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Mathematical
Plotting with
Matplotlib

Requirements

pip install matplotlib

Try if your installation is fine:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

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Before plotting we need values

+ To plot a 2D graph we need values for X and Y axis.

+ Lets plot our function:

primary * (1+r/100)**n

Functions in Python

def f(n, r, primary):

return primary * (1+r/100)**n

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Plotting in Python

+ We have defined the function to calculate our Y values.

+ Now we need to generate the values for X axis.
+ Lets plot the evolution of the balance from 1 to 99 years

x = np.linspace(1, 99) # 50 values

numpy.linspace

+ numpy.linspace(start, stop, num=50, endpoint=True, rets

tep=False, dtype=None, axis=0)
+ Return evenly spaced numbers over a specified interval.
+ Returns num evenly spaced samples, calculated over the
interval [start, stop].
+ The endpoint of the interval can optionally be excluded.

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import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def f(n, r, primary):

return primary * (1+r/100)**n
r=5
primary = 100
x = np.linspace(1, 99)
y = f(x, r, primary)
ax = plt.plot(x, y)
plt.show()

Plotting style
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

y1 = np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0])

y2 = np.array([1.2, 1.6, 3.1, 4.2, 4.8])
y3 = np.array([3.2, 1.1, 2.0, 3.9, 2.5])

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
lines = ax.plot(y1, 'o', y2, 'x', y3, '*')
plt.show()

Note: Plotting according their position in the array

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Adding labels and legends

Add title
ax.set_title("Plot of the data y1, y2, and y3")
Add axis label
ax.set_xlabel("x axis label")
ax.set_ylabel("y axis label")
Add legend
ax.legend(("data y1", "data y2", "data y3"))

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

y1 = np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0])

y2 = np.array([1.2, 1.6, 3.1, 4.2, 4.8])
y3 = np.array([3.2, 1.1, 2.0, 3.9, 2.5])

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
lines = ax.plot(y1, 'o', y2, 'x', y3, '*')
ax.set_title("Plot of the data y1, y2, and y3")
ax.set_xlabel("x axis label")
ax.set_ylabel("y axis label")
ax.legend(("data y1", "data y2", "data y3"))

plt.show()

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Plotting lines

+ We can also customize

the lines of the plotting
by changing to the
following:

lines = ax.plot(y1, 'o-', y2, 'x--', y3, '*-.')

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Subplots
+ It is also possible to draw multiple graphs in the same figure.
+ plt.subplots(int, int, index), default: (1, 1, 1)
+ Three integers (nrows, ncols, index).
+ The subplot will take the index position on a grid with nrows rows
and ncols columns.
+ index starts at 1 in the upper left corner and increases to the right.
+ index can also be a two-tuple specifying the (first, last) indices (1-
based, and including last) of the subplot,
+ e.g., fig.add_subplot(3, 1, (1, 2)) makes a subplot that spans the
upper 2/3 of the figure.

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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

#plot 1:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.title("SALES")

#plot 2:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.title("INCOME")

plt.suptitle("MY SHOP")
plt.show()

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Saving Matplotlib figures

+ The figures can be saved in several formats such as:

1. PNG
2. SVG
3. PDF
4. PS

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import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

y1 = np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0])

y2 = np.array([1.2, 1.6, 3.1, 4.2, 4.8])
y3 = np.array([3.2, 1.1, 2.0, 3.9, 2.5])

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
lines = ax.plot(y1, 'o', y2, 'x', y3, '*')
ax.set_title("Plot of the data y1, y2, and y3")
ax.set_xlabel("x axis label")
ax.set_ylabel("y axis label")
ax.legend(("data y1", "data y2", "data y3"))

plt.savefig(’figure1.png’)

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3D plotting with
Matplotlib
+ 3D plotting in
Matplotlib starts by
enabling the utility
toolkit.
+ Importing the mplot3d
library

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projection="3d"

+ Once this sub-module is imported, 3D plots can be

created by passing the keyword projection="3d" to any
of the regular axes creation functions in Matplotlib.

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Try this!!!

+ from mpl_toolkits import mplot3d

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

fig = plt.figure()
ax = plt.axes(projection="3d")

plt.show()

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Empty

+ We just created our axes.

+ Now, we can start plotting in 3D.
+ The 3D plotting functions are quite intuitive: instead of
just scatter we call scatter3D , and instead of passing
only x and y data, we pass over x, y, and z.
+ All of the other function settings such as colour and line
type remain the same as with the 2D plotting functions.

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Draw something in 3D

+ fig = plt.figure()
ax = plt.axes(projection="3d")

z_line = np.linspace(0, 15, 1000)

x_line = np.cos(z_line)
y_line = np.sin(z_line)
ax.plot3D(x_line, y_line, z_line, 'gray')

z_points = 15 * np.random.random(100)
x_points = np.cos(z_points) + 0.1 * np.random.randn(100)
y_points = np.sin(z_points) + 0.1 * np.random.randn(100)
ax.scatter3D(x_points, y_points, z_points, c=z_points, cmap='hsv');

plt.show()

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Did you find an issue?

+ You need to import the necessary libs

from mpl_toolkits import mplot3d

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

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Result

+ Did you get this

output?

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Interactivity + The interactivity of plots

becomes extremely useful
for exploring your
visualised data once
you’ve plotted in 3D.

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Surface Plots

+ Surface plots are diagrams of three-dimensional data.

Rather than showing the individual data points, surface
plots show a functional relationship between a
designated dependent variable (Y), and two
independent variables (X and Z).
+ The plot is a companion plot to the contour plot.

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Surface Plots in Python with

matplotlib
+ Constructing a surface plot in Matplotlib is a 3-step process.
(1) First, we need to generate the actual points that will make up
the surface plot.
(2) The second step is to plot a wire-frame — this is our estimate
of the surface.
(3) Finally, we’ll project our surface onto our wire-frame estimate
and extrapolate all the points.

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First

+ fig = plt.figure()
ax = plt.axes(projection="3d")
+ def z_function(x, y):
return np.sin(np.sqrt(x ** 2 + y ** 2))

x = np.linspace(-6, 6, 30)
y = np.linspace(-6, 6, 30)

X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
Z = z_function(X, Y)

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Second

+ ax.plot_wireframe(X, Y, Z, color='green')
ax.set_xlabel('x')
ax.set_ylabel('y')
ax.set_zlabel('z')

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Third

ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1,

cmap='winter', edgecolor='none')
ax.set_title('surface’);
plt.show()

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Result

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3D Bar Plots

+ Bar plots are used quite frequently in data visualisation

projects since they’re able to convey information, usually
some type of comparison, in a simple and intuitive way.
+ The beauty of 3D bar plots is that they maintain the
simplicity of 2D bar plots while extending their capacity
to represent comparative information.

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Bar plot requirements

+ Each bar in a bar plot always needs 2 things: a position and a size.
+ With 3D bar plots three variables such as x, y, z are needed.
+ We’ll select the z axis to encode the height of each bar; therefore,
each bar will start at z = 0 and have a size that is proportional to the
value we are trying to visualise. The x and y positions will represent
the coordinates of the bar across the 2D plane of z = 0.
+ We’ll set the x and y size of each bar to a value of 1 so that all the
bars have the same shape.

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Bar plot

fig = plt.figure()
ax1 = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
x3 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
y3 = [5,6,7,8,2,5,6,3,7,2]
z3 = np.zeros(10)
dx = np.ones(10)
dy = np.ones(10)
dz = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
ax1.bar3d(x3, y3, z3, dx, dy, dz)
ax1.set_xlabel('x axis')
ax1.set_ylabel('y axis')
ax1.set_zlabel('z axis')
plt.show()

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