Tradition of
Excellence
Stem Structure, Function,
and Development
By Group 7
1. Faizah Nur Maulida (210210103057)
2. Yola Rifaatussaadah (210210103078)
3. Aldea Anisyafera Novidayanti (210210103126)
Tradition of
Excellence
Structure of Monocotyledon and
Dicotyledon Stem
Function of Stem Tradition of
Excellence
1. The production of leaves and the proper arrangement of those
leaves in space to maximize light absorption.
2. Generated and held in the proper position for pollinators, such
as wind, insects, birds or mammals.
3. Support the aerial portions of he plant, namely the leaves and
flowers.
4. Resource utilization organs (water, minerals, and light) and
carbon-acquisition organs(autotrophic).
Stem Development
Tradition of
Excellence
Plants undergo primary and
secondary growth.
1. Primary growth arises from the
apical meristem and involves
production and elongation of
the stem.
2. Secondary growth is growth on
the stem that causes
thickening, caused by lateral
meristem are the vascular
cambium and the cork
cambium
Tradition of
Excellence
Structure of
Monocotyledon Stem
Stem (Caulis)
● Monocotyledons are flowering plants Tradition of
having a stem with a simple vascular Excellence
system. The epidermis of monocot stems
has a compact arrangement of tubular
cells, with cuticularised outer walls.
● Plant stems are organs that are part of the
main plant body supporting other shoot
system organs and growths (leaves,
sexual structures, buds), and are involved
in transport and storage as well.
● Plant's stem consists of nodes and
internodes. A plant stem's nodes are
those critical areas from which leaves,
branches, and aerial roots grow out from
the stem, while the internodes are those
intervals between the nodes.
Tissues Differentiation in Monocot Stem
1. Epidermis Tradition of
It is the outermost layer made up of single layer Excellence
of tightly packed parenchymatous cells with thick
cuticle. There are no epidermal outgrowths.
2. Hypodermal tissue
A few layer of sclerenchymatous cells lying below
the epidermis constitute the hypodermis, gives
mechanical strength to the plant.
3. Ground tissue
It is not differentiated into cortex, endodermis,
pericycle and pith. The ground tissue is
represented by several layers of loosely arranged
parenchyma cells enclosing prominent
intercellular spaces.
4. Vascular bundles
Vascular bundles are scattered in the
parenchymatous ground tissue. Consists of
Phloem and Xylem.
1. Epidermal Tissue
Tradition of
Excellence
● Composed of epidermis
● Outermost layer, single layer
● Made of parenchymatous cells
● Cells are compactly packed
● Thick layer of cuticle present
● Cell wall is silicified (silica
deposition) Epidermis persists as
long as the stem (no secondary
growth)
● Few stomata present
● Functions to provide protection,
silica deposition provide
mechanical support, cuticle
prevent transpiration, stomata
allow gaseous exchange
2. Hypodermal tissue Tradition of
Excellence
● Composed of hypodermis
● Occupy immediately below
epidermis
● Cells are polygonal and compactly
packed
● Multilayered and
sclerenchymatous
● Alternate patches of chlorenchyma
may present
● Below chlorenchyma, hypodermis
is continuous
● Peripheral VB embedded in
hypodermis
● Function: Provide support and
protection
3. Ground Tissue
Tradition of
Excellence
● Composed of cortex, pith, pericycle, ect.
● Ground tissue difficult to distinguish
● Cortex parenchymatous
● Cells are large, circular
● Cells loosely packed with intercellular space
● In aquatic monocots (Potamogeton)
aerenchyma present
● In some plants, central portion is hollow (Oryza,
Triticum)
● Function: storage, bear vascular bundles
Ground tissue
Cross section of a monocotyledonous stem,
Zea mays or corn (Poaceae family or grass
family)
4. Vascular Tissue
Tradition of
Excellence
● Composed of vascular bundles (VB)
● VB numerous
● Scattered arrangement, in the
cortex
● VB are widely separated from each
other
● VB shows size differences
● VB in the outer region are smaller
and in the inner region are larger
● VB are conjoint, collateral and
closed type
Type of Vascular Bundles
Tradition of
Excellence
a). Amphivasal, b). Amphicribral, c).
Collateral, d). Bicollateral bundle
Tradition of
Excellence
Structure of
Dicotyledon Stem
Tradition of
Excellence
EPIDERMIS
Tradition of
Excellence
● It is the outermost layer
● It possesses stomata and large
number of multicellular hairs
(trichomes/epidermal hair).
● The cells are compactly arranged and
do not possess intercellular space.
Function :
1. Minimize the rate of transpiration owing
thick cuticle
2. Protects the underlying tissues from
mechanical injury
3. Prevents the entry of harmful organisms
4. Helps in the exchange of gases through
stomata.
HYPODERMIS
Tradition of
Excellence
● This layer lies below the epidermis
and is composed of 4 or 5 layers of
collenchymatous cells.
● These cells are specially thickened at
the corners against the intercellular
spaces due to deposition of cellulose
and pectin.
● The cells are living and may contain
few chloroplasts
Function :
1. It provides mechanical strength and
elasticity to the peripheral portion of the
stem particularly the young and growing
organs.
CORTEX
Tradition of
Excellence
● It lies below the hypodermis.
● It consists of a few layers of
thin-walled, large, rounded, or oval,
living parenchymatous cells, having
intercellular spaces.
● Cells of cortex may contain some
chloroplasts which may function to
manufacture of food materials.
● They serve for storage of food
ENDODERMIS
Tradition of
Excellence
● It is the single innermost layer of the
cortex which separates the cortex
from vascular bundles.
● Cells are somewhat barrel shaped
and compactly arranged and having
no intercellular spaces.
● They serve as food reserve.
VASCULAR BUNDLES
Tradition of
Excellence
● Consists of cambium, xylem, and
phloem.
● In dicot stem, vascular bundles are
arranged in a ring around the pith.
●
PITH
Tradition of
Excellence
● The large central portion called pith
composed of parenchyma cells with
intercellular spaces.
● The pith will disappear as the diameter of
the stem increases. By increasing the
diameter of the stem, it will suppress the
pith so that the pith does not develop and
eventually degrades
Tradition of
Excellence
Secondary Growth in Dicots
Stem
Tradition of
Excellence
Secondary growth is described
as the formation of secondary
tissues from lateral meristems.
As a result, the diameter of the
stem is increased. Secondary
growth usually occurs in the
stems and roots of perennial
Gymnosperms and Dicots such
as trees and shrubs due to cell
division in the cambium.
Tradition of
Excellence
Formation of the Cambium Ring
The cambium between the xylem
and phloem is called the fascicular
and interfascicular cambium. This
cambium will form a cambium
ring which will later function to
cause secondary growth.
Tradition of
Excellence
Secondary medullary rays
● Medullary rays are parenchymal.
● Located in the middle of the secondary vascular network
Tradition of
Excellence
Annual Ring Formation
The annual ring is a circle formed by the division of the cambium tissue during the year.
In the temperata area, annual circles are easily visible, namely by the formation of dark
and light colored wood networks. Cambium activity is influenced by seasonal changes.
Dark tissue is a tissue that is formed during the dry season which usually forms cells
that are small and tight so they look darker.
In the rainy will form a transport network (phloem and xylem) with cells that are larger
so it looks brighter.
Tradition of
Excellence
Secondary growth in extrastelar region due to activity of cork-cambium
● The increase in diameter or thickness of the stem is due to the activity of
the vascular cambium. This results in the breaking down of outer cortical
and epidermis layers and needs to be replaced to provide new protective
cell layers.
The outer cortical cells or some cells of the hypodermal layer become
meristematic and begin to divide, which forms cork cambium or phellogen.
Tradition of
Excellence
Anatomical Difference Between Dicotyl and Monocotyl Stem
Tradition of
Excellence
Tradition of
Excellence
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Tradition of
Excellence
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