REVIEWER IN ROTC MS2 4.

Support Units

University President: Dr. Tirso A. Ronquillo Philippine Navy Major Type Commands
Coordinator: Dr. Romeo M. Guillo Jr. 1. Philippine Fleet
Commandant: Capt. Rosie Rey M. Musil PN Mission: “To prepare and operate assigned forces
(GSC) for naval operations in order to support the PN
Assistant Commandant: PO2 Hazel H. Tronio PN accomplish its mission.”
Co-Commandant: Capt. Armel Simone Pilon ➢ Home of the sailors
➢ Home of the fighting ships
NAVAL ORGANIZATION ➢ Has major units namely: Offshore Combat
THE PHILIPPINE NAVY Force, Sealift Amphibious, Littoral Combat
Four-fold Mission: Force and Fleet
1. National Defense ➢ Support Group and special units, NAG,
2. Security Operations NAVSOG and FTDC
3. Deterrence
4. National Development 2. Philippine Marine Corps
Mission: “To provide combined armed units in the
Navy’s Role: conduct of amphibious warfare and such other
1. The Navy shall defend the territory from operations in order to accomplish the mission of the
external aggression. Philippine Navy.”
2. The Navy shall continue its role of securing ➢ Rapid deployment
the Philippine maritime areas from all forms ➢ Amphibious strike force
of intrusions, encroachment, piracy and ➢ Small but highly mobile
drug-trafficking. ➢ Hard-hitting
3. The Navy shall assist other government ➢ Superbly trained
agencies in protecting our marine resources
and environment. Philippine Naval Operational Commands
4. The Navy shall continue to assist in the 1. Naval Forces Northern Luzon
conduct of rescue and relief operations not (NAVFORNOL)
only during accidents at sea but even during 2. Naval Forces Southern Luzon
natural calamities in land such as (NAVFORSOL)
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and floods. 3. Naval Forces West (NAVFORWEST)
5. The Navy shall continue assisting in 4. Naval Forces Central (NAVFORCEN)
national socio-economic development. 5. Naval Forces Western Mindanao
6. The Navy, as it acquires new and more (NAVFORWESM)
potent assets, will be an effective instrument 6. Naval Forces Eastern Mindanao
of the government in fulfilling various (NAVFOREASTM)
security-related international commitments. 7. Fleet Marine Ready Force
Support Commands
History:
1. Naval Education Training and Doctrine
● 1898 - The Philippine Revolutionary Navy
Command (NETDC)
● 1939 - The Off Shore Patrol
2. Naval Reserve Command (NRC)
● 1947 - Philippine Naval Patrol
3. Naval Sea Systems Command (NSSC)
● 1951 - Philippine Navy
4. Naval Construction Engineering Brigade
(NCEBde)
PHILIPPINE NAVY ORGANIZATION
1. Type Commands
Support Units
2. Operational Commands
1. Naval Intelligence and Security Force
3. Support Commands
(NISF)
 2. Philippine Navy Finance Center (PNFC) operations in order to support the PN accomplish
3. Naval Logistics Center (NLC) its mission.”
4. Bonifacio Naval Station (BNS) ➢ To provide assets that will conduct
5. Manila Naval Hospital (MNH) continuous naval patrol, sea control and
6. Cavite Naval Hospital (CNH) amphibious operations in order to defend
7. Headquarters Philippine Navy and the sovereignty of the country, its territorial
Headquarters Support Group (HPN& HSG) waters and Exclusive Economic Zones
(EEZ) from foreign aggression, intrusion
HEADQUARTERS PHILIPPINE NAVY and exploitation.
1. VADM TORIBIO ADACI JR PN - Highest ➢ To assist in the conduct of national security
Naval Officer. He executes the command operations and ensure safety and security
functions in relation to Naval strategy, of coastal areas.
tactics and operations. He also act as the ➢ Employ assets to assist in the conduct of
immediate advisor to the Chief of Staff, AFP. disaster response, particularly maritime
He is responsible for the planning search and rescue and patrol sealift and
development and execution of Naval other types of operations as directed.
Defense in the country.
2. RADM CAESAR BERNARD N VALENCIA SHIP ORGANIZATION
PN - He is the Deputy Commander of the
Navy. He assists the FOIC and performs
functions in his absence.
3. RADM ADELUIS S BORDADO PN - He
exercises general supervision over the
central staff, special and technical staff and
performs other duties that the FOIC may
assign.

Personal Staff
1. Naval Modernization Office (NMO)
2. Naval Public Information Office (NPIO) The Commanding Officer:
3. Command Master Chief Petty Officer 1. A line officer who, by virtue of his training
(CMCPO) and experience is assigned by the FOIC,
4. Flag Secretary PN with a responsibility to command a ship.
5. The Naval Inspector General (TNIG) 2. No matter what his rank is, he is called
“Captain”
Central Staff 3. He is charged with absolute responsibility
● N1 - Administrative and Personnel for the safety, well being and efficient
● N2 - Intelligence operation of his command.
● N3 - Operations 4. His specific duties, responsibilities and
● N4 - Logistics authority are set forth in the AFP and PN
● N5 - Plans and Programs regulations, customs and traditions of naval
● N6 - CEIS service.
● N7 - CMO
● N8 - Education And Training The Executive Officer:
● N9 - Reservists and Retirees Affairs 1. Designated second in command of the ship.
● N10 - Ships and Yards 2. In the absence of the CO, he becomes the
acting CO and he must be prepared to
THE PHILIPPINE FLEET assume command.
“To prepare and operate assigned forces for naval
 3. Primarily responsible for the administration and supervision of compartment tests for
of the ship and personnel, overall training, tightness; maintenance of bills for control of
daily routine, and the maintenance of good stability; posting of correct compartment
order and discipline in the entire command. check-off list; training of ship's personnel in
4. The entire department heads report to him damage control including fire fighting, and
for all matters pertaining to the internal emergency repairs; and, operation, care
administration of the command. and maintenance of auxiliary machinery
piping and drainage systems, shop repair
Operations Officer: facilities and the repair of hull and boats.
1. Responsible under the Commanding Officer b. Repair Officer - He is responsible for
for the collection, evaluation and planning, scheduling, accomplishing and
dissemination of combat and operational inspecting works to ensure its timely and
information required for the assigned satisfactory completion; establishment of an
mission and tasks of the ship. adequate job order system; and,
The following officers, if assigned or designated, preparation of estimated funds required for
whose duties are indicated, reports to the work to be performed.
Operations Officer:
a. Combat Information Center (CIC) Deck Officer (First Lieutenant):
Officer - He is responsible for the collection and 1. He is responsible for the preservation and
dissemination of combat and operational cleanliness of the exterior of the ship except
information; operation, care and maintenance of that part assigned to another department
CIC equipment except those assigned to other operation, care and maintenance of the
officers; training of CIC personnel; and, control of ground tackle, mooring lines and related
aircraft, when assigned. equipment, ship's boats, except boat
b. Communications Officer - He is machinery, and of the life rafts and other
responsible for supervising the receipt, lifesaving equipment; towing gears and
transmission and routing of ship's equipment, rigging, gangways, fueling and
messages; operation and maintenance of provisioning at sea gears and other deck
visual and electronic communications appurtenances
equipment; proper handling and control of 2. He is also responsible for the preservation
all registered publications; and, the of equipment related to deck seamanship
maintenance of communications security including those involved in loading and
which includes crypto, transmission and unloading operations; planning and
physical security. execution of deck seamanship evolutions
and operations including anchoring,
Engineering Officer: mooring, fueling and replenishment at sea;
1. Responsible for the Commanding Officer for 3. He supervises loading, unloading and
the operation, care and maintenance of all stowage of cargo; and, supervising
propulsion and auxiliary equipment; the operation of paint, sail and boatswain's
control of damage; and the accomplishment lockers as well as garbage disposal.
of repairs.
The following officers, if assigned or designated, Gunnery Officer:
whose duties are indicated, reports to the 1. He is responsible for the conduct of gunfire;
Engineering Officer: operation, care and maintenance of all guns
a. Damage Control Officer - He is including designation and fire control
responsible for prevention and control of equipment and associated ordnance; and,
damage including control of stability, list and training of gunnery personnel and gun
trim; placing the ship in proper condition of crews.
closure as ordered by the CO; coordination
 2. If no other officer is assigned or designated, training, experience, knowledge and skills of an
the Deck/Gunnery Officer performs the individual.
following collateral duties: RATE - term used to identify the level of
a. Cargo Officer achievement and expertise within the individual’s
b. Special Service Officer rating. Rate may also be called paygrade within a
c. Athletic Officer rating.
RANK - combined rate and rating of an individual.
Mess and Supply Officer: Unrated/Non-rated/Unclassified – a term used to
● In large ships, the Mess and Supply identify an individual who has not yet been
Department maybe organized separately classified for a particular rating. His rank would
and would have officers assigned to perform carry an initial (UN). Ex: ASN(UN)
each function. The Mess and Supply Officer Striker – a term that applies to an individual in the
is responsible to the Commanding Officer pay grade E1 to E3.
for procuring, receiving, storing, issuing, Petty Officer – a term that applies to an individual
shipping, transferring, accounting and while in the paygrade E4 to E7
in his custody, maintaining all stores,
provisions and equipment of the command.

Chief Master-at-Arms (CMAA):

1. Assists the OOD in the execution of ship's
routine including responsibility for crew
turning out promptly at all hands evolutions
and reveille, supervising the control of
standing lights, maintaining silence after
taps, handling of liberty parties leaving the
ship or returning aboard and in the
processing of all newly reported personnel;
2. Supervises extra duty men and men
performing punishments, the rigging and
unrigging for church, movies and other
special functions and the preparation of
delinquency reports; maintains a lucky bag;
furnishes escorts for the CO, EXO and
visitors as directed; renders 8 o'clock
reports if not designated to BMW or DPOW;
3. Ensures the safety and welfare of prisoners
at the brig, frequent inspections of the ship,
that ship's regulations and instructions
pertaining visitors are adhered to and the Ps. wala talaga ako mahanap na malinaw huhuhu
presence of masters-at-arms at all mess
lines, pay lines, store lines, captain's masts PN enlisted rating structures
and courts-martial, at scenes of BM - Boatswain’s Mate - BMs train and supervise
emergencies and other official gathering of personnel in all activities relating to marlinespike,
personnel. deck and boat seamanship, and the maintenance
of the ship’s external structure and deck equipment.
Philippine Navy Ranks, Rates, ratings and They act as petty officers in charge of small craft
Insignias (Terminologies) and may perform duties as master-at-arms, serve
RATING - a term used in the Navy to identify an in or take charge of gun crews and damage control
occupational specialty that is based on aptitude, parties. (Crossed Anchors)
 managers, inventory clerks, buyers, parts clerks,
GM - Gunner’s Mate - Navy GMs operate, bookkeepers and even forklift operators. (Crossed
maintain and repair all gunnery equipment, Keys)
guided-missile launching systems, rocket
launchers, guns, gun mounts, turrets, projectors YN - Yeoman - YNs perform secretarial and clerical
and associated equipment. They make detailed work. They deal with visitors, telephone calls and
casualty analyses and repairs of electrical, incoming mail. YNs organize files and operate copy
electronic, hydraulic and mechanical systems. They machines and order and distribute supplies. They
also test and inspect ammunition, missiles and their write and type business and social letters, notices,
ordnance components. GMs train and supervise directives, forms and reports. They maintain files
personnel in the handling and stowage of and service records. (Crossed quills)
ammunition, missiles and assigned ordnance
equipment. (Crossed Cannons) DT - Dental Technician - Navy dentists, like many
civilian ones, are assisted by dental technicians.
QM - Quartermaster - QMs assist the navigator DTs have a variety of “chairside,” laboratory and
and officer of the deck (OOD), steer the ship, take administrative duties. Some are qualified in making
radar bearings and ranges, make depth soundings and fitting artificial teeth; dental X-ray techniques;
and celestial observations, plot courses and clinical laboratory required. (D on caduceus)
command small craft. Additionally, they maintain
charts, navigational aids and oceanographic HM - Hospital Corpsman - HMs assist medical
publications and records for the ship’s log. reports. professionals in providing health care to service
They maintain files and service records. (Ship’s people and their families. They serve as
helm) pharmacists, medical technicians, food service
personnel, nurse’s aids, physician’s or dentist’s
ET - Electronics Technician - ETs are responsible assistants, battlefield medics, X-ray technicians and
for electronic equipment used to send and receive more. An HM’s work falls into several categories:
messages, detect enemy planes and ships, and first aid and minor surgery, patient transportation,
determine target distances. They must maintain, patient care, prescriptions and laboratory work,
repair, calibrate, tune and adjust all electronic food service inspections and clerical duties.
equipment used for communications, detection and (Caduceus)
tracking, recognition and identification, navigation
and electronic countermeasures. (Helium atom) EM - Electrician’s Mate - The operation and repair
of a ship’s or station’s electrical power plant and
DK - Disbursing Clerk - DKs maintain the financial electrical equipment is the responsibility of EMs.
records of Navy personnel. They prepare payrolls, They also maintain and repair power and lighting
determine transportation entitlements, compute circuits, distribution switchboards, generators,
travel allowances and process claims for motors and other electrical equipment. (Globe with
reimbursement of travel expenses. DKs also longitude and latitude lines)
process vouchers for receiving and spending public
money and ensure accounting data is accurate. EN - Engineman - Internal combustion engines,
They maintain fiscal records and prepare financial diesel or gasoline, must be kept in good order. This
reports and returns. (Key on check) is the responsibility of ENs. They also maintain
refrigeration, air-conditioning, distilling-plant
SK - Storekeeper - SKs are the Navy’s supply engines and compressors. (Gear)
clerks. They see that needed supplies are available
including everything from clothing and machine MR - Machinery Repairman - MRs are skilled
parts to forms and food. SKs have duties as civilian machine tool operators. They make replacement
warehousemen, purchasing agents, stock clerks parts and repair or overhaul a ship’s engine
and supervisors, retail sales clerks, store auxiliary equipment, such as evaporators, air
compressors and pumps. They repair deck ○
equipment, including winches and hoists, ● There are one count involved with
condensers and heat exchange devices. Shipboard ● this movement.
MRs frequently operate main propulsion machinery, ● This movement is executed when halted at
besides performing machine shop and repair duties Attention, marching at Quick Time, or
(Micrometer and gear) seated in a vehicle. commands for this
movement are “ HAND, SALUTE”, “READY,
BU - Builder - Navy builders are like civilian TWO”
construction workers. They are skilled carpenters,
plasterers, roofers, cement finishers, asphalt 2. Honors to the Flag
workers, masons, painters, bricklayers, sawmill A. Colors – paying honors to the flag;
operators or cabinetmakers. BUs build and repair hoisted in the morning and lowered
all types of structures including: piers, bridges, in the afternoon.
towers, underwater installations, schools, offices, a. For ships not underway and
houses and other buildings. (Carpenter’s square Shore
on plumb bob) Commands:
Sunrise – Morning Colors
PH - Photographer’s Mate - PHs photograph Sunset – Evening Colors
actual and simulated battle operations and make
photo records of historic and newsworthy events for b. For ships underway:
the Navy. They expose and process light-sensitive National ensign is raised/lowered at
negatives and positives, maintain cameras, related the mast; the jack flag is not raised.
equipment, photo files and records and perform Shifting colors:
other photographic services for the Navy. ● When a ship leaves the pier or weighs her
anchor, shifts the National Ensign from the
AD - Aviation Machinist’s Mate - Usually, ADs are flag gaff to mast. The national Ensign is
assigned to billets concerned with maintaining then called steaming ensign. Jack Flag is
turbo-jet aircraft engines and associated equipment lowered at the same time.
or to any one of several types of aircraft ● When ship arrives at the pier or anchors:
maintenance activities. ADs maintain, service, Shifts the National from mast to flag gaff.
adjust and replace aircraft engines and Jack flag is raised at the same time.
accessories, as well as perform the duties of flight
engineers. B. Honors Rendered by Merchant Ships
(Dipping): Merchant ships salute navy ships by
Other rating found in PN: dipping their ensign. Navy Ships respond by
● MU - Musician’s Mate lowering the steaming ensign to half-mast for a few
● RM - Radioman (Four Sparks) seconds then close it up. After which, the merchant
● DC - Damage Control Man (Crossed fire ship may raise her flag again.
ax and maul)
● DP - Data Processing (Quill on gear) C. Passing Honors: honors exchange between
● EO - Equipment Operator (Bulldozer) two ships or boats when comes close aboard
(Distance : Ships: 600 yds Boats: 400 yds)
NAVAL CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS Ships/boats who’s Commanding
Honors Officer/Boat Captain is junior in rank renders
1. Salute passing honors to Commanding Officer/Boat
● The purpose for this movement, is to Captain Senior in rank.
demonstrate mutual respect and courtesy
between members of military organizations
and to show respect to National Colors
Other honors ● Billet allotted sleeping place: also a man
● The arrival/departure of the ship’s Captain is s location in the ships organization
usually announced at the PA system. He is ● Black Gang- slang for the engineering force
always piped when he boards or leaves the ● Bear Hand - cooperation among the ship's
ship company
● Nobody is allowed to sit in the Captain’s ● All Hands- entire ship’s company
Chair at the bridge unless offered. ● Boot- slang for new recruit
● In boarding the ship, Junior goes first. In ● Coxswain- enlisted men in charge of a boat
disembarking, senior goes first. ● Field day- general cleaning day aboard
● Navy Officers eat in the place called ship, usually a day before inspection
“Wardroom” ● Flag Officer- an officer with the rank of
● Side boys are detailed in the quarter deck to COMMODORE and above
welcome a distinguished visitor: ● Gangway- opening in the bulwarks: order to
CAPT AND BELOW – 4 side boys stand a while and get out of way
COMMO TO REAR ADMIRAL – 6 side boys ● General Quarters- battle station for all
VICE ADMIRAL UP – 8 side boys hands
● Java- slang for coffee time
Customs ● Jump ship- slang for leaving the ship
Bridge Customs: Bridge is the center of without authority/permission
operations of the ship while underway. If CO is ● Lucky bag- stowage of article found adrift
present, appropriate greetings must be rendered. ● Passageway- corridor
● Pipe down- an order to keep silent
Procedure in Entering/Leaving the Ship: ● Pass the word- to repeat an order or
At the gangway – if the National ensign is flying, information to the crew
turn aft before getting aboard and salute the ● Sea dog- an old sailor
ensign. Upon boarding, before striking the ship’s ● Sea lawyer- an enlisted men who likes to
deck, render another salute to the OOD or his/her argue; usually one who thinks he can twist
representative by saying “Request permission to the regulations and standing order to favor
come aboard Sir.” For disembarking, it is done in a his personal inclinations
reverse manner. ● Skag- slang for cigarettes
When boarding in-group – only the one in charge ● Ship-shape- term for a neat and orderly
shall render salute. condition
● Sickbay- ships hospital or dispensary
Crossing the Nest: Usually done when your ship ● Skippy- slang for undershirt
is in nest with other ships: ● Secure- to make fast; to tie; an order given
Boarding: Salute the colors and OOD of in completion of a drill or exercise meaning
inboard ship. to withdraw from drill station and duties
Say “Request Permission to cross” until you
reach your own ship. SEAMANSHIP
Marlinspike Seamanship - the art of handling and
Half Masting: Tribute to the dead. working all kinds of fiber and wire rope. It includes
every variety of knotting, splicing, serving, and
Basic Rule for Boats and Vehicles: “SENIORS fancy work.
ARE LAST IN, FIRST OUT” ● Use line for tying up during mooring and
docking and for rigging aloft or over the side
Naval terms and phraseologies during painting details.
● Aye-Aye- a reply to an order to indicate that ● Use wire rope during replenishment of
it is understood and will be carried out supplies and for highline transfers. These
 are only a few of the jobs that require to use picked up and eventually work into the line,
line or wire rope; there are many more. cutting the inner strands.
● Natural fiber line exposed to the
Rope - manufactured from wire, fiber, and atmosphere deteriorates about 30 percent
combinations of the two. Fiber rope or line, as it is in 2 years from weathering alone. Natural
commonly called, is fashioned from natural or fiber line received from supply that is 3
synthetic fibers. years old should be returned to supply
● In the Navy, sailors refer to fiber rope as noting uneconomical to use.
line, whereas they refer to wire rope as
rope, wire rope, or just wire. More clearly Small Stuff - Line 1 1/2 inches or less in
defined, a line is a piece of rope, either fiber circumference is called small stuff. Its size
or synthetic, that is in use or has been cut specification is governed by the number of yarns it
for a specific purpose, such as a lifeline, contains (called threads in this instance).
heaving line, or lead line. Use of Small Stuff
● Round line is three-strand, right-laid tarred
Construction of Line hemp is used for seizing and servings on
Line currently used in the Navy may be ships where neatness is required.
three-strand line, braided, or plaited. In a ● Sail twine is small stuff laid up right-handed
three-strand line, fibers are twisted into yarns or by machine, like regular line, but it is not
threads, the yarns are twisted in the opposite much larger than fishing line is used for
direction into strands, and the strands are twisted in servings when a fancier job than can be
the first direction, making line. Taking the process done with marline is desired.
further, lines are twisted into cable. Line can have ● Cod line is the light, white line formerly
various numbers of strands, and the direction the used in hammock clews (lines for
strands are twisted determines the lay of the line. suspending a hammock) is used for
That is, if the strands are twisted to the right, the decorative purposes.
line is said to be right-laid.
Securing Ends
Use and Care of Line Never leave the end of a line dangling loose without
● Coil right-laid line right-handed or clockwise. a whipping to prevent it from unlaying. The end of
Flake down braided and plaited line. line will begin to unlay of its own accord. To prevent
● Keep line from touching stays, guys, or fraying, you should put a temporary plain whipping
other standing rigging. on with anything, even a rope yarn.
● When surging line around bitts, take off Knots
enough turns so the line does not jerk but The bowline is a good knot with many uses. It is
surges smoothly. used whenever a loop is needed, such as in
● If line becomes chafed or damaged, cut and making a temporary eye in a mooring line.
splice. A good splice is safer than a
damaged section. However, do not cut a According to a Seaman's use of the term knot, the
line without your supervisor's permission. line usually is bent to itself. The knot forms an eye
● Do not lubricate the line. or knob or secures a cord or line around an object,
● Whip all line ends. such as a package.
● Inspect natural fiber line frequently for
deterioration. Open the lay and inspect the Bending to a hook, ring, or spar
fibers. White, powdery residue indicates You can use a hitch to secure a line to a hook, ring
internal wear. or spar. We will describe various hitches in this
● Dragging a line over sharp or rough objects section. A hitch differs from a knot in that it
cuts or breaks the outer fibers. When line is ordinarily is tied to a ring, around a spar or
dragged on the ground, other particles are stanchion, or around another line. It is not tied back
on itself to form an eye or to bend two lines Class 2 Knots - knots for binding two lines
together. together.
● Square or reef knot - used for tying reef
Eye Splice points and bending lines together.
To make an eye splice with manila or synthetic ● Granny knot – usually mistaken for a
lines, you must untwist the strands in the end of square knot. It will slip under strain.
your line anywhere from 4 inches to 2 feet, ● Sheet or becket bend (single) – used for
depending on the size of the line, and splice them bending line to becket and for bending lines
into the standing part of the line by tucking the of different sizes together.
unlaid strands from the end into the standing part. ● Sheet or becket bend (double) - same use
as the sheet or becket bend (single)
Short Splice ● Two bowlines – a safe and convenient way
Lines are short spliced together when a slight of bending two hawsers together.
enlargement of the diameter of the line is of no ● Carrick Bend – used to bend two hawsers
importance. Slings are made of pieces of line, with together – it will not slip or jam, and no
their own ends short spliced together. matter how long the hawsers are in the
water it can be easily untied
4 Classes of Knots ● Reeving line bend – used to bend together
Class 1 Knots - knots in the end of line, used in two lines that must reeve around a capstan
fastening a line upon itself or around an object or which drum.
● Overhand Knot – used in making other Class 3 Knots - knots that secure a line to a ring or
knots. Never used alone. spar (hitches or bends).
● Bowline - a temporary eye in the end of a ● Fisherman’s Bend - used to secure a rope
line. It will not slip or jam. to a toupee or a hawser to the ring of an
● Running bowline – a convenient form of anchor.
running an eye. Formed by making a ● Tolling hitch - used to bend a line to a spar
bowline over its own standing part. or to the standing part of another line.
● Bowline on a bight – used to sling a man ● Round Turn and Two Half Hitches –used
over the side. It will not slip and constrict to secure the end of a line made around any
him. other object.
● French Bowline – has the same purpose ● Clove or Ratline Hitch – convenient for
as the bowline on a bight. It gives two loops making a line fast to a spar, the standing
that can be adjusted to fit. part of another line, or a bollard.
● Spanish bowline - Can be used wherever it ● Half hitch or two half hitch – used to
is desirable to have two eyes in the line. Its secure a line temporarily around any object
primary purpose however is, as a substitute ● Stopper hitch – used to check a running
for the boatswain's chair. line
● Sheepshank – used to shorten a rope in ● Cats paw – used to secure a line to a hook.
three parts, and half hitch each part around Class 4 Knots - knots used to give finished to the
the bight of the other two parts. end of a line and to prevent unreeling or for
● Cats Paw - a double loop formed by ornamental purposes.
twisting two bights of a rope. The hook of a ● Wall knot - the reverse of a crown knot. It is
tackle is passed through them. never used alone, but always as a part of a
● Figure Eight – used to prevent the end of line. There are various combinations of wall
line from unreeling through a block or and crown knot.
eyebolt. ● Crown knot - the simplest and best-known
● Black Wall Hitch – used to secure a line to knots in the end of a line. It is never used
a hook quickly. alone, but always as a part of some other
knot.
 ● Manrope - combination of a double crown swivel shots, chain cable jacks, mooring
and wall not. An ornamental knot worked in hooks, chain hooks, anchor bars, and
the end of gangway (handrails made of line) anchor buoys.
● Mathew Walker - the navy standard knot for
the end of hammock jackstay. The three Types of Anchor
strands are bought back together, so they Anchors used in the Navy today are grouped
can be laid up again. according to type. The most common types used
are stockless anchors, lightweight (LWT) or
Wire Rope stock-incrown anchors, and two-fluke
The basic unit of wire-rope construction is balanced-fluke anchors. Stock anchors
the individual wire made of steel or other metal in (old-fashioned) and mushroom anchors are no
various sizes. These wires are laid together to form longer specified as a part of Navy ship ground
strands. tackle.
The number of wires in a strand varies 1. Stockless Anchor
according to the purpose for which the rope is Three designs of stockless anchors are in
intended. A number of strands are laid together to use on naval ships: commercial, standard
form the wire rope itself. Navy, and the Mark 2.
Wire rope is designated by the number of 2. Lightweight Anchor
strands per rope and the number of wires per Two types of lightweight anchors are used
strand. Thus, a 6x19 rope has 6 strands with 19 on Navy ships: the Mk 2 LWT and the
wires per strand, but has the same outside wedge block LWT anchor.
diameter as a 6x37 wire rope, which has 6 strands 3. Two-fluke balanced-fluke anchor - is used
with 37 wires of much smaller size per strand. for anchoring some surface ships and the
Wire rope is made of annealed steel, newer submarines and is normally housed
traction steel, or improved plow steel. The basic in the bottom of the ship. This anchor is
metal may be plain or galvanized. used on certain combatant-type surface
ships in place of a bower anchor, which
In general, rigging is a large part of deck could interfere with the ship's sonar dome.
seamanship. The ship's standing rigging consists of 4. Stock Anchor - Old-fashioned, or stock,
lines, wires, turnbuckles, and other gear supporting anchors have been abandoned by large
and attached to the stacks, the masts, and the merchant and Navy ships because they are
topside structure. Running rigging includes the extremely cumbersome and difficult to stow.
rigging used in hoisting and lowering heavy weights 5. Mushroom Anchor - are shaped like a
or in positioning and operating movable deck gear. mushroom with a long narrow stem serving
as the shank.
Ground Tackles - equipment used in anchoring
and mooring with anchors and buoy mooring with Chain and Appendages
chain and appendages. The following are defined Navy anchor chain of the flash butt welded type is
as ground tackle: the Navy standard for new ship constructions and
● Anchor chain, wire rope, synthetic line, or replaces die-lock chain as required for back fit. An
combinations of these materials, when used anchor chain is made up of many parts besides
with anchors. common links and requires a variety of equipment
● Appendages consisting of connecting and fittings to use and maintain the chain. The
shackles or links, detachable links, following descriptions will acquaint you with the
pear-shaped links, end links, bending details of anchor chain and some of the equipment
shackles, mooring shackles, mooring associated with using and maintaining the chain.
swivels, detachable-link tool sets, clear
hawse pendants, dip ropes, chain stoppers,
wrenches for chain stoppers, outboard
 ● Even the most expensive paint is of little
value if it is applied on an insecure
foundation.
● Loose old paint, rush, dirt, dust, moisture of
grease on any surface will prevent new
paint from adhering to.
● Before painting steel, it is necessary to
remove all scale, grease, rust and moisture.
Rust spreads even if it is covered by paint.
● Painting a rusty surface causes paint to
flake off.
● Rust and old paint may be removed in
several ways depending on the thickness of
the coating, thickness of steel underneath,
and materials stored on either side of steel
plating.

Tools for Removing Rust and Old Paint

● Scraper – used for removing rust on plating
surfaces.
● Wire Brush – used as welded areas.
● Sand Paper – used as abrasive to polish.
● Chipping Hammer – used for thick rust.
● Scaling Hammer or Jitterbug – never
used in plating less than ¼ inch in
thickness.
● Rotary Power Brush – it is operated by
compressed air.
● Power Sander – it is also operated by
compressed air.
● Rotary Chipping Tool.
● Blow Torch – satisfactory but should be hot
Anchor Windlass - installed on board ships enough to blister the paint and to burn wood
primarily for handling and securing the anchor and underneath or to discolor paint.
chain used for anchoring the ship and for handling Application of Paint for Brush
anchor chain used for towing the ship. ● Hold brush firmly by the handle, not by the
stock. If held by the stock, hands become
Deck Fittings - are the various devices attached to covered with paint and may cause
the hull that assist in handling the ship. poisoning especially if small cuts are
exposed and lead paints are used.
Painting ● Hold brush at right angle to the surface with
The protection of metal surfaces is the chief the end of the bristles alone touching and lift
objective of painting done aboardship. Paints and it clear to the surface when starting the
varnishes are also used to decorate surfaces. return stroke.
The only effective protection against rust is ● Do not completely fill the brush with paint.
good paint properly applied to metal surfaces that Dip only the end of the bristles into the
have been carefully prepared for painting. paint. Do not charge the brush with paint
until the preceding charge has become
Preparing Surfaces for Painting sufficiently exhausted.
 ● Apply paint with long stroke parallel to the ● Do not leave brush soaking in the water
grain of the wood. because it will cause the bristles to separate
● Cross the work by laying on the paint over a into hunches, flares and become bushy.
small section with parallel strokes. Then
cross the first application with parallel Proper Cleaners for Brushes with Different
strokes at right angle to the first one, all Finishes
laying off (final) should be lengthwise. Oil base paints and varnishes - turpentine or
● For vertical surfaces, work should be laid off mineral spirits
vertically. Water based paint - water
● For overhead surfaces, ceiling panels Shellac - alcohol
should be laid off fore and aft and the Lacquer - lacquer thinner
beams athwartships. Enamel Paint - paint thinner
● Keep paint well-mixed while work is
proceeding. Painting Safety Precautions
● Best result can be obtained by applying two ● Complete ventilation of the compartment is
coats of thin or medium body paint than one essential to ensure immediate removal of
coat of heavy paint. vapors and paint dusts.
● Personnel using spray gun should wear
Types of Paint Brushes and Uses clothing which fits smartly or tightly at the
● Flat Paint Brush - large surface ankles, neck and wrist.
● Oval Sash and Trim Brush - small surface ● Approved respirator must be worn and parts
● Fitch Brush - small and very small surfaces of the body not protected by clothing should
● Oval Varnish Brush - rough be covered with petrolatum (Vaseline).
● Flat Varnish Brush - medium work ● Smoking, open flames, welding, grounding
● French Bristle Brush - high grade work of spray equipment, chipping, and other
● Lettering Brush - small surface & large spark-producing operations are prohibited in
work the compartment when spraying is in
● Painter Duster - cleaning work progress.
● Explosion proof portable lights should be
Care of Brushes used.
Before using, rinse brushes with paint thinner and ● Bulbs must not be replaced in a
soak in boiled oil for about 48 hours to make them compartment or tank being painted until
more flexible and easier to clean. flammable or explosive vapors have been
removed.
Care after use: ● Painted compartments long closed without
● Provide a container with compartments for ventilation must be entered with caution.
stowing different types of brushes for a ● Paint and varnish removers should not be
short period. used by persons having open cuts on their
● The bristles must not touch the bottom as hands, unless rubber gloves are used.
they eventually become distorted. ● Paint and varnish removers should not be
● Brushes which are to be used the following used in confined spaces because some
day should be cleaned with proper thinner have dangerous anesthetic properties.
and placed in the proper compartment of ● If paint and varnish removers touch the skin
the container. and begin to burn, wash off with cold water
● Brushes not to be used soon should be immediately and consult the medical officer.
cleaned in thinner, washed with soap and ● Never use turpentine, spirits or other
water and hang to dry. After drying, thinners for cleaning your hands after work
wrapped in waxed paper and stowed flat. because they can be absorbed through the
skin pores. Use hand soap and water only.