The document summarizes key topics in quantum mechanics including:
1) Wavelength of matter waves in different forms such as gases and accelerated electrons.
2) Heisenberg's uncertainty principle which states that the exact position and momentum of a particle cannot be known simultaneously.
3) The concept of phase velocity, which is the speed at which the phase of a wave propagates, and group velocity, which is the speed of a wave packet or group of waves.
4) The wave function and its significance, with the probability of finding a particle being proportional to the square of the wave function amplitude.
The document summarizes key topics in quantum mechanics including:
1) Wavelength of matter waves in different forms such as gases and accelerated electrons.
2) Heisenberg's uncertainty principle which states that the exact position and momentum of a particle cannot be known simultaneously.
3) The concept of phase velocity, which is the speed at which the phase of a wave propagates, and group velocity, which is the speed of a wave packet or group of waves.
4) The wave function and its significance, with the probability of finding a particle being proportional to the square of the wave function amplitude.
The document summarizes key topics in quantum mechanics including:
1) Wavelength of matter waves in different forms such as gases and accelerated electrons.
2) Heisenberg's uncertainty principle which states that the exact position and momentum of a particle cannot be known simultaneously.
3) The concept of phase velocity, which is the speed at which the phase of a wave propagates, and group velocity, which is the speed of a wave packet or group of waves.
4) The wave function and its significance, with the probability of finding a particle being proportional to the square of the wave function amplitude.
The document summarizes key topics in quantum mechanics including:
1) Wavelength of matter waves in different forms such as gases and accelerated electrons.
2) Heisenberg's uncertainty principle which states that the exact position and momentum of a particle cannot be known simultaneously.
3) The concept of phase velocity, which is the speed at which the phase of a wave propagates, and group velocity, which is the speed of a wave packet or group of waves.
4) The wave function and its significance, with the probability of finding a particle being proportional to the square of the wave function amplitude.
Quantum Mechanics Topics 1) Wavelength of matter waves in different forms 2) Heisenberg uncertainty principle 3) Concept of phase velocity and group velocity (qualitative) 4) Wave function and its significance Wavelength of matter waves in different forms 1) Let us consider E is the kinetic energy and v is velocity of a particle having mass “m” then 1 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 (1) 2 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 "𝑚" 1 𝑚2 𝑣 2 𝐸= 2 𝑚 By using 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 1 𝑝2 𝐸= 2 𝑚
𝑝 = 2𝑚𝐸 1) De-Broglie wavelength for particle in Gaseous state.
According to kinetic theory of gases, the average KE of the particle is
𝑝 = 3𝑚𝐾𝑇 1) De-Broglie wavelength of an accelerated electron under “V” The work done by electric field on the electron appears as the gain in its KE 𝐸 = 𝑒𝑉 1 𝑝2 𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐸= 2 𝑚
1 𝑝2 Therefore = 𝑒𝑉 2 𝑚
𝑝 = 2𝑚𝑒𝑉 ℎ 𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝜆= 𝑝 ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝜆= 2𝑚𝑒𝑉 12.27 𝜆= Å 𝑉 Numerical on matter wave Problem: Calculate the Wavelength of the Electron that is Moving at the Speed of Light.
Sol: λ= h / m v
M= mass of electron =9.1 * 10 (-31) Kg
Heisenberg uncertainty principle Uncertainty principle, also called Heisenberg uncertainty principle or indeterminacy principle, explained in 1927 by the German physicist Werner Heisenberg.
Definition: Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle states that it is
impossible to measure or calculate exactly, both the position and the momentum of an object. This principle is based on the wave-particle duality of matter.
Therefore, the position and the velocity of an object cannot
both be measured exactly, at the same time, even in theory. The complete rule stipulates that the product of the uncertainties in position and mometum is equal to or greater than a tiny physical quantity, or constant h/(4π)
Reduced Planck constant
A quite accurate measurement of one observable involves a
relatively large uncertainty in the measurement of the other. Momentum is a vector quantity and let 𝑝𝑥 , 𝑝𝑦 , 𝑝𝑧 are momentum compnets along x, y, z directions ℎ ℎ ℎ ∆𝑥∆𝑝𝑥 ≥ , ∆𝑥∆𝑝𝑦 ≥ , ∆𝑥∆𝑝𝑦 ≥ 4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
There is a other pair of quantities which can be found simultaneously
ℎ ∆𝑡∆𝐸 ≥ (Time and Energy) 4𝜋 ℎ ∆𝐿∆𝜃 ≥ (Angular Momentum and angle) 4𝜋
Problem: Calculate the uncertainty in the momentum of an electron if
uncertainty in its position is 1 Å.
∆x∆p ≥ h/4π ∆p ≥ h/4π∆x
∆p ≥ 5.28 x 10–²5kg m s-1
Problem2: What will be the uncertainty in the position of an electron (mass = 9.10–31 kg) moving at 300 ms–1 with an accuracy of 0.001 percent?
Given- m = 9.10–31 kg, h = 6.62 × 10–34 J.s, v = 0.003 m/s
Accordig to Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
On substituting the values, we will get
Wave-function of a matter wave wave function, in QM, is a variable quantity or equation that mathematically describes the wave characteristics of a particle. By analogy with waves such as those of sound, a wave function, designated by the Greek letter psi, Ψ, may be thought of as an expression for the amplitude of the particle wave (or de Broglie wave). Although such waves functions has no physical significance. But Ψ2 have physical significance: the probability of finding the particle described by a specific wave function Ψ at a given point and time is proportional to the value of Ψ2. Usually, it is used only to describe the behavior of ‘slow’ electrons because it is not accurate for faster-moving particles. Faster-moving particles, those moving at a few percentages of the speed of light or faster, are noticeably affected by Special Relativity.
The wave function can include the imaginary number i, that is
the square root of negative 1. Concept of phase velocity/group velocity (qualitative)
Wave: A wave is defined as a disturbance in a medium from an
equilibrium condition that propagates from one region of medium to other regions.
Propagation of Wave: Wave propagate in the medium occurs
with two different kinds of velocity. i.e. phase velocity and group velocity.
1. Phase Velocity (Vp): The velocity with which the phase of wave propagates through the medium at a certain frequency is called the phase velocity or wave velocity. Group Velocity (Vg): The velocity of propagation of wave packet through space is known as group velocity.
Wave Packet/Wave group: It is an envelope which contains a
number of plane waves having a different wavelength. These numbers of waves superimpose on each other and a resultant wave obtain.
Direction of propagation Let: Direction of disturbance Velocity of wave Amplitude of wave Angular Frequency The function ω(k), which gives ω as a function of k (wave number), is known as the dispersion relation. k= ω / v
y = A sin(ωt−kx)
Here (ωt−kx)= constant (phase of wave)
Differentiating phase w.r.t. ‘t’ For group velocity ω−k dx/dt= 0 You can try by dx/dt= ω / k considering two waves dx/dt= Vp = ω / k Thank you……
