotor
b) Slip ring or wound rotor
Squirrel Cage Rotor:
i. This rotor consists of a cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots
ii. Rotor slots are usually not quite parallel to the shaft but for reducing the magnetic hum
and locking tendency rotor slots are slight skew
iii. In rotor slots heavy copper, aluminum or alloy bars are housed
 iv. Rotor bars are permanently short circuited at the ends. This limits that no
external resistance insertion is possible

Squirrel cage rotor

Advantages of squirrel cage induction rotor-

 Its construction is very simple and rugged.

 As there are no brushes and slip ring, these motors requires less maintenance.

Applications:

 Squirrel cage induction motor is used in lathes, drilling machine, fan,

blower printing machines etc

Slip Ring or Wound Rotor:

i. The rotor is wound for the same number of poles and number of phase as that of stator
ii. Rotor winding is either star or delta but star connection is preferred
iii. The three star terminals are connected to three brass slip ring mounted on rotor shaft
iv. These slip rings are insulated from rotor shaft
v. Slip rings connected with brushes and three brushes can further be connected externally to 3-
variable rheostats
vi. This makes possible introduction to additional resistance in the rotor circuit during starting period
 Fig.3.8 Wound rotor

Advantages of slip ring induction motor -

 It has high starting torque and low starting current.

 Possibility of adding additional resistance to control speed.

Application:

 Slip ring induction motor are used where high starting torque is required
i.e. in hoists, cranes, elevator etc.
Difference between Slip Ring and Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Slip ring or phase wound Induction motor Squirrel cage induction motor

Construction is complicated due to Construction is very simple

presence of slip ring and brushes
The rotor winding is similar to the stator The rotor consists of rotor bars which are
winding permanently shorted with the help of
end rings
We can easily add rotor resistance by Since the rotor bars are permanently shorted, it’s
using slip ring and brushes not possible to add external resistance
Due to presence of external resistance high Staring torque is low and cannot be improved
starting torque can be obtained
Slip ring and brushes are present Slip ring and brushes are absent

Frequent is required due to Less maintenance is required

maintenanc
e presence of
brushes
The construction is complicated and the The construction is simple and robust and it is
presence of brushes and slip ring makes the cheap as compared to slip ring induction motor
motor more costly
This motor is rarely used only 10 % industry Due to its simple construction and low cost. The
uses slip ring induction motor squirrel cage induction motor is widely used
Rotor copper losses are high and hence less Less rotor copper losses and hence high
efficiency efficiency

Speed control by rotor resistance method is Speed control by rotor resistance method is not
possible possible
Slip ring induction motor are used where high Squirrel cage induction motor is used in lathes,
starting torque is required i.e in hoists, cranes, drilling machine, fan, blower printing machines etc
elevator etc

Slip and Slip frequency:

The relative speed between the rotating magnetic field (ns) and rotor (nr) is called slip speed.
slip
spee  ns  nr rps
Slip d
:
Percentage change in slip speed is called as slip
 ns  nr
slip  100 
nsnr  ns1  s
When rotor is stationary nr= 0, s=1 or 100%
Typical values of slip between no load and full load are about 4 to 5 percent for small motor and
1.5 to 2 percent for large motor

When the rotor is stationary, rotor emf having same frequency as stator emf

ES  2f N1 Er  2fN 2 

Frequenc Poles  relativespeed orslipspeed

 120
y
Frequency of the rotor induced
emf
P(ns  nr )
fr  120
but
ns 
sn     nr
r
ns sns ns
So
 Psns  Pns
fr   , fstator 
 nr  120
fr  sfs
 As rotor picks up speed hence rotor current frequency decreases. When rotor is rotating

Estator 2fs N1kw and fr  sfstator

Erotor 2fr N2kw

Er  SES

Rotor EMF:
When the rotor is at standstill, the motor is equivalent to a 3-phase transformer with secondary
short circuited. So induced emf per phase E2 in the rotor, when it is at standstill i.e. at the instant of
starting is given by
N2
EE
2 1
N1
Where E1 is applied voltage per phase to primary i.e. stator winding, N2 and N1 are the number
of turns per phase on rotor and stator respectively.
When the rotor starts running, the relative speed of the rotor with respect to stator flux
i.e. slip s drops in direct proportion with the relative speed or slip s is given by sE2

Hence for slip s, the induced emf in the rotor is s times the induced emf in the rotor at standstill.
Example 1

Solution:
 Phasor Diagram of Induction Motor
The phasor diagram of loaded induction motor is similar to the loaded transformer. The only
difference is the secondary of induction motor is rotating and short circuited while transformer secondary
is stationary and connected to load. The load on induction motor is mechanical while load on transformer
is electrical. Still by finding electrical equivalent of mechanical load on the motor, the phasor diagram of
induction motor can be developed.

Let Φ = Magnetic flux links with both primary and

There is self induced e.m.f. E1 in the stator while a mutually induced e.m.f. E2r in the rotor.

Let R1 = Stator resistance per

X1 = Stator reactance per phase

The stator voltage per phase V1 has to counter balance self induced e.m.f. E1and has to supply
voltage drops I1 R1 and I1 X1. So on stator side we can write,

The rotor induced e.m.f. in the running condition has to supply the drop across
impedances as rotor short circuited.

The value of E2r depends on the ratio of rotor turns to stator turns.

The rotor current in the running condition is I2r which lags E2r by rotor p.f. angle Φ2r.

The reflected rotor current I2r' on stator side is the effect of load and is given by,

I2r' = K I2r

The induction motor draws no load current Io which is phasor sum of Ic and Im. The total stator
current drawn from supply is,

Ī1 = Īo + Ī2r'

The Φ1 is angle between V1 and I1 and cos Φ1 gives the power factor of the induction motor.

Thus using all above relations the phasor diagram of induction motor on load can be obtained.

The steps to draw phasor diagram are,

1. Takes Φ as reference phasor. 2. The

induced voltage E1 lags Φ by 90o. 3. Show

- E1 by reversing voltage phasor.

4.
The phasor E2r is in phase with E1. So I2r show lagging E2r i.e. E1 direction by Φ2r.
5.
Show I2r R2 in phase with I2r and I2r X2r leading the resistive drop by 90o, to get exact location

of. 6. Reverse I2r to get I2r'.

7. Im is in phase with Φ while Ic is at leading with. Add Im and Ic to get

Io. 8. Add Io and I2r' to get I1.

9. From tip of - E1 phasor, add I1 R1 in phase with I1 and I1X1 at 90o leading to I1 to V1 get phasor.

10. Angle between V1 and I1 is Φ1.

The phasor diagram is shown in the Fig. 1.

Fig. 3.9 On load phasor diagram of induction motor

Torque Equation of Three Phase Induction Motor

The torque produced by three phase induction motor depends upon the following three factors:Firstly the
magnitude of rotor current, secondly the flux which interact with the rotor of three phase induction motor
and is responsible for producing emf in the rotor part of induction motor, lastly the power factor of rotor
of the three phase induction motor.

Combining all these factors together we get the equation of torque as-

Where, T is the torque produced by induction motor, φ is

flux responsible for producing induced

 emf, I2 is rotor current,

cosθ2 is the power factor of rotor circuit.

The flux φ produced by the stator is proportional to stator emf E1.

i.e. φ 𝖺 E1

We know that transformation ratio K is defined as the ratio of secondary voltage (rotor voltage) to that
of primary >voltage (stator voltage).

Rotor current I2 is defined as the ratio of rotor induced emf under running
condition , sE2 to total impedance, Z2 of rotor side,

and total impedance Z2 on rotor side is given by ,

Putting this value in above equation we get,

s= slip of Induction motor

We know that power factor is defined as ratio of resistance to that of impedance. The power factor of
the rotor circuit is

Putting the value of flux φ, rotor current I2, power factor cosθ2 in the equation of torque we get,

Combining similar term we get,

Removing proportionality constant we get,

Where ns is synchronous speed in r. p. s, ns = Ns / 60. So, finally the equation of torque becomes,

Derivation of K in torque equation.

In case of three phase induction motor, there occur copper losses in rotor. These rotor copper losses are
expressed as

Pc = 3I 2R2
2

We know that rotor

current,
Substitute this value of I2 in the equation of rotor copper losses, Pc. So, we get

The
ratio of P2 : Pc : Pm = 1 : s : (1

- s) Where, P2 is the rotor input,

Pc is the rotor copper losses,

Pm is the mechanical power developed.

Substitute the value of Pc in above equation we get,

On simplifying we get,

The mechanical power developed Pm = Tω,

Substituting
the value of Pm
 We know that the rotor speed N = Ns(1 - s)

Substituting this value of rotor speed in above equation we get,

Ns is speed in revolution per minute (rpm) and ns is speed in revolution per sec (rps) and the
relation between the two is

Substitute this value of Ns in above equation and simplifying it we get

Comparing
both the equations, we get, constant K = 3 / 2πns

Equation of Starting Torque of Three Phase Induction Motor

Starting torque is the torque produced by induction motor when it is started. We know that at start the
rotor speed, N is zero.

So, the equation of starting torque is easily obtained by simply putting the value of s = 1 in the equation
of torque of the three phase induction motor,

The starting torque is also known as standstill torque

Maximum Torque Condition for Three Phase Induction Motor

In the equation of torque,.

The rotor resistance, rotor inductive reactance and synchronous

speed of induction motor remain constant. The supply voltage to the three phase induction motor is
usually rated and remains constant so the stator emf also remains the constant. The transformation ratio is
defined as the ratio of rotor emf to that of stator emf. So if
Stator emf remains constant then rotor emf also remains constant.

If we want to find the maximum value of some quantity then we

have to differentiate that quantity with respect to some variable parameter and then put it equal to zero. In
this case we have to find the condition for maximum torque so we have to differentiate torque with
respect to some variable quantity which is slip, s in this case as all other parameters in the equation of
torque remains constant.

So, for torque to be maximum

Now differentiate the above equation by using division rule of differentiation. On differentiating and after
putting the terms equal to zero we get,

Neglecting
the negative value of slip we get

So, when slip s = R2 / X2, the torque will be maximum and this slip is called maximum slip Sm and it is
defined as the ratio of rotor resistance to that of rotor reactance.

NOTE: At starting S = 1, so the maximum starting torque occur when rotor resistance is equal to rotor
reactance.

Equation of Maximum

Torque The equation of

torque is

The torque will be maximum when slip s = R2 / X2

Substituting the value of this slip in above equation we get the maximum value of torque as,

In order to
increase the starting torque, extra resistance should be added to the rotor circuit at
 start and cut out gradually as motor speeds up.

From the above equation it is concluded that

The maximum torque is directly proportional to square of rotor induced emf at the

standstill. The maximum torque is inversely proportional to rotor reactance.

The maximum torque is independent of rotor resistance.

The slip at which maximum torque occur depends upon rotor resistance, R 2. So, by varying the rotor
resistance, maximum torque can be obtained at any required slip.

Torque/Speed Curve:
The torque developed by a conventional 3-phase motor depends on its speed but the
relation between the two cannot be represented by a simple equation.

Fig.3.10

It is easier to show the relationship in the form of a curve (Fig. 3.10). In this diagram, T
represents the nominal full-load torque of the motor. As seen, the starting torque (at N = 0) is
1.5 T and the maximum torque (also called breakdown torque) is 2.5 T
At full-load, the motor runs at a speed of N. When mechanical load increases, motor speed
decreases till the motor torque again becomes equal to the load torque.
As long as the two torques are in balance, the motor will run at constant (but lower) speed.
However, if the load torque exceeds 2.5 T, the motor will suddenly stop.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit Constants by Conducting No load Test
and Blocked Rotor Test:
The various constants of the equivalent circuit of an induction motor is shown in fig.3.13

No-load Test:
The Connection diagram for no load test on three phase induction motor is shown in Fig.3.11
 Fig.3.11

Rated voltage is given to the stator windings and the motor is allowed to run on no-load. The no
load current Io, the applied voltage Vo and no load input power Po are noted.
At no load, the input power is supplied to meet out losses. The various losses are
1. Stator winding loss (= 3I 2R )
01
2
2. Core Loss ( 3 V)
R
3. Friction and Wind age loss

The core loss, friction and windage losses totally are called constant losses (Fixed Loss)
 P0
No load power Cos0  3V0
factor

Where ,P0 is no load power, Vo is no load voltage

I
No load current per phase = (Since Stator winding is delta connected)
3
o

 Io
No load Resistance 0
ohm IW is watt -full current, IW  cos 
V
R0 IW , 3 0

No load X  ohm Im is magnetizing current, Im 

Reactance
V0 ,
I2I
0
Im 0 W

Blocked Rotor Test:

This test is called locked rotor test (or) short circuit test. The connection diagram for blocked
rotor test is shown in Fig.3.12

In this method, the rotor is locked. In case of slip ring induction motor the rotor windings are
short circuited at slip rings. Reduced voltage is allowed to the stator winding by an autotransformer to
flow rated full load current.

Now the voltage applied VSC the short circuit current ISC and the power taken by the motor PSC are
noted.

Fig.3.12

Short circuit
Z ohm
Impedance VSC ,
ISC
Where VSC is short circuit voltage, ISC
is short circuit current
Resistance/ phase referred to statorR  PSCohm
01 2
I SC

R ea2ctance/ phase referred to stator X  ohm

Z
01 01 01

Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor:

If n is stator to rotor turns ratio then stator current,

or

To produce I1 current in the stator there is a requirement of voltage. i.e. E 1=nE2 so that the rotor
impedance referred in stator winding

and
The rotor resistance can be divided as series combination of two resistances .

The part remains constant and represents physical rotor resistance referred to stator side.

i.e. R’2 . But .k varies from zero to infinite as s changes from unity to zero
and represents the rotor output in the form of power in this resistance. The equivalent circuit referred to
stator side is shown in fig.3.13
 Fig. 3.13 Equivalent circuit of Induction Motor

Circle Diagram of an Induction Motor:

By using the data obtained from the no load test and the blocked rotor test, the circle diagram
can be drawn using the following steps :
Step 1: Take reference Phasor V as vertical (Y-axis).
Step 2: Select suitable current scale such that diameter of circle is about 20 to 30 cm.
Step3: From no load test, Io and are Φo obtained. Draw vector Io, lagging V by angle Φo. This is the line
OO' as shown in the Fig. 3.14
Step 4: Draw horizontal line through extremity of Io i.e. O', parallel to horizontal axis.
Step 5: Draw the current ISN calculated from Isc with the same scale, lagging V by angle Φsc, from
the origin O. This is Phasor OA as shown in the Fig. 3.14
Step 6: Join O'A is called output line.
Step 7: Draw a perpendicular bisector of O'A. Extend it to meet line O'B at point C. This is the centre
of the circle.
Step 8: Draw the circle, with C as a centre and radius equal to O'C. This meets the horizontal line
drawn from O' at B as shown in the Fig.3.14
Step 9: Draw the perpendicular from point A on the horizontal axis, to meet O'B line at F and
meet horizontal axis at D.
Step 10: Torque line.
The torque line separates stator and rotor copper losses.
Note that as voltage axis is vertical, all the vertical distances are proportional to active
components of currents or power inputs, if measured at appropriate scale.
 Thus the vertical distance AD represents power input at short circuit i.e. W SN, now which
consists of core loss and stator, rotor copper losses.
Now FD = O'G
= Fixed loss
Where O'G is drawn perpendicular from O' on horizontal axis. This represents power input on no
load i.e. fixed loss.
Hence AF α Sum of stator and rotor copper
losses Then point E can be located as,
AE/EF = Rotor copper loss / Stator copper loss
The line O'E under this condition is called torque line.

Fig.3.14 Circle Diagram of an Induction Motor

Power scale:
As AD represents WSN i.e. power input on short circuit at normal voltage, the power scale can be
obtained as,
Power scale = WSN/l(AD) W/cm
where l(AD) = Distance AD in cm

Location of Point E :
In a slip ring induction motor, the stator resistance per phase R1 and rotor resistance per
phase R2 can be easily measured. Similarly by introducing ammeters in stator and rotor circuit, the
currents I1 and I2 also can be measured.
... K = I1/I2 = Transformation ratio
Now AF/EF = Rotor copper loss / Stator copper loss = (I 2R )/ 2(I 22R ) =1 (R1 /R ) (I2 2/I 22) =2 (R1 /R ). (1/K2)
2

But R2'= R2/K2 = Rotor resistance referred to stator

... AE/EF = R2'/R1
Thus point E can be obtained by dividing line AF in the ratio R2' to R1
In a squirrel cage motor, the stator resistance can be measured by conducting resistance test.
... Stator copper loss = 3I 2
R
SN
where
1
I is phase value.
Neglecting core loss, WSN = Stator Cu loss + Rotor Cu loss
... Rotor copper loss = WSN - 3I 2 R
S
1

... AE/EF = (WSN - 3ISN2 R1)/(3I 2S R1)

Dividing line AF in this ratio, the point E can be obtained and hence O'E represents torque line.

Predicting Performance from Circle Diagram:

Let motor is running by taking a current OP as shown in the Fig. 3.15. The
various performance parameters can be obtained from the circle diagram at that load condition.
Draw perpendicular from point P to meet output line at Q, torque line at R, the base line at S and
horizontal axis at T.
We know the power scale as obtained earlier.
Using the power scale and various distances, the values of the performance parameters can be
obtained as,
Total motor input = PT x Power
scale Fixed loss = ST x power
scale
 Stator copper loss = SR x power scale
Rotor copper loss = QR x power scale
Total loss = QT x power scale
Rotor output = PQ x power scale Rotor
input = PQ + QR = PR x power scale
Slip s = Rotor Cu loss = QR/PR Power
factor cos = PT/OP
Motor efficiency = Output / Input = PQ/PT Rotor
efficiency = Rotor output / Rotor input =
PQ/PR Rotor output / Rotor input = 1 - s = N/Ns =
PQ/PR The torque is the rotor input in synchronous
watts.
Maximum Quantities from Circle Diagram

Fig 3.15

Maximum Output Power

When the tangent to the circle is parallel to the line then output power will be maximum.
That point M is obtained by drawing a perpendicular line from the center to the output line
and extending it to cut at M.
Maximum Torque
When the tangent to the circle is parallel to the torque line, it gives maximum torque. This is
obtained by drawing a line from the center in perpendicular to the torque line AD and
extending it to cut at the circle. That point is marked as N.
Maximum Input Power
It occurs when tangent to the circle is perpendicular to the horizontal line. The point is the
highest point in the circle diagram and drawn to the center and extends up to
 S. That point is marked as R.
Example

Solution

Speed Control of Induction Motor

Induction Motor Speed Control From Stator Side

1. By Changing the Applied Voltage:

From the torque equation of induction motor,

_
Rotor resistance R2 is constant and if slip s is small then (sX2)2 is so small that it can be
neglected. Therefore, T 𝖺 sE22 where E2 is rotor induced emf and E2
𝖺 V Thus, T 𝖺 sV , which means, if supplied voltage is decreased, the developed torque decreases.
2

Hence, for providing the same load torque, the slip increases with decrease in voltage, and
consequently, the speed decreases. This method is the easiest and cheapest, still rarely used,
because
1. large change in supply voltage is required for relatively small change in speed.
2. large change in supply voltage will result in a large change in flux density, hence, this
will disturb the magnetic conditions of the motor.
2. By Changing the supply Frequency
Synchronous speed of the rotating magnetic field of an induction motor is given
by,

where, f = frequency of the supply and P = number of stator poles. Hence,

the synchronous speed changes with change in supply frequency. Actual speed of an
induction motor is given as N = Ns (1 - s). However, this method is not widely used. It
may be used where, the induction motor is supplied by a dedicated generator (so that
frequency can be easily varied by changing the speed of prime mover). Also, at lower
frequency, the motor current may become too high due to decreased reactance. And if the
frequency is increased beyond the rated value, the maximum torque developed falls while
the speed rises.

3. Constant V/F Control Of Induction Motor

This is the most popular method for controlling the speed of an induction motor.
As in above method, if the supply frequency is reduced keeping the rated supply voltage,
the air gap flux will tend to saturate. This will cause excessive stator current and
distortion of the stator flux wave. Therefore, the stator voltage should also be reduced in
proportional to the frequency so as to maintain the air- gap flux constant. The magnitude
of the stator flux is proportional to the ratio of the stator voltage and the frequency.
Hence, if the ratio of voltage to frequency is kept constant, the flux remains constant.
Also, by keeping V/F constant, the developed torque remains approximately constant.
This method gives higher run- time efficiency. Therefore, majority of AC speed drives
employ constant V/F method (or variable voltage, variable frequency method) for the
speed control. Along with wide range of speed control, this method also offers 'soft start'
capability.

4. Changing the Number Of Stator Poles

From the above equation of synchronous speed, it can be seen that synchronous
speed (and hence, running speed) can be changed by changing the number of stator poles.
This method is generally used for squirrel cage induction motors, as squirrel cage rotor
adapts itself for any number of stator poles. Change in stator poles is achieved by two or
more independent stator windings wound for different number of poles in same slots. For
example, a stator is wound with two 3phase windings, one for 4 poles and other for 6
poles.
For supply frequency of 50 Hz
i) synchronous speed when 4 pole winding is connected, Ns = 120*50/4 = 1500 RPM
 ii) synchronous speed when 6 pole winding is connected, Ns = 120*50/6 = 1000 RPM

Speed Control from Rotor Side:

1. Rotor Rheostat Control

This method is similar to that of armature rheostat control of DC shunt motor. But this method is
only applicable to slip ring motors, as addition of external resistance in the rotor of squirrel cage motors is
notpossible.

2. Cascade Operation

In this method of speed control, two motors are used. Both are mounted on a same shaft
so that both run at same speed. One motor is fed from a 3phase supply and the other motor is fed
from the induced emf in first motor via slip-rings. The arrangement is as shown in following
figure.

Motor A is called the main motor and motor B is called the auxiliary
motor. Let, Ns1 =synchronous speed of motor A
Ns2 =synchronous speed of motor B
P1 =number of poles stator of motor
A P2 =number of stator poles of
motor B
N=speed of the set and same for both
motors f = frequency of the supply
Now, slip of motor A, S1 = (Ns1 - N) / Ns1.
frequency of the rotor induced emf in motor A, f1 = S1f
Now, auxiliary motor B is supplied with the rotor induce
emf

therefore, Ns2 =(120f1) / P2 = (120S1f) / P2.

now putting the value of S1 = (Ns1 - N)

/ Ns1
At no load, speed of the auxiliary rotor is almost same as its synchronous speed.
i.e. N = Ns2.
from the above equations, it can be obtained that
 With this method, four different speeds can be obtained
1.
when only motor A works, corresponding speed = .Ns1 = 120f / P1
2. when only motor B works, corresponding speed = Ns2 = 120f / P2
3.
if commulative cascading is done, speed of the set = N = 120f / (P1 + P2)
4.
if differential cascading is done, speed of the set = N = 120f (P1 - P2)
5.
By Injecting EMF In Rotor Circuit
In this method, speed of an induction motor is controlled by injecting a voltage in rotor
circuit. It is necessary that voltage (emf) being injected must have same frequency as of the slip
frequency. However, there is no restriction to the phase of injected emf. If we inject emf which is
in opposite phase with the rotor induced emf, rotor resistance will be increased. If we inject emf
which is in phase with the rotor induced emf, rotor resistance will decrease. Thus, by changing
the phase of injected emf, speed can be controlled. The main advantage of this method is a wide
range of speed control (above normal as well as below normal) can be achieved. The emf can be
injected by various methods such as Kramer system, Scherbius system etc.

Various starting methods of induction motors

An induction motor is similar to a poly-phase transformer whose secondary is short circuited. Thus, at
normal supply voltage, like in transformers, the initial current taken by the primary is very large for a
short while. Unlike in DC motors, large current at starting is due to the absence of back emf. If an
induction motor is directly switched on from the supply, it takes 5 to 7 times its full load current and
develops a torque which is only 1.5 to 2.5 times the full load torque. This large starting current produces a
large voltage drop in the line, which may affect the operation of other devices connected to the same line.
Direct-On-Line (DOL) Starters
Small three phase induction motors can be started direct-on-line, which means that the rated
supply is directly applied to the motor. But, as mentioned above, here, the starting current would be very
large, usually 5 to 7 times the rated current. The starting torque is likely to be 1.5 to 2.5 times the full load
torque. Induction motors can be started directly on-line using a DOL starter which generally consists of a
contactor and a motor protection equipment such as a circuit breaker. A DOL starter consists of a coil
operated contactor which can be controlled by start and stop push buttons. When the start push button is
pressed, the contactor gets energized and it closes all the three phases of the motor to the supply
phases at a time. The stop push button de-energizes the contactor and disconnects all the three phases to
stop the motor.
In order to avoid excessive voltage drop in the supply line due to large starting current, a DOL starter is
generally used for motors that are rated
below 5kW.

Starting Of Squirrel Cage Motors

Starting in-rush current in squirrel cage motors is controlled by applying reduced voltage to the stator.
These methods are sometimes called as reduced voltage methods for starting of squirrel cage induction
motors. For this purpose, following
methods are used:

1. By using primary resistors

2. Autotransformer
3. Star-delta switches
1. Using Primary Resistors:

Obviously, the purpose of primary resistors is to drop some voltage and apply a reduced voltage
to the stator. Consider, the starting voltage is reduced by 50%. Then according to the Ohm's law (V=I/Z),
the starting current will also be reduced by the same percentage. From the torque equation of a three
phase induction motor, the starting torque is approximately proportional to the square of the applied
voltage. That means, if the applied voltage is 50% of the rated value, the starting torque will be only 25%
of its normal voltage value. This method is generally used for a smooth starting of small induction
motors. It is not recommended to use primary resistors type of starting method for motors with high
startingtorquerequirements.
Resistors are generally selected so that 70% of the rated voltage can be applied to the motor. At the time
of starting, full resistance is connected in the series with the stator winding and it is gradually decreased
as the motor speeds up. When the motor reaches an appropriate speed, the resistances are disconnected
from the circuit and the stator phases are directly connected to the supply lines.

2. Auto-Transformers:
Auto-transformers are also known as auto-starters. They can be used for both star connected or
delta connected squirrel cage motors. It is basically a three phase step down transformer with different
taps provided that permit the user to start the motor at, say, 50%, 65% or 80% of line voltage. With auto-
transformer starting, the current drawn from supply line is always less than the motor current by an
amount equal to the transformation ratio. For example, when a motor is started on a 65% tap, the applied
voltage to the motor will be 65% of the line voltage and the applied current will be 65% of the line
voltage starting value, while the line current will be 65% of 65% (i.e. 42%) of the line voltage starting
value. This difference between the line current and the motor current is due to transformer action. The
internal connections of an auto-starter are as shown in the figure. At starting, switch is at "start" position,
and a reduced voltage (which is selected using a tap) is applied across the stator. When the motor gathers
an appropriate speed, say upto 80% of its rated speed, the auto-transformer automatically gets
disconnected from the circuit as the switch goes to "run" position. The
switch changing the connection from start to run position may be air-break (small motors) or oil-
immersed (large motors) type. There are also provisions for no-voltage and overload, with time delay
circuitsonanautostarter.
 3. Star-Delta Starter:
This method is used in the motors, which are designed to run on delta connected stator. A two way switch
is used to connect the stator winding in star while starting and in delta while running at normal speed.
When the stator winding is star connected, voltage over each phase in motor will be reduced by a factor
1/(sqrt. 3) of that would be for delta connected winding. The starting torque will 1/3 times that it will be
for delta connected winding. Hence a star-delta starter is equivalent to an auto-transformer of ratio 1/(sqrt.
3) or 58% reduced voltage.

Starting Of Slip-Ring Motors Rotor

resistance starter

Slip-ring motors are started with full line voltage, as external resistance can be easily added in the
rotor circuit with the help of slip-rings. A star connected rheostat is connected in series with the rotor via
slip-rings as shown in the fig. Introducing resistance in rotor current will decrease the starting current in
rotor (and, hence, in stator). Also, it improves power factor and the torque is increased. The connected
rheostat may be
hand-operated or automatic. As, introduction of additional resistance
in rotor improves the starting torque, slip-ring motors can be started on
load. The external resistance introduced is only for
starting purposes, and is gradually cut out as the motor gathers the speed.

Crawling And Cogging In Induction Motors

crawling and cogging both are particularly related to squirrel cage induction motors.

Crawling
Sometimes, a squirrel cage induction motor exhibits a tendency to run at very slow speeds
(as low as one-seventh of their synchronous speed). This phenomenon
is called as crawling of an induction motor.
This action is due to the fact that, flux wave produced by a stator winding is not purely
sine wave. Instead, it is a complex wave consisting a fundamental wave and odd harmonics like
3rd, 5th, 7th etc. The fundamental wave revolves synchronously at synchronous speed Ns
whereas 3rd, 5th, 7th harmonics may rotate in forward or backward direction at Ns/3, Ns/5, Ns/7
speeds respectively. Hence, harmonic torques are also developed in addition with fundamental
torque.
3rd harmonics are absent in a balanced 3-phase system. Hence 3rdd harmonics do not produce
rotating field and torque. The
total motor torque now consist three components as: (i) the fundamental torque with synchronous
speed Ns, (ii) 5th harmonic torque with synchronous speed Ns/5, (iv) 7th harmonic torque with
synchronous speed Ns/7 (provided that higher harmonics are neglected).

Now, 5th harmonic currents will have phase difference of 5 X 120 = 600° =2 X 360 - 120
= -120°. Hence the revolving speed set up will be in reverse direction with speed Ns/5. The small
amount of 5th harmonic torque produces breaking action and can be neglected.
The 7th harmonic currents will have phase difference of 7 X 120 = 840° = 2 X 360 +120
= + 120°. Hence they will set up rotating field in forward direction with synchronous speed
equal to Ns/7. If we neglect all the higher harmonics, the resultant torque will be equal to sum of
fundamental torque and 7th harmonic torque. 7th harmonic torque reaches its maximum positive
value just before1/7th of Ns. If the mechanical load on the shaft involves constant load torque,
the torque developed by the motor may fall below
 this load torque. In this case, motor will not accelerate up to its normal speed, but it will run at a
speed which is nearly 1/7th of of its normal
speed. This phenomenon is called as crawling in induction motors.

Cogging (Magnetic Locking Or Teeth Locking)

Sometimes, the rotor of a squirrel cage induction motor refuses to start at all, particularly
if the supply voltage is low. This happens especially when number of rotor teeth is equal to
number of stator teeth, because of magnetic locking between the stator teeth and the rotor teeth.
When the rotor teeth and stator teeth face each other, the reluctance of the magnetic path is
minimum, that is why the rotor tends to remain fixed. This phenomenon is called cogging
or magnetic locking of induction motor.

Double Squirrel Cage Motor / Deep Bar Double Cage Induction Motor

Why starting torque is poor in squirrel cage induction motor?

The resistance cannot be varied in squirrel cage rotor as it is possible in slip ring induction motor.
The fixed resistance of the rotor of the squirrel cage induction motor is very low. At the starting moment,
the induced voltage in the rotor has same frequency as the frequency of the supply. Hence the starting
inductive reactance gets higher value at stand still condition. The frequency of the rotor current gets
same frequency as the supply frequency at standstill. Now the case is that the rotor induced current in
spite of having higher value lags the induced voltage at a large angle. So this causes poor starting torque
at the stand still condition. This torque is only 1.5 times of the full load torque though the induced current
is 5 to 7 times of the full load current. Hence, this squirrel cage single bar single cage rotor is not being
able to apply against high load. We should go for deep bar double cage induction motor to get higher
starting torque

Construction of Deep Bar Double Cage Induction Motor

In deep bar double cage rotor bars are there in two layers.
Outer layer has the bars of small cross sections. This outer winding has relatively large resistance.
The bars are shorted at the both ends. The flux linkage is thus very less. And hence inductance is very
low. Resistance in outer squirrel cage is relatively high. Resistance to inductive reactance ration is high.
Inner layer has the bars of large cross section comparatively. The resistance is very less. But flux
linkage is very high. The bars are thoroughly buried in iron. As flux linkage is high the inductance is also
very high. The resistance to inductive reactance ration is poor.
Operational Principle and Construction of Deep Bar Double Cage Induction Motor

At the stand still condition the inner and outer side bars get induced with voltage
and current with the same frequency of the supply. Now the case is that the inductive reactance (XL =
2πfL) is offered more in the deep bars or inner side bars due to skin effect of the alternating quantity i.e.
voltage and current. Hence the current tries to flow through the outer side rotor bars.

The outer side rotor offers more resistance but poor inductive reactance. The
ultimate resistance is somewhat higher than the single bar rotor resistance. The higher valued rotor
resistance results more torque to be developed at the starting. When the speed of the rotor of the deep bar
double cage induction motor increases, the frequency of the induced EMF and current in the rotor gets
gradually decreased. Hence the inductive reactance (XL) in the inner side bars or deep bars gets decreased
and the current faces less inductive reactance and less resistance as a whole. Now no need for more torque
because the rotor already has arrived to its full speed with running torque.

Speed Torque Characteristics of Deep Rotor IM

121
where R2 and X2 are the rotor resistance and inductive reactance at starting

respectively, E2 is the rotor induced EMF and Ns is the RPS speed of synchronous
stator flux and S is the slip of the rotor speed. The above speed-torque graph shows that the higher valued
resistance offers higher torque at the stand still condition and the max torque will be achieved at higher
valued slip. Comparison between single cage and double cage motors:

1. A double cage rotor has low starting current & high starting torque. Therefore, it is more
suitable for direct on line starting.

2. Since effective rotor resistance of double cage motor is higher, there is larger rotor heating
at the time of starting as compared to that of single cage rotor.

3. The high resistance of the outer cage increases the resistance of double cage motor. So full load
copper losses are increased & efficiency is decreased.

4. The pull out torque of double cage motor is smaller than single cage motor.

5. The cost of double cage motor is about 20-30 % more than that of single cage motor of same
rating.

Induction generator

Induction machine is sometimes used as a generator. It is also called Asynchronous

Generator. What are the conditions when the poly phase (here three phase) induction machine
will behave as an induction generator? The following are conditions when the induction machine
will behave as an induction generator are written below:

(a) Slip becomes negative due to this the rotor current and rotor emf attains negative value.

(b) The prime mover torque becomes opposite to electric torque.

Now let us discuss how we can achieve these conditions. Suppose that an induction
machine is coupled with the prime mover whose speed can be controlled. If the speed of the
prime mover is increased such that the slip becomes negative (i.e. speed of the prime mover
becomes greater than the synchronous speed).Due to this, all the conditions that we have
mentioned above will become fulfilled and machine will behave like an induction generator.
Now if the speed of the prime mover is further increased such that it exceeds the negative
maximum value of the torque produced then the generating effect of the generator vanishes.
Clearly the speed of the induction generator during the whole operation is not synchronous,
therefore the induction generation is also called a synchronous generator.

Induction generator is not a self excited machine therefore in order to develop the
rotating magnetic field, it requires magnetizing current and reactive power. The induction generator
obtains its magnetizing current and reactive power from the various sources like the supply mains or it
may be another synchronous generator. The induction generator can’t work in isolation because it
continuously requires reactive power from the supply system. However we can have a self excited or
isolated induction generation in one case if we will use capacitor bank for reactive power supply
instead of AC supply system. So let us discuss isolated induction generator in detail,
Isolated Induction Generator

This type of generator is also known as self excited generator. Now why it is called self
excited? It is because it uses capacitor bank which is connected across its stator terminals as shown in the
diagram given below,

The function of the capacitor bank is to provide the lagging reactive power to the induction
generator as well as load. So mathematically we can write total reactive power provided by the capacitor
bank is equals to the summation of the reactive power consumed by the induction generator as well as the
load.

There is generation of small terminal voltage oa (as in figure given below) across the stator terminal due
the residual magnetism when the rotor of the induction machine runs at the required speed. Due to this
voltage oa the capacitor current ob is produced. The current bc sends current od which generates the
voltage de. The cumulative process of voltage generation continues till
 the saturation curve of the induction generator cuts the capacitor load line at some point. This point
is marked as f in the given curve.

Application of Induction Generator

Let us discuss application of induction generator: We have two types of induction generator let
us discuss the application of each type of generator separately: Externally excited generators are widely
used for regenerative breaking of hoists driven by the three phase induction motors.
 Self-excited generators are used in the wind mills. Thus this type of generator helps in converting the
unconventional sources of energy into electrical energy. Now let us discuss some disadvantages of
externally excited generator:

 The efficiency of the externally excited generator is not so good.

 We cannot use externally excited generator at lagging power factor which major
drawback of this type of generator.

 The amount of reactive power used to run these types of generator required is quite large.

As an example, consider the use of a 10 hp, 1760 r/min, 440 V, three-phase

induction motor as an asynchronous generator. The full-load current of the motor is
10 A and the full-load power factor is 0.8.
Required capacitance per phase if capacitors are connected in delta:
Apparent power S = √3 E I = 1.73 × 440 × 10 =
7612 VA Active power P = S cos θ = 7612 × 0.8 =
6090 W Reactive power Q = √(S2-P2) = 4567 VAR
For a machine to run as an asynchronous generator, capacitor bank must supply minimum 4567 / 3
phases = 1523 VAR per phase. Voltage per capacitor is 440 V because capacitors are connected in
delta.
Capacitive current Ic = Q/E = 1523/440 =
3.46 A Capacitive reactance per phase Xc = E/Ic
= 127 Ω
Minimum capacitance per phase:
C = 1 / (2*π*f*Xc) = 1 / (2 * 3.141 * 60 * 127) = 21 microfarads.
If the load also absorbs reactive power, capacitor bank must be increased in size to
compensate. Prime mover speed should be used to generate frequency of 60 Hz:
Typically, slip should be similar to full-load value when machine is running as motor, but
negative (generator operation):
if Ns = 1800, one can choose N=Ns+40 rpm
Required prime mover speed N = 1800 + 40 = 1840 rpm.

Advantages of Induction Generator

1. It has robust construction requiring less maintenance. Also it is relatively cheaper.

2. It has small size per KW output power.

3. It runs in parallel without hunting

4. No synchronization to the supply line is required like a synchronous generator.

Limitations It cannot generate reactive voltamperes. It requires reactive voltamperes from the supply
line to furnish its excitation.
 Problems

Ques1: A 3 φ 4 pole 50 hz induction motor runs at 1460 r.p.m. find its %age slip.

Solution
N s = 120f/p = 120*50/4 = 1500r.p.m.
Running speed of motor = n=
1460r.p.m.
Slip S=( N s–N)/ N s*100 =(1500-1460) x 100 / 1500 = 2.667%

Ques2: A 12 pole 3 φ alternator driver at speed of 500 r.p.m. supplies power to an 8 pole 3 φ
induction motor. If the slip of motor is 0.03p.u, calculate the speed.

Solution
Frequency of supply from alternator, f=PN/120
=12*500/120 = 50hz

where P= no of poles on
alternatev N=alternator speed is
r.p.m.
Synchronous speed of 3 φ induction
motor N=120f/Pm
=120*50/8 = 750 r.p.m.
Speed of 3 φ induction motor N=Ns (1-s)
=750(1-0.03) = 727.5 r.p.m.
Ques3: A motor generates set used for providing variable frequency ac supply consists of a 3-φ
synchronous and 24 pole 3 φ synchronous generator. The motor generate set is fed from 25hz, 3 φ
ac supply. A 6 pole 3 φ induction motor is electrically connected to the terminals of the
synchronous generator and runs at a slip of 5%. Find
i) the frequency of generated voltage of synchronous generator
ii) the speed at which induction motor is running

Solution
Speed of motor generator set
Ns=(120*f1(supply freq))/(no of pole on syn motor)
=120*25/10=300 r.p.m.

(1) frequency of generated voltage

fz=speed of motor gen set voltage *no of poles on syn gen/120
= 300*24/120 = 60hz
(2) Speed of induction motor , Nm=Ns(1-s)
=120 fz /Pm(1-s) = 120*60/6(1-0.05) = 1140r.p.m.
Ques4: A 3-φ 4 pole induction motor is supplied from 3φ 50Hz ac supply. Find
(1) synchronous speed
(2) rotor speed when slip is 4%
(3) the rotor frequency when runs at 600r.p.m.
Sulution
1) Ns =120f/p
=120*50/4 = 1500 r.p.m.

2) speed when slip is 4% or

.04 N=Ns (1-s)
=1500(1-0.04) = 1440 r.p.m.
3) slip when motor runs at 600
r.p.m. S’=(Ns –N)/Ns
=(1500-600)/1500 = 0.6

Rotor frequency f’ = S’f = 0.6*50 = 30Hz.

Ques5: A 12 pole 3-φ alternator is coupled to an engine running at 500r.p.m. If supplied a 3φ
induction motor having full speed of 1440r.p.m.
Find the %age slip, frequency of rotor current and no of poles of rotor.

Ans
Frequency of supply from alternator f=Pa*Na/120
=12*500/120 = 50Hz

Full load speed Nf =1440 r.p.m.

The no of poles (nearest to and higher than full load speed of motor =1440) should be in even
nos. P=120f/n = 120*50/1440 = 4
Ns = 120f/Pm = 120*50/4 = 1500 r.p.m.
% Slip s = (Ns-N)/Ns x 100 =(1500-1440) x 100 / 1500 = 4%

Rotor frequency f’ = sf = 0.04*50 =

2Hz No A poles of the motor = 4

Ques6: The rotor of 3φ induction motor rotates at 900r.p.m. when states is connected to 3φ
supply .find the rotor frequency.
Solution Nr =980 r.p.m., f=50Hz,
Ns=120f/p When P=2,
Ns=3000r.p.m.,P=4, Ns=1500

P=6, Ns=1000, P=8, Ns=750r.p.m.

As we know that synchronous speed is slightly greater than rotor

speed. Ns=1000 r.p.m. P=6

Fr=Sf=(Ns-N)/Ns*f=Sf = (1000-980) x 50 / 1000

Ques7: A 3 φ 50Hz induction motor has a full load speed of 960 r.p.m
(a) find slip
(b) No of poles
(c) Frequency of rotor induced e.m.f
(d) Speed of rotor field w.r.t. rotor structure
(e) Speed of rotor field w.r.t. Stator structure
(f) Speed of rotor field w.r.t. stator field

Solution:
Given f = 50 Hz(supply
frequency) N = 960r.p.m
The no. of pole will be 6 only(because at P=6, Ns = 1000 which is nearer nad greater then 960 r.p.m.)

(a) Slip, S = (Ns-N)/Ns * 100 = (1000 – 960) / 1000 * 100 = 4%

(b) No of poles = 6
(c) Frequency of rotor induced emf = fr = SF = .04 * 50 = 2Hz
 (d) Speed of rotor field w.r.t rotor structure = 120fr/p = 120*2/6 = 40 r.p.m.
(e) Speed of rotor field w.r.t. stator structure os actually the speed of stator filed w.r.t stator
structure, Ns = 1000r.p.m
(f) Speed of rotor field w.r.t stator field is zero
Ques8: A 3 φ, 400V wound rotor has delta connected stator winding and star connected rotor
winding. The stator has 48 turns/phase while rotor has 24 turns per phase. Find the stand still or
open circuited
voltage across the slip rings

Solution
Stator e.m.f/phase E1 =
400V Statur turns/phase N1
= 48 Rotor turns/phase N2 =
24 K= N2/N1 = 24/48
= 1/2

Rotor e.m.f/phase = KE1 = 1/2 * 400 = 200V

Voltage between slip rings = Rotor line voltage = √ 3 x 200 = 346 volt

Ques9: A 6 pole 3 φ 50Hz induction motor is running at full load with a slip of 4%. The rotor is
star connected and its resistance and stand still reactance are 0.25 ohm and 1.5 ohm per phase. The
e.m.f between slip ring is 100V. Find the rotor current per phase and p.f, assuming the slip rings
are short circuited.
Solution
Rotor e.m.f./phase at stand still E2 = 100√3 = 57.7V Rotor
e.m.f./phase at full load = sE2 = 0.04 * 57.7 = 2.31 V Rotor
reactance/phase at full Load = SX2 = .04 * 1.5 =
.06 ohm
Rotor impedance/phase at full load = √ ((0.25)2 + (0.06)2) = .257 ohm
Full load Rotor current/phase = 2.31/0.257 = 9A
Rotor P.f = 0.25/0.257 = 0.97 lag
Quest10: A 50 Hz, 8 pole induction motor has full load slip of 4%. The rotor resistance and stand
still reactance are 0.01 ohm and 0.1 ohm per phase respectively. Find:
i) The speed at which maximum torque occurs
ii) The ratio of maximum torque to full load torque
Solution:
Synchronous speed Ns = 120f/P = 120*50/8 = 750r.p.m.
Slip at which maximum torque occurs = R2/X2 = 0.01/0.1 = 0.1
Rotor speed at maximum torque = (1-0.1) Ns = (1- 0.1) 750 = 675 r.p.m. Tm/Tf = (a2 + s2)/2as
Where s = Full load slip = 0.04

a = R2/X2 = 0.01/0.1 = 0.1

Tm/Tf = ((0.1)2 + (0.04)2)/(2*0.1*0.04) = 1.45
Ques 11: An 8 pole 3 φ, 50 Hz induction motor has rotor resistance of 0.025 ohm/phase and rotor
standstill reactance of 0.1ohm/phase. At what speed is the torque maximum? What proportion of
maximum torque is the starting torque?
Solution
Ns = 120f/P = 120*50/8 = 750 r.p.m.
R2 = SX2---------------------for maximum torque
S = R2/X2 = 0.025/0.1 = 0.25
Corresponding speed N = (1-s)Ns = (1 – 0.25)750 = 562.5
 r.p.m. ii) Ts/Tm = 2a/(a2+1) = 0.47 where a = R2/X2 =

0.025/0.1 = 0.25

Ques12: A 500 V, 3 φ, 50 Hz induction motor develops an output of 15 KW at 950 r.p.m. If the input
p.f. is 0.86 lagging, Mechanical losses are 7.30 W and stator losses 1500W, Find
i) the slip
ii) the rotor Cu loss
iii) the motor input
iv) the line current
Solution:
VL = 500V, motor output Pr =
15KW N = 950 r.p.m. P.f. = cos Ø
= 0.86lags Mech. Loss = 730 W
Stator loss = 1500 W
Ns = 120f/P = 120 * 50/6 = 1000r.p.m.
i) S = (Ns-N)/Ns * 100 = (1000 – 960)/1000 *100 = 0.05*100 = 5%
ii) Rotor output = Motor output + Mechanical output = 15 + .730 watt = 15.73
KWatt There fore (Rotor Cu loss)/(Rotor output) = s/(s-1)
Or Rotor Cu loss = 15.73 * (0.05)/(1-0.05) = 827.89

watt Power flow diagram for finding the motor input Motor

input = 15kw + 730 + 1500 + 827.89 = 18.058KW

Line Current = √3V2I2Cosφ I2
= 24.25A
Ques13: A 6 pole 3φ induction motor develops 30hp including 2 hp mechanical losses at a speed of 950
r.p.m. on 550V, 50Hz Mains. The P.F. is 0.88 lagging. Find:
1) Slip
2) Rotor Cu loss
3) Total input if stator losses are 2kw
4) η
5) Line current

Solution
Ns = 120f/P = 120 * 50/6 = 1000 r.p.m.
1) S = (Ns – N)/Ns = (1000 – 950)/1000 = 0.05
Rotor output Pmech = 30hp = 30 * 735.5 = 22065 watt
Power input to rotor = Pmech/(1-S) = 22065/(1-0.05) = 23,226
2) Rotor Cu loss = s * rotor input = 0.05 * 23226 = 1161 Watt
3) Total input = Power input to rotor + stator losses = 23226 + 2000 = 25226 Watt

Motor output = Rotor output – Mech loss = 30 – 2 = 28 HP = 28 * 735.5 = 20594 Watt

4) η = (Motor output)/(Motor input) * 100 = 81.64%
5) IL = (Motor Input)/( √3 * 550 * 0.88) = 30A
Ques14: A 4 pole 50 Hz 3 φ induction motor running at full load, develops a torque of 160N- m,
when rotor makes 120 complete cycles per minute, find what power output

Solution
Supply frequency f = 50Hz
 Rotor e.m.f. frequency = f = 120/60 =
2Hz Slip S = f’/f = 2/50 = 0.04
Ns = 120f/p = 120 *50/4 = 1500 r.p.m.
Shaft power output = Tsh * 2πN/160 = 160 * 2 π * 1440/60 = 24127W

Ques15: The power input to a 500V 50Hz, 6 pole, 3 φ squirrel case inductor motor running at 975
r.p.m. is 40kw. The stator losses are 1 kw and friction and windage losses are 2kw. Find:
1) Slip
2) Rotor Cu loss
3) Brake hp
Solution:
i) Ns = 120f/P = 120*50/6 = 1000 r.p.m.
S= ( Ns – N)/Ns = (1000 – 975)/1000 = 0.025
Power input to station P1 = 40Kw
Stator output power = P1 – stator losses = 40 -1 =
39kw Power input to rotor P2 = Stator output power =
39 KW
ii) Rotor Cu loss = sP = 0.025 * 39 =
2
0.975KW Pmech = P2 – Pcu = 39 – 0.975 =
38.025
iii) Motor output = P
mech – friction and windage loss = 38.025 – 2 = 36.025KW

Ques16: A 480V, 60 Hz, 6-pole, three-phase, delta-connected induction motor has the
following parameters:

R1=0.461 Ω, R2=0.258 Ω, X1=0.507 Ω, X2=0.309 Ω, Xm=30.74 Ω

Rotational losses are 2450W. The motor drives a mechanical load at a speed of 1170 rpm.
Calculate the following information:

i. Synchronous speed in rpm

ii. slip

iii. Line Current

iv. Input Power

v. Airgap Power

vi. Torque Developed

vii. Output Power in Hp

viii. Efficiency

Solution

This machine has no iron loss resistance, so the equivalent circuit is as follows:
 i. Synchronous speed is given by:

Therefore

ns = 1200 rpm

ii. Slip is given by

Using the rpm equation,

s = (1200-1170)/1200 = 0.025

iii. Now, phase current is given by

where phase impedance is given by

Using the above equation, Zin = 9.57 + j3.84 Ω

And noting that the machine is delta connected, V1 = VLL = 480V

I1 = 43.1 - j17.4 A. |I1| =46.6 A, θ = -21.9°

Therefore IL = √3 × 46.6 = 80.6 A

iv. Input power is given by:

Therefore:

Pin = 62.2 kW

v. To find airgap power, There are two possible approaches:

a. Airgap power is the input power minus stator losses. In this case the core losses are
grouped with rotational loss. Therefore

Pgap = 62.2 kW - 3× 46.62 × 0.461

Pgap = 59.2 kW
 b. Airgap Power is given by

This approach requires rotor current to be found. With no core loss resistance:

Giving I2 = 43.7 A. Substituting into the power equation

Pgap = 59.2kW

vi. Torque developed can be found from

where synchronous speed in radians per second is given by

giving

τ = 471 Nm

vii. Output power in horsepower is the output power in Watts divided by 746. (there are 746 W in
one Hp).

and

Therefore output power in Watts is:Pout =

55.3kW Pout = 74.1 Hp

viii. Efficiency is given by

Therefore
 η = 55.3/62.2 = 88.9%

Ques17: A three-phase, 6-pole, 10 HP, 400 Hz induction motor has a slip of 3% at rated output
power. Friction and windage losses are 300 W at rated speed. The rated condition total core losses
are 350 R1  R2   X 1  X 2  0.15  . If the motor is operating at rated output power,
W. 0.05
.
speed, and frequency, find (a) rotor speed, (b) frequency of rotor currents, (c) total power across
the air gap, (d) efficiency, and (e) applied line voltage. Use the approximate equivalent circuit for
analysis.
(a)

120 120400
ns 
f   8000 rpm

p 6
nm  1  s ns  1  0.038000  7760 rpm

(b)

fr  s f  0.03400  12 Hz

(c)

3Pd  Ps  PFW  10746  300  7760 W

7760
3P   8000 W
3Pg  d
1 1
s 0.03

(d) The reflected secondary current is found by

 sP
I 2  g 1/ 2 0.038000 / 3
    40 A
 R2 
2
Losses  3 I    R  R   3P  P
2 1 2 c FW

2
 340 0.05  0.05  350  300  1130 W

Ps 100 10746100
   88.94%
Ps  losses
10746  1130
(e)

R2  0.05
VIR   40 0.05   j0.3  69.71 V

jX