VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Belagavi-590018

An internship report on

“EMBEDDED SYSTEM IN IOT APPLICATIONS”

Submitted in partial fulfillment as per VTU curriculum for VIII

semester for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering

MANISH MAYANK
1EP19EC025

Internship Carried out

at
“TAKE IT SMART (OPC) PVT.LTD”
BANGALORE

Internal Guide External Guide

Dr. YOGESH. G. S Mr Jaganath A
Head of the Department, Technical Lead,
Dept of ECE, EPCET. Take It Smart Pvt.Ltd.

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Jnana Prabha Campus, Virgo Nagar Post, Bidarahalli.
Bengaluru – 560049
2022-2023
 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the internship report entitled “Embedded Systems in IoT
Applications” is a bonafide work carried out by MANISH MAYANK bearing USN:
1EP19EC025 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the seventh semester for the award
of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during the academic year 2022-2023.
The internship report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements prescribed
by the university.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD

Dr. Yogesh. G. S Dr. Yogesh. G. S

Head of the Department, Head of the Department,
Dept of ECE, Dept of ECE,
EPCET. EPCET.
 DECLARATION

I, MANISH MAYANK [USN: 1EP19EC025], student of VII Semester BE, in

Electronics and Communication Engineering, East Point College of Engineering and
Technology hereby declare that the Internship entitled “Embedded Systems in IoT
Applications” has been carried out by me at TAKE IT SMART (OPC) PVT.LTD and
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the VII Semester for the award of
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during academic year 2022-2023.

Date : Name : Manish

Mayank
Place : Bengaluru USN : 1EP19EC025
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any achievement, be it scholastic or otherwise doesn’t depend solely on the individual efforts
but on the guidance, encouragement and cooperation of the intellectuals, elders and friends. I
would like to take this opportunity to thank them all.

First and foremost, I would like to thank Late Dr. S M Venkatapathi, chairman, East Point
Group of Institution, Bengaluru, for providing necessary infrastructure and creating a good
environment.

I express my gratitude to Dr. Yogesh G S, Principal, EPCET who has always been a great
source of inspiration.

I express our sincere regards and thanks to Dr. Yogesh G S, Head of the department, ECE,
EPCET.

I’m grateful to acknowledge the guidance and encouragement that has been given to
me
Dr. Yogesh G S, Head of the department, ECE, EPCET, who has rendered valuable
assistance.

I’m obliged to Dr. Sachin Sharma, Professor, and Dr. Harshavardhan Reddy K,
Professor, Department of ECE, Internship Coordinator, who have helped us in several ways
to learn and explore things by guiding us with all the required support.

I extend my sincere thanks to the department of ECE, EPCET, who have encouraged us
throughout the course. I also express my deep sense of obligation to my parents and God for
their consistent blessings and encouragement.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: ABOUT THE COMPANY..........................................................1-4

1.1 History
1.2 Company Strategy
1.3 Company Services
1.4 Domains
1.5 Departments

CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION.......................................................................5-8

2.1 ABOUT EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

2.2 ABOUT IOT

CHAPTER 3: HARDWARE COMPONENTS................................................9-27

3.1. Atmega328 Microcontroller 10

3.1.1 Architecture 11
3.1.2 AVR CPU Core 12

3.1.3 Pin Configurations 12

3.1.4 Power Modes 12

3.1.5 Ports 13

3.1.6 Analog to Digital Converter 13

3.1.7 USART 13

3.1.8 Features 14

3.2 NodeMCU V3 16
3.3 Power Supply 17
3.4 Relay 17
3.5 LM7805C Voltage Regulator 19
3.6 Crystal Oscillator 19
3.7 DC Motor 20
3.8 Bluetooth 21
3.9 Flame Sensor 22
3.10 IR Sensor 22
3.11 Air Quality Sensor 23
3.12 GPS Receiver 24
3.13 DHT11 24
3.14 GSM 25
3.15 16X2 LCD 26

CHAPTER 4: SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS...........................................27-29

4.1 Code Vision AVR Cross Compiler

4.2 AVR Studio Programmer

4.3 Embedded C

CHAPTER 5: GENERAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITES.............30-31

PROJECT REPORT........................................................................................32-63

KNOWLEDGE GAI....................................................................................64

OVERVIEW.................................................................................................65
—
EMBEDDED SYSTEM IN IOT APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER 1

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ABOUT COMPANY

TAKE IT SMART (OPC) PVT.LTD is an Indian based engineering and Software

Company headquartered in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. It is both product and service
oriented software company. All offices employ an experienced team of professionals, with
an outstanding track record of handling complex web & Apps development projects.

1.1 HISTORY:
The company was legally registered in the year 2021, but it made its
humble beginning in the year 2018 with a team of two members.

1.2 COMPANY STRATERGY:

 Purpose: To be a leader in the software Industry by providing enhanced services,

relationship and profitability.
 Vision: To provide quality services that exceeds the expectations of our esteemed
customers.
 Mission: To build long term relationships with our customers and clients and
provide exceptional customer services by pursuing business through innovation and
advanced technology.
 Core values:
 To incorporate good business practices in order to achieve customer satisfaction and
treating the customers with respect and faith.
 To grow through creativity, invention and innovation.
 To integrate honesty, integrity and business ethics into all aspects of the business
functioning.
 Goals:
 To improve, grow and become more efficient in the field electronics engineering and
software development and develop a strong base of key clients.
 To understand customer requirements and fulfill them.
 Increase the assets and investments of the organization to support the development of
services and expansion of the organization.

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EMBEDDED SYSTEM IN IOT APPLICATIONS

 To increase the productivity and improve the customer service satisfaction.

 To do Innovations in Software field and provide quality services to deliver a range of
products.

1.3 COMPANY SERVICES:

TAKE IT SMART (OPC) PVT.LTD have its own services such as,
 Embedded Applications development
 Web design and development
 IT Service
 Android app Development
 Web Bases Software Solutions
 Web Based ERP
 Web Based Ads Mobile Based Services:
a) Mobile Web Apps
b) Android Apps
c) Windows Apps
d) IOS Apps
e) Cross Plate forms Apps
 Native Apps
 Hybrid apps get trained for industry requirements while you pursuing degree.
 The Different verticals that we operate in are:
(1) Internship
(2) Software Training

1.4 DOMAINS:

TAKE IT SMART (OPC) PVT.LTD have working with several domains like-
 IT
 Digital marketing

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1.5 DEPARTMENTS:

 Marketing: These are the main section of the market departments:

 Sales department is responsible for the sales and distribution of the products to the
different regions.
 Promotion department decides on the type of promotion method for the products,
arranges advertisements and the advertising media used.
 Distribution department distributes the products across the industries.
 Embedded System and Internet of Things (IOT) department.
 Machine learning and web development department.

Business Address: Take It Smart (OPC) Pvt.Ltd

14, SGN Arcade, 1st Floor, 2nd stage, 1st Main Rd,

RPC Layout, Hoshalli Extension, Stage 1,

Vijayanagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560040

Mobile: +91-8050104212

Email: info@takeitsmart.in

Website: www.takeitsmart.in

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CHAPTER 2

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INTRODUCTION

1. ABOUT EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

 The combination of hardware and software either fixed in capability or programmable
is known as Embedded system that is designed for a specific function.
 Embedded systems is device used to control, monitor the operation of equipment’s,
Machinery or plant.
 “Embedded” refers to the internal part.

These are classified into different steps:

Based on the Performance and Functional Requirement:

1 . REAL TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

 They are the type of systems are defined as these systems in which the truthfulness
of the system depends not only on the logical result computation, but also the
results are produced on time.
• Hard real-time systems (e.g., Avionic control).
• Firm real-time systems (e.g., Banking).
• Soft real-time systems (e.g., Video on demand).

2. DETACHED EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

 These systems do not require a host like a computer, depends on itself.
 It takes the inputs from the either analog or digital and processes, calculates and
modified the data and gives the end data through the link device which either
controls, drives and displays the linked devices.
 Examples: mp3 music players, digital cameras, video game,
microwave ovens and temperature checkup systems.

3. NETWORKED EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

 These systems are branch to a network to access the resources.
 Connected network can be LAN, WAN, or the internet.
 The connection maybe wireless or wired.

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EMBEDDED SYSTEM IN IOT APPLICATIONS

 This system is highest growing area in embedded system applications.

4. MOBILE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
 The basic limitations of these devices is the other resources and limitations.
 Mobile embedded systems are used in portable embedded devices like cell
phone, mobiles, digital cameras, mp3 players and personal digital assistants, etc.

2. ABOUT IOT:
 The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices,
mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without
requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

 A thing in the internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm
animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the
driver when tire pressure is low or any other natural or man-made object that can be
assigned an Internet Protocol (IP) address and is able to transfer data over a network.

 Increasingly, organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT to operate more

efficiently, better understand customers to deliver enhanced customer service,
improve decision-making and increase the value of the business.

How does IoT work?

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems,
such as processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data
they acquire from their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by
connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud
to be analysed or analyzed locally. Sometimes, these devices communicate with other
related devices and act on the information they get from one another. The devices do most
of the work without human intervention, although people can interact with the devices --
for instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access the data.

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These are classified into different steps:

Based on the Performance of the Microcontroller:

1. SMALL SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

 These types of systems are designed with an 8 or 16-bit single microcontroller
that may be generated by a battery.
 For the developing embedded software for this embedded systems,
the important programming tools are editor, assembler, cross
assembler and IDE.

2. MEDIUM SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

 Medium scale embedded systems are designed with a 16 or 32-bit MC, RISCs or
DSPs.
 Both hardware and software complexities are available.
 For the developing embedded software for this system, the main tools are
C, C++, JAVA, Visual, RTOS, debugger, source code engineering tool,
simulator and IDE.

3. WORDLY EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

 These systems are designed with 32-bit.
 Type of embedded systems have large hardware and software complexities.
 Which may require scalable or configurable processor and programming logical
arrays.

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CHAPTER 3

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HARDWARE COMPONENTS
The hardware components used in our project is listed below.
1. ATmega48 microcontroller
2. Power Supply
3. Relay
4. LM7805cV (Regulator)
5. GPS
6. BLUETOOTH transceiver.
7. DC motor
8. Flame Sensor
9. GSM
10. MQ135
11. ADXL335
12. IR sensor
13. NodeMCU

3.1 ATmega48/8 microcontroller:

The microcontroller is at the core of every embedded module. Hence, great care must be
exercised in choosing the right microcontroller without compromising on functionality.
Keeping in view many factors that governed the correct implementation of our project the
Atmega48 microcontroller from Atmel Corporation’s AVR microcontroller family was
chosen. Few crucial reasons may be cited so as to justify our choice of this
microcontroller. The first being, that all AVR microcontrollers are designed to deliver
more performance at lesser power consumption. It is compatible with popular protocols
like I2C and SPI. It also has advanced features like an on chip analog to digital converter,
six pulse width modulation channels, and data retention is supported up to a hundred
years at 25º C. Also compilers for the Atmega48/8 are available free of cost from the
manufacturer. An added advantage is that the AVR series can be programmed using the
AVRGCC (GNU C compiler), thus making it an undisputed choice for even GNU/Linux
based programmers. The Atmega48 microcontroller has execution speeds of up to one

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MIPS per MHz of clock frequency. Elucidating the specifications of the CPU of the
AVR, it is an 8 bit microcontroller with advanced RISC architecture.The CPU is designed
for the stellar combination of parallelism and performance. Thus the CPU uses the
Harvard architecture (separate memories and buses for program and data). The CPU also
accommodates a 32 general purpose 8-bit registers.

3.1.1 Architecture:
The ATmega48/8 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR
enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle,
the ATmega88 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system
designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. The AVR core
combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32
registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two
independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle.
The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten
times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The architectural block diagram is
as shown in fig 3.1.1.

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Fig 3.1.1: Architectural Block Diagram of ATmega 328

3.1.2 AVR CPU Core:

This section discusses the AVR core architecture in general. The main function of the CPU
core is to ensure correct program execution. The CPU must therefore be able to access
memories, perform calculations, control peripherals, and handle interrupts.

3.1.3 Pin Configurations:

Figure 3.1.2 Shows the Pin Configuration of Atmega38 Microcontroller

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Figure 3.1.2: Pin configuration of the Atmega38 microcontroller

3.1.4 Power modes:

The Idle mode stops the CPU while the SRAM, Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire Serial
Interface, SPI port, and interrupt system continue to function. In the Power-down mode,
the register contents are saved but the oscillator is frozen until an interrupt is raised or the
hardware is reset. In the Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer is running while the
remaining peripheral components of the device are sleeping.

3.1.5 Ports:
The ports of the AVR have read-modify-write functionality when used as general digital
I/O ports, as stated in the datasheet of the device. The ports are bi-directional I/O ports
with optional internal pull-ups. Each port pin mainly has three register bits which are
DDxn, PORTxn and PINxn. DDxn is the data direction bit and indicates input or output at
a particular pin of any port .If DDxn is set to one, the pin is used as output pin, else it is
an input pin. If PORTxn is written to a logic one, and if DDxn is set to zero that particular
pin’s internal pull up resistor is activated. The DDxn is accessed at the DDRx register, the
PORTxn is in the PORTx register and the PINxn is at the PINx register. Writing a logic

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EMBEDDED SYSTEM IN IOT APPLICATIONS

one to PINxn will toggle PORTxn. The alternate functions of the port pins and the port
registers are explained at the end as part of the datasheets. The pin value can be read at
any time through the PINxn register bit, irrespective of the DDxn pin setting.

3.1.6 Analog to digital converter:

The Atmega48 is equipped with a successive approximation analog to digital converter
with a resolution of 10 bits. All the input channels of the ADC are connected to a
multiplexer.

3.1.7 USART:
A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (usually abbreviated UART and
pronounced is a type of "asynchronous receiver/transmitter", a piece of computer
hardware that translates data between parallel and serial forms. A UART is usually an
individual (or part of an) integrated circuit used for serial communications over a
computer or peripheral device serial port.
Serial transmission of digital information (bits) through a single wire or other medium is
much more cost effective than parallel transmission through multiple wires. A UART is
used to convert the transmitted information between its sequential and parallel form at
each end of the link. Each UART contains a shift register which is the fundamental
method of conversion between serial and parallel forms. The UART usually does not
directly generate or receive the external signals used between different items of
equipment. Typically, separate interface devices are used to convert the logic level signals
of the UART to and from the external signaling levels. Communication may be "full
duplex" (both send and receive at the same time) or "half duplex" (devices take turns
transmitting and receiving).

3.1.8 Features:
 Asynchronous or Synchronous Operation
 Full Duplex Operation (Independent Serial Receive and Transmit Registers)
 Master or Slave Clocked Synchronous Operation
 High Resolution Baud Rate Generator

3.2 NodeMCU V3 For Fast IoT Application Development:

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Fig 3.2: Node MCU

The best way to develop quickly an IoT application with less Integrated circuits
to add is to choose this circuit “NodeMCU”. Today, we will give a detailed Introduction
on NodeMCU V3. It is an open-source firmware and development kit that plays a vital
role in designing a proper IoT product using a few script lines as shown in fig 3.2.
The module is mainly based on ESP8266 that is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip
incorporating both a full TCP/IP stack and microcontroller capability. It is introduced by
manufacturer Espressif Systems. The ESP8266 NodeMcu is a complex device, which
combines some features of the ordinary Arduino board with the possibility of connecting
to the internet.
Arduino Modules and Microcontrollers have always been a great choice to incorporate
automation into the relevant project. But these modules come with a little drawback as
they don’t feature a built-in WiFi capability, subsequently, we need to add external WiFi
protocol into these devices to make them compatible with the internet channel.
This is the famous NodeMCU which is based on ESP8266 WiFi SoC. This is version 3
and it is based on ESP-12E (An ESP8266 based WiFi module). NodeMCU is also an
open-source firmware and development kit that helps you to prototype your IOT product
within a few LUA script lines, and of course you can always program it with Arduino
IDE.

3.2.1 Introduction NodeMCU V3:

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NodeMCU V3 is an open-source firmware and development kit that plays a vital role in
designing an IoT product using a few script lines. Multiple GPIO pins on the board allow
us to connect the board with other peripherals and are capable of generating PWM, I2C,
SPI, and UART serial communications. The interface of the module is mainly divided
into two parts including both Firmware and Hardware where former runs on the ESP8266
Wi-Fi SoC and later is based on the ESP-12 module. The firmware is based on Lua – A
scripting language that is easy to learn, giving a simple programming environment
layered with a fast scripting language that connects you with a well-known developer
community and open source firmware gives you the flexibility to edit, modify and rebuilt
the existing module and keep changing the entire interface until you succeed in
optimizing the module as per your requirements as shown in fig 3.2.1.

Fig 3.2.1: NodeMCU Detailed Outline

 USB to UART converter is added on the module that helps in converting USB data to
UART data which mainly understands the language of serial communication.
 Instead of the regular USB port, MicroUSB port is included in the module that connects
it with the computer for dual purposes: programming and powering up the board.

 The board incorporates status LED that blinks and turns off immediately, giving you the
current status of the module if it is running properly when connected with the computer.

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 The ability of module to establish a flawless WiFi connection between two channels
makes it an ideal choice for incorporating it with other embedded devices like
Raspberry-Pi.

3.2.2 NodeMCU V3 Pinout:

NodeMCU V3 comes with a number of GPIO Pins.
Following figure 3.2.2 shows the Pinout of the board.

Fig 3.2.2 Pin Diagram of NodeMCU.

There is a candid difference between Vin and VU where former is the regulated voltage
that may stand somewhere between 7 to 12V while later is the power voltage for USB
that must be kept around 5 V.

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3.3 Power Supply:

Power supply is used to energies the whole module. The power supply can be in the form
of wired or battery. In our project 12v battery/adapter is used as a power supply as shown
in fig 3.3.

Fig 3.3(a) Adopter

Fig 3.3(b) Simple Connection

3.4 Relay :
Relay is an electrically operated switch. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second
circuit which can be completely separate from the first. Relays can switch AC and DC,
transistors can only switch DC. Relays can switch higher voltages than standard
transistors. Relays are often a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A). Relays
can switch many contacts at once as shown in fig 3.4.

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Fig 3.4(a) Symbol of Relay

Fig 3.4(b) Circuit diagram of Relay.

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Fig 3.4(c) Types of Relays

3.5 LM7805C Voltage Regulator:

A voltage regulator based on an active device (such as a bipolar junction transistor, field
effect transistor or vacuum tube) operating in its "linear region" and passive devices like
zener diodes operated in their breakdown region. The regulating device is made to act like
a variable resistor, continuously adjusting a voltage divider network to maintain a
constant output voltage as shown in fig 3.5.

Fig 3.5 Voltage Regulators

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3.6 Crystal Oscillator - 4MHz:

A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a
vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise
frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time, to provide a stable
clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio
transmitters and receivers.
The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator
circuits designed around them were called "crystal oscillators". A crystal is a solid in
which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered,
repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions as shown in fig 3.6.

Fig 3.6 Crystal Oscillator

3.7 DC Motor:
DC Motor – 30RPM – 12Volts geared motors are generally a simple DC motor with a
gearbox attached to it. This can be used in all-terrain robots and variety of robotic
applications. These motors have a 3 mm threaded drill hole in the middle of the shaft thus
making it simple to connect it to the wheels or any other mechanical assembly.

Fig 3.7 DC Motor

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EMBEDDED SYSTEM IN IOT APPLICATIONS

30 RPM 12V DC geared motors widely use for robotics applications. Very easy to use
and available in standard size. Also, you don’t have to spend a lot of money to control
motors with an Arduino or compatible board. The most popular L298N H-bridge module
with onboard voltage regulator motor driver can be used with this motor that has a
voltage of between 5 and 35V DC or you can choose the most precise motor diver module
from the wide range available in our Motor divers category as per your specific
requirements as shown in fig 3.7.
Nut and threads on the shaft to easily connect and internally threaded shaft for easily
connecting it to the wheel. DC Geared motors with robust metal gearbox for heavy-duty
applications, available in the wide RPM range and ideally suited for robotics and
industrial applications. Very easy to use and available in standard size. Nut and threads on
the shaft to easily connect and internally threaded shaft for easily connecting it to the
wheel.

3.8 Bluetooth (Transreciever):

BLUETOOTH was created to address the market need for a cost-effective, standards-
based wireless networking solution that supports low data-rates, low-power consumption-
users expect battery to last months to years, security, and reliability. BLUETOOTH is the
only standards-based technology that addresses the unique needs of most remote
monitoring and control and sensory network applications as shown in fig 3.8.
The initial markets for the BLUETOOTH Alliance include Consumer Electronics, Energy
Management and Efficiency, Health Care, Home Automation, Building Automation and
Industrial Automation.

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Fig 6.8 BLUETOOTH Module.

3.9 Flame Sensor:

Fig 3.9 Flame Sensor

A sensor which is most sensitive to a normal light is known as a flame sensor. That’s why
this sensor module is used in flame alarms. This sensor detects flame otherwise
wavelength within the range of 760 nm – 1100 nm from the light source. This sensor can
be easily damaged to high temperature. So, this sensor can be placed at a certain distance

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from the flame. The flame detection can be done from a 100cm distance and the detection
angle will be 600. The output of this sensor is an analog signal or digital signal. These
sensors are used in fire fighting robots like as a flame alarm as shown in fig 3.9.

3.10 IR Sensor:
A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures infrared (IR)
light radiating from objects in its field of view. PIR sensors are often used in the
construction of PIR-based motion detectors. Apparent motion is detected when an
infrared source with one temperature, such as a human, passes in front of an infrared
source with another temperature, such as a wall as shown in fig 3.10.

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Fig 3.10 Design of Infrared Proximity Sensor.

3.11 Air Quality Sensor:

Fig 3.11 Air Quality Sensor

MQ-2 gas sensor has high sensitivity to LPG, Propane and Hydrogen, also could be used to
Methane and other combustible steam, it is low cost and suitable for various applications.
Using high-quality dual-panel design, with a power indicator and TTL signal output
instructions; With a the DO switch signal (TTL) output, and AO analog signal output, TTL
output valid signal is low level, When the low level output signal lights, it can be connected
directly to the microcontroller or relay module as shown in fig 3.11.

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3.12 Ublox GPS Receiver:

GPS MODULE: Global positioning system (GPS) is able to determine the latitude and
longitude of a receiver on Earth by calculating the time difference for signals from
various satellites to reach the receiver as shown in fig 3.12.
The NEO-6M GPS module is a well-performing complete GPS receiver with a built-in 25
x 25 x 4mm ceramic antenna, which provides a strong satellite search capability. With the
power and signal indicators, you can monitor the status of the module. It is used for
tracking location

Fig 3.12 GPS module.

3.13 DHT11:
The requirement of a sensor is to react for input physical property and convert it into an
electrical signal that is suitable with electronic circuits. Sensors are electronic devices that
measure a physical quality such as light or temperature and convert it to a voltage. There
are two types of sensors: digital and analog as shown in fig 3.13.
The output of digital sensor varies between 0 and 1 which can translate to sensors voltage
range. Analog sensor can output any value between its voltage ranges. According to the
reading from the sensor changes its output. Digital sensor output is ON often 5v, or OFF,
0v. Analog sensor is used to measure precise numerical information like temperature or
speed. Analog sensors can output almost an infinite range of values. Output pin of sensor
connected to input pinafore denim show the digital form is obtained by the conversion of
data. Some sensors have analog to digital converter embedded to the sensor so the data is
outputted as digital data. After data is processed to digital form, it can be processed on the
microcontroller.

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Fig 3.13 DHT11

3.14 GSM:
Full form of GSM is Global System for Mobile communication. GSM modem is a device
that is used for the communication. The GSM idea was firstly developed at Bell
Laboratories in 1970. Now, in the world the most widely used communication system is
GSM as shown in fig 3.14. The frequency bands that are used in open and digital cellular
technologies are 850MHz, 900MHz and 1800MHz

Fig 3.14 GSM Module.

The GSM system was developed as a digital system for communication purpose by using
technique of time division multiple access (tdma). The GSM is used to digitise and reduce
the data then it will send reduced data Don 3 channel which in two different streams of
client data each one has its own particular time slot. The capability of digital system to
carry a data of 64 kbps to 120mbps of data rates.

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A GSM modem is a device which is very similar to mobile phone, whereas the mobile
phone is operated by human beings but the GSM modem is operated by a
microcontrollers. GSM modem is also used to make a personal computer or any other
processor communicate over a network. A GSM modem requires a SIM card to be
inserted in order to operate over a network range subscribed by the network operator. It
can be connected to a computer through serial, USB or Bluetooth connection.
A GSM modem can also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable and
software driver to connect to a serial port or USB port on your computer. A personal
computer is connected with USB to comb connector and compound DB9 connector is
connected to GSM modem. So, that the setup has been formed to check the GSM modem
by using commands that are compatible to the Operating System. The GSM modem has
wide range of applications in transaction terminals, supply chain management, security
applications, weather stations and GPRS mode remote data logging.

3.15 16x2 LCD:

LCD 16x2 is a 16-pin device that has 2 rows that can accommodate 16 characters each.
LCD 16x2 can be used in 4-bit mode or 8-bit mode. It is also possible to create custom
characters. It has 8 data lines and 3 control lines that can be used for control purposes as
shown in fig 3.15.

Fig 3.15 16×2 LCD.

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CHAPTER 4

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SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

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The software components used in our project is listed below.

1. CVAVR cross compiler
2. AVR studio programmer
3. Embedded C

4.1 Code Vision AVR Cross Compiler:

1. Code Vision AVR is a C cross-compiler, Integrated Development Environment and
Automatic Program Generator designed for the Atmel AVR family of microcontrollers.
2. The program is designed to run under the Windows 95, 98, Me, NT 4, 2000 and XP
operating systems.
3. The C cross-compiler implements nearly all the elements of the ANSI C language, as
allowed by the AVR architecture, with some features added to take advantage of
specificity of the AVR architecture and the embedded system needs.
4. The compiled COFF object files can be C source level debugged, with variable
watching, using the Atmel AVR Studio debugger.
5. The Integrated Development Environment (IDE) has built-in AVR Chip In-System
Programmer software that enables to automatically transfer of the program to the
microcontroller chip after successful compilation/assembly. The In-System Programmer
software is designed to work in conjunction with the Atmel
STK500/AVRISP/AVRProg (AVR910 application note), Kanda Systems
STK200+/300, Dontronics DT006, Vogel Elektronik VTEC-ISP, Futurlec JRAVR and
MicroTronics ATCPU/Mega2000 programmers/development boards. For debugging
embedded systems, which employ serial communication, the IDE has a built-in
Terminal.

4.2 AVR Studio Programmer:

An AVR or Alf and Vegard's RISC processor programmer is a device used to program an
AVR microcontroller. The AVR microcontroller is based off an 8-bit RISC (Reduced
Instruction Set Computing) microcontroller. An AVR programmer allows the user to
place operating instructions on the microcontroller that tell it to perform a specific task.
AVR microcontrollers are often used in hardware development and robotics. An AVR
programmer is typically expensive compared to the price of the microcontroller itself and
can be purchased by itself or as a kit.

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The AVR programmer puts code from the computer onto the AVR microcontroller. The
code is compiled on the computer into binary. This code is typically saved as a HEX file
and can then be uploaded onto the microcontroller. The AVR programmer is usually
plugged into the serial port of the computer, and a special program is required to get the
code from the computer to the microcontroller.

4.3 Embedded C:
Embedded C is extensive and contains many advanced concepts. The range of modules
covers a full introduction to C, real-time and embedded systems concepts through to the
design and implementation of real time embedded or standalone systems based on real-
time operating systems and their device drivers. Real time Linux (RTLinux) is used as an
example of such a system. The modules include an introduction to the development of
Linux device drivers. Embedded C covers all of the important features of the C language
as well as a good grounding in the principles and practices of real-time systems
development including the POSIX threads (pthreads) specification.
The design of the modules is intended to provide an excellent working knowledge of the
C language and its application to serious real time or embedded systems. Those wanting
in-depth training specifically on Linux kernel internals should contact us to discuss their
requirements; this set of modules is geared more towards providing the groundwork for
approaching those domains rather than as in-depth training on a specific approach.
Embedded C contains essential information for anyone developing embedded systems
such as microcontrollers, real-time control systems, mobile device, PDAs and similar
applications. This C course is based on many years of experience of teaching C, extensive
industrial programming experience and also participation in the ANSI X3J11 and BSI
standards bodies that produced the standard for C. We focus on the needs of day-to-day
users of the language with the emphasis being on practical use and delivery of reliable
software.

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CHAPTER 5

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GENERAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

I was interned at the Embedded Department where I was provided exposure to various
microcontroller boards that were available for development of various IOT application areas
like consumer, home automation, security, surveillance, health care, etc. The main agenda of
the department to bond the gap between the company and the students by providing them
with practical experience by considering the various constraints that comes into effect during
the physical implementation of a project.

The department where I was interned helped me bridge the gap between the industry
and academia by providing the complete experience to on board using the various
microcontroller boards like AVR microcontroller, NodeMCU Microcontroller etc.

The department has an Industry Excellence Experience Center to learn, innovate, and
prototype embedded designs on various Industry standard hardware and microcontroller
platforms. At the same time build a Rewarding Career to students in embedded Engineering
Domain. The Lab setup and training helped me to become a competent and productive
Analog and Digital design Engineers. The training enabled me to acquire knowledge, skills
and practical experience across the entire front end and backend Full Custom Flow (Circuit to
tape- out). The training covers key fundamental concepts of Physical Design methodology
which will enhance the employability of the students.

The Sessions, Lab exercises and Industry Standard Projects enabled me to get through
instills confidence and the analytical abilities required to work on complex industry’s
challenges in various Deep Sub-Micron Technology Process. Exposure to the use of Physical
Design tools familiarity with timing closure and related topics are covered.

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PROJECT REPORT

ANDROID BLUETOOTH FIRE FIGHTING ROBOT

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General Introduction:

Our proposed project aims to develop an android controlled fire fighter robot that can be used
to extinguish fires through remote handling. The vehicle consists of a water tank along with a
pump which can throw water when needed. The system uses an 8051 microcontroller for this
purpose. The android device is used as a transmitter to send over controlling commands to the
vehicle. The android device provides a good touch based gui for controlling the robotic
vehicle.The Bluetooth receiver on the vehicle is used to receive those commands sent by the
android device. These are then fed to the motors responsible for controlling the vehicle
movements in front, back, left and right directions.
The Bluetooth receiver is interfaced with an atmega48 microcontroller for this purpose. The
microcontroller after receiving input commands, operates the motors through a driver IC for
vehicle movements.
The use of android has one more advantage in addition to improved GUI. It allows use of
Bluetooth technology for communication allowing the vehicle to operate in a good range from
the device. The system can also be later enhanced through the use of a wireless camera to be
used for monitoring purposes.

Statement of Study:
The purpose of research is to provide the robot’s simple hardware architecture but
with having powerful computational abilities and platforms so that robot’s designer can focus
on their research and tests instead of Bluetooth connection infrastructure. Motivate to work
on robot architecture and work on the Microcontroller chip which is integrated with the
various system on a single chip by the use of modern sensors we can embed the artificial
intelligence into the microcontroller chip to perform the desired operation in their respective
fields. This simple architecture is also useful for educational robotics because students can
build their own robots with low cost and use them as a platform for experiments in several
courses. The objective of our project is to replace complex hardware architecture networks
with simpler connectivity circuits so that designer can give major importance to build
multiple, hazard preventing capabilities on his/her robot.

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Objectives of the study:

An enormous amount of loss can be avoided if the fire is perceived at an early stage. Major
deprivation and absence of important assets can be avoided if the fire is detected right in
time. Robotics field has gained publicity due to their multiple adjustment capabilities. The
robot consists of a measuring device and fire extinguisher. The Infrared (heat) sensors will
measure acceptable distance and heat and will make the extinguisher to act according to the
environment it will perceive. We have used a virtual android app to control the movement of
the robot. And in which we use Bluetooth Module to provide communication between
controller and android. The controller can be interfaced to the Bluetooth module through
UART protocol. Commands sent from the android application provide controls to the primary
& secondary actions of the robot.

Review of Literature:
These Robots can be used to perform both automatic and Manual firefighting with the help of
android Bluetooth application and move towards the fire and spray water.

 Author Kristi Kosasih et al. [3] Has developed the intelligent firefighting tank robot.
Materials like acrylic, plastic, aluminium and iron are used to make the robot. The
tank robot is consisting of components like two servo motors, thermal array sensor,
two DC motors, flame detector, ultrasonic sensor, IR and photo transistors, sound
activation circuit and micro switch sensor. The goal of paper is search the prescribed
area find the fire and extinguish it. The robot is activated by using DTMF transmitter
and receiver.
 Author Sahil .S.Shah et al. [4] Have developed the firefighting robot. The firefighting
robot is integrated with embedded system. Prototype system is designed to detect and
extinguish fire. It aims to reduce air pollution caused due to fire. The robot is
designed to detect fire in small floor plan. The task of extinguishing fire is divided
into smaller tasks. Each task is carried out in most appropriate way. The robot
navigates in every room step by step, finds the fire in a room, approaches fire from
fixed distance and then extinguishes fire.
 Authors Prof. Dr. S.N. Kini, Rutuja Wadekar, Shweta Khatade, Sayali Dugane and

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Rutuja Jadkar [2] proposed a firefighting robot which included a project that aims to
promote technology innovation to achieve a reliable and efficient outcome. The
movement of the robot is controlled by the sensors which are fixed on the mobile
platform.is to provide security of home, laboratory, office, factory and building is
important to human life. They also developed an intelligent multisensory based
security system that contains a fire fighting system in our daily life. It included the
design of the fire detection system using sensors in the system, and program the fire
detection and fighting procedure using sensor based method.

METHODOLOGY
Software Process:
The software process is the set of activities and associated results, which produced a
software product.
Example: Waterfall process model, Spiral model and Evolutionary model.
The “Waterfall” process model has been followed for the development of this project. This
model is the one of the best process models. There are several variations of this model.
This process is best only when all the requirements are known in advance. This process is
easy to understand by system developers as well as users. And this process model is more
visible, as it produces deliverables at the end of end phase. Visibility is one of the process
characteristics that are looked for by project managers while selecting a process model for
any project.
Analysis

Design

Implementati
on

Fig 1: Waterfall process model Testing

The waterfall process model has five phases. They are as given below.
1. Analysis:

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The system’s services, constraints and goals are established by consultation with system
users.

2. Design:
The systems design process partitions the requirements to either hardware or software
systems. It establishes an overall system architecture. Software design involves
representing the software system functions in a form that may be transformed into one or
more executable programs.

3. Implementation:
During this stage, the software design is realized as a set of programs or program units.

4. Testing:
The individual program units or programs are tested. Then they are integrated and tested
as a complete system to ensure that the software requirements have been met. After
testing, the software system is delivered to the customer.

Advantages:
 The development process is more visible, i.e. deliverables are produced after each
phase. This will help to know the status of the project at any time.
 This is best suitable for projects in which all the requirements are known in advance
and projects changes are not required.

Disadvantages:
 It is not possible to go to previous phase to accommodate any changes in it.

Problem statement:
There are many possibilities a fire can start in an industry or in any remote area. For example,
in cotton mills, garments, fuel storages, etc., electric leakages can lead to huge damage. Also,
it’s a worst-case scenario, causing heavy losses not only financially but also destroying areas
surrounding it. Robotics is the emerging solution to protect human lives and their wealth and
surroundings. The aim here is to design a FIRE DETECTOR AND EXTINGUISHER
ROBOT using embedded system. A robot capable of fighting a simulated household fire will
be designed and built. It must be able to autonomously navigate through a modeled floor plan

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while actively scanning for a flame. The robot can even act as a path guider in normal case
and as a fire extinguisher in emergency. Robots designed to find a fire, before it rages out of
control, can one day work with fire-fighters greatly reducing the risk of injury to victims. The
project will help generate interests as well as innovations in the fields of robotics while
working towards a practical and obtainable solution to save lives and mitigate the risk of
property damage.
This project will be having co-coordinator module fitted with BLUETOOTH at operator
console and many modules with BLUETOOTH fitted. Wherein we can control the unmanned
ground vehicle through BLUETOOTH wirelessly through. With the microcontroller and that
particular motor is controlled for robot movements.
Actuation of robotic system such as humanoid robots is basically based on two major
solutions:
1) Electric.
2) Hydraulic.
Electric actuation is typically used for unmanned ground vehicles. It is worthy to note that
electric actuators have the advantages of reduced cost and their easiness of usage and control.
However, a number of disadvantages appear when using electric motors with mechanical
reduction device. First of all, due to the quasi-rigid connection between the motor and its
payload, without developing a specific control algorithm or adding supplementary
mechanical components, it is difficult to produce the stiffness changes needed for safety.

Feasibility Study:

1. TECHNICAL:
When there is a whole range of desirable new high end features to the scene, the new
features interact in cleverer ways.
The Atmega48 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced
RICS architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the
Atmega48 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, allowing the system
designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. High performance is
its main feature. It operates with a voltage of 4.5-5.5.

2. ECONOMICAL:

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The components like Atmega48, Bluetooth, Sensors and flame sensor, dc motor costs low.
From economical point of view the cost of purchasing software is low. Ultimately, the
implementation of this project will reduce the expenditure of power supply board.

3. OPERATIONAL:
The module provides very user friendly interface and does not need extra training for
usage.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

1. Purpose of Design:
The main objective of this project is to develop ground vehicle for fire fighting

2. Design Features:

 The system makes use of BLUETOOTH technology for the transmission of code
pattern to control the devices.
 The system is microcontroller- based.
 To switch left, right, back and front a robot, appropriate code needs to be sent by
BLUETOOTH through android phone.
 The appropriate code makes the respective robot to act accordingly.
 Using this BLUETOOTH technology any number of devices can be controlled.
 The system should monitor fire move towards it and extinguish it.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

To practically implement the above features, the arrangement of various devices in our
system is as shown in the following block diagram

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Fig 2: Block diagram of proposed system

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HARDWARE COMPONENTS:

The hardware components used in our project is listed below.

1 ATmega48 microcontroller
2 Power Supply
3 Relay
4 LM7805cV (Regulator)
5 MAX232 & DB9 Connector
6 BLUETOOTH transceiver.
7 DC motor
8 Flame Sensor

1. ATmega48 microcontroller
The microcontroller is at the core of every embedded module. Hence, great care must be
exercised in choosing the right microcontroller without compromising on functionality.
Keeping in view many factors that governed the correct implementation of our project the
Atmega48 microcontroller from Atmel Corporation’s AVR microcontroller family was
chosen. Few crucial reasons may be cited so as to justify our choice of this microcontroller.
The first being, that all AVR microcontrollers are designed to deliver more performance at
lesser power consumption. It is compatible with popular protocols like I2C and SPI. It also
has advanced features like an on chip analog to digital converter, six pulse width modulation
channels, and data retention is supported up to a hundred years at 25º C. Also compilers for
the Atmega48 are available free of cost from the manufacturer. An added advantage is that
the AVR series can be programmed using the AVRGCC (GNU C compiler), thus making it
an undisputed choice for even GNU/Linux based programmers. The Atmega48
microcontroller has execution speeds of up to one MIPS per MHz of clock frequency.
Elucidating the specifications of the CPU of the AVR, it is an 8 bit microcontroller with
advanced RISC architecture. The CPU is designed for the stellar combination of parallelism
and performance. Thus the CPU uses the Harvard architecture (separate memories and buses
for program and data). The CPU also accommodates a 32 general purpose 8-bit registers.

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1.1 Architecture
The ATmega48 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced
RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega88
achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize
power consumption versus processing speed. The AVR core combines a rich instruction set
with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one
single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code
efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC
microcontrollers. The architectural block diagram is as shown in the next page.

Fig
ure 3.1: Architectural Block Diagram of ATmega 48

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1.2 AVR CPU Core

This section discusses the AVR core architecture in general. The main function of the CPU
core is to ensure correct program execution. The CPU must therefore be able to access
memories, perform calculations, control peripherals, and handle interrupts.
In order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR uses a Harvard architecture –
with separate memories and buses for program and data. Instructions in the program memory
are executed with a single level pipelining. While one instruction is being executed, the next
instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory. This concept enables instructions to be
executed in every clock cycle. The program memory is In- System Reprogrammable Flash
memory.
The fast-access Register File contains 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers with a
single clock cycle access time. This allows single-cycle Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
operation.

In a typical ALU operation, two operands are output from the Register File, the operation is
executed, and the result is stored back in the Register File – in one clock cycle.
Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit indirect address register pointers for Data
Space addressing – enabling efficient address calculations. One of the these address pointers
can also be used as an address pointer for look up tables in Flash program memory. These
added function registers are the 16-bit X-, Y-, and Z-register, described later in this section.
Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional jump and call instructions, able to
directly address the whole address space. Most AVR instructions have a single 16-bit word
format. Every program memory address contains a 16- or 32-bit instruction. The Block
Diagram of the AVR Architecture is as shown in the next page.

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Figure 3.2: Block diagram of the AVR central processing unit

1.3 Pin Configurations

Figure 3.3: Pin configuration of the Atmega48 microcontroller

1.3.1: VCC – Digital supply voltage

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1.3.2: GND – Ground

1.3.3: Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2-Port B is an 8 bit bi-directional I/O

port with internal pull-up resistors. Alternate functions of the pins of Port B are functions
related to SPI and the Pin Change Interrupt or PCINT.

1.3.4: Port C (PC6:0)-Port C is a 7-bit bi directional I/O port, with the PC6 pin being used as
a reset pin if the reset disable fuse (RSTDISBL) is not programmed. If PC6 is used as a reset
pin, then a low level lasting for more than 2.5 µs at that pin will generate the required reset
condition. The alternate function for the pins of this port is that they act as ADC input
channels used here with the thermistor to aid in temperature measurements.

3.1.3.5: Port D (PD7:0)- Port D is an 8-bit bi directional I/O port and even its pins, like those
of port B and C have alternate functions. The pins of port D can also serve as transmitter and
receiver pins for the internal USART of the microcontroller, they can also add up as
comparator inputs to the internal comparator circuit of the microcontroller.

1.3.6: AVCC-It is the supply voltage for the ADC, PC3 to PC0 and ADC 7:6. It is externally
connected to VCC and if the ADC is used it is connected to the VCC supply voltage through
a low pass filter.

1.3.7: AREF-It is the analog reference pin for the ADC.

1.4 Power modes

The Idle mode stops the CPU while the SRAM, Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire Serial
Interface, SPI port, and interrupt system continue to function. In the Power-down mode, the
register contents are saved but the oscillator is frozen until an interrupt is raised or the
hardware is reset. In the Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer is running while the
remaining peripheral components of the device are sleeping. For reduction of noise with
respect to the ADC, the CPU and all other I/O devices are halted and only the asynchronous
timer along with the ADC is running The standby mode can be useful for quick start-ups.
Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other
chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

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asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In
Standby mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is
sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low power consumption. Moving
ahead, now a brief discussion of the external interrupts has to be done.
1.5 Ports

The ports of the AVR have read-modify-write functionality when used as general digital I/O
ports, as stated in the datasheet of the device. The ports are bi-directional I/O ports with
optional internal pull-ups. Each port pin mainly has three register bits which are DDxn,
PORTxn and PINxn. DDxn is the data direction bit and indicates input or output at a
particular pin of any port .
If DDxn is set to one, the pin is used as output pin, else it is an input pin. If PORTxn is
written to a logic one, and if DDxn is set to zero that particular pin’s internal pull up resistor
is activated. The DDxn is accessed at the DDRx register, the PORTxn is in the PORTx
register and the PINxn is at the PINx register. Writing a logic one to PINxn will toggle
PORTxn. The alternate functions of the port pins and the port registers are explained at the
end as part of the datasheets. The pin value can be read at any time through the PINxn
register bit, irrespective of the DDxn pin setting.

1.6 Analog to digital converter

The Atmega48 is equipped with a successive approximation analog to digital converter with a
resolution of 10 bits. All the input channels of the ADC are connected to a multiplexer.
The ADC channel is selected by selecting the corresponding bits as defined in the ADMUX
register of the microcontroller. The ADC output which is 10 bits long is stored in the ADCH
and ADCL registers of the microcontroller. For eight bit precision, reading ADCH is
sufficient. Further details of the ADC are provided with the datasheets.

1.7 USART

A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (usually abbreviated UART and

pronounced is a type of "asynchronous receiver/transmitter", a piece of computer hardware
that translates data between parallel and serial forms. A UART is usually an individual (or
part of an) integrated circuit used for serial communications over a computer or peripheral
device serial port.

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Serial transmission of digital information (bits) through a single wire or other medium
is much more cost effective than parallel transmission through multiple wires. A UART is
used to convert the transmitted information between its sequential and parallel form at each
end of the link. Each UART contains a shift register which is the fundamental method of
conversion between serial and parallel forms.

The UART usually does not directly generate or receive the external signals used
between different items of equipment. Typically, separate interface devices are used to
convert the logic level signals of the UART to and from the external signaling levels.
Communication may be "full duplex" (both send and receive at the same time) or "half
duplex" (devices take turns transmitting and receiving).

2. Power Supply

Power supply is used to energies the equipments such as microcontroller, relay, level
converter, GSM and GPS module. The power supply is used to energies the whole
module. The power supply can be in the form of wired or battery. In our project 12V
battery is used as a power supply.

3. Relay

Relay is an electrically operated switch. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit
which can be completely separate from the first. Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors
can only switch DC. Relays can switch higher voltages than standard transistors. Relays are
often a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A). Relays can switch many contacts at
once.

Figure 3.4: Relay symbol

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Figure 3.5: Circuit diagram of relay

3.1 Advantages
 Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
 Relays can switch higher voltages than standard transistors.
 Relays are often a better choice for switching large currents (>5A).
 Relays can switch many contacts at once.

3.2 Disadvantages

 Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.

 Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch many times per
second.
 Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.

4. LM7805C Voltage Regulator :

A voltage regulator based on an active device (such as a bipolar junction transistor, field
effect transistor or vacuum tube) operating in its "linear region" and passive devices like
zener diodes operated in their breakdown region.
The regulating device is made to act like a variable resistor, continuously adjusting a voltage
divider network to maintain a constant output voltage.

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Figure.3.6. Voltage Regulators

Fig
ure 3.7: circuit diagram of voltage regulator
Linear regulators exist in two basic forms: series regulators and shunt regulators.
Series regulators are the more common form. The series regulator works by providing a path
from the supply voltage to the load through a variable resistance (the main transistor is in the
"top half" of the voltage divider). The power dissipated by the regulating device is equal to
the power supply output current times the voltage drop in the regulating device.
The shunt regulator works by providing a path from the supply voltage to ground
through a variable resistance (the main transistor is in the "bottom half" of the voltage
divider). The current through the shunt regulator is diverted away from the load and flows

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uselessly to ground, making this form even less efficient than the series regulator. It is,
however, simpler, sometimes consisting of just a voltage-reference diode, and is used in very
low-powered circuits where the wasted current is too small to be of concern. This form is
very common for voltage reference circuits.
The "78xx" series (7805, 7812, etc.) regulate positive voltages while the "79xx" series (7905,
7912, etc.) regulate negative voltages. Often, the last two digits of the device number are the
output voltage; eg, a 7805 is a +5 V regulator, while a 7915 is a -15 V regulator. The 78xx
series ICs can supply up to 1.5 Amperes depending on the model.

4.1 Crystal Oscillator - 4MHz :

A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a
vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise
frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time, to provide a stable clock
signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and
receivers.
The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator
circuits designed around them were called "crystal oscillators".A crystal is a solid in which
the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern
extending in all three spatial dimensions.
Almost any object made of an elastic material could be used like a crystal, with appropriate
transducers, since all objects have natural resonant frequencies of vibration. For example,
steel is very elastic and has a high speed of sound. It was often used in mechanical filters
before quartz. The resonant frequency depends on size, shape, elasticity, and the speed of
sound in the material. High-frequency crystals are typically cut in the shape of a simple,
rectangular plate. Low-frequency crystals, such as those used in digital watches, are typically
cut in the shape of a tuning fork. For applications not needing very precise timing, a low-cost
ceramic resonator is often used in place of a quartz crystal.

When the field is removed, the quartz will generate an electric field as it returns to its
previous shape, and this can generate a voltage. The result is that a quartz crystal behaves like
a circuit composed of an inductor, capacitor and resistor, with a precise resonant frequency.
Quartz has the further advantage that its elastic constants and its size change in such a
way that the frequency dependence on temperature can be very low. The specific

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characteristics will depend on the mode of vibration and the angle at which the quartz is cut
(relative to its crystallographic axes).Therefore, the resonant frequency of the plate, which
depends on its size, will not change much, either. This means that a quartz clock, filter or
oscillator will remain accurate. For critical applications the quartz oscillator is mounted in a
temperature-controlled container, called a crystal oven, and can also be mounted on shock
absorbers to prevent perturbation by external mechanical vibrations.
Quartz timing crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to tens
of megahertz. More than two billion (2×109) crystals are manufactured annually. Most are
small devices for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cell
phones. Quartz crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as
counters, signal generators, and oscilloscopes.

Figure 3.8: A Crystal Oscillator.

5. MAX232 and DB9 connector(Level Converter)

Since the RS232 is not compatible with today’s microprocessor and microcontroller,
we need a line driver to convert the RS232’s signals to TTL voltage levels that will be
acceptable to the microcontroller’s TxD and RxD pins. One example of such a converter is
MAX232 from Maxim Corp. The MAX232 converts the RS232 voltage levels to TTL
voltage levels, and vice versa. One advantage of the MAX232 chip is that it uses a +5V
power source, which is the same as the source voltage for the microcontroller, and Max 232,
with no need for the dual power supplies that are common in many older systems.

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Figure 3.9: Pin diagram of MAX232

The MAX232 has two sets of line drivers for transferring and receiving data. The line drivers
used for TxD are called T1 and T2, while the line drivers for RxD are designated as R1 and
R2. In many applications only one of each is used. For example, T1 and R1 are used together
to TxD and RxD of microcontroller, and the second set is left unused.

Figure 3.10: MAX232 and DB9 connector

22
3.6.1 Pin descriptions
T1 IN (Pin 11):
This is an input pin. TxD of microcontroller is connected to this pin. The data to be sent to GSM modem is
transmitted serially on this pin.
T1 OUT (Pin 14):
This is an output pin. This pin is connected to RxD (Pin 2) of RS232. This pin transmits sends the data
received from microcontroller serially to RS232.
R1 IN (Pin 13):
This is an input pin. This pin is connected to TxD (Pin 3) of RS232. This pin receives data to be
transmitted to microcontroller.
R1 OUT (Pin 12):

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This is an output pin. This pin is connected to RxD (Pin 12) of microcontroller. This pin sends the data
received on R1 IN pin to microcontroller.

Vcc (Pin 16):

This pin is connected to +5v supply.
GND (Pin 15):
This pin is connected to ground.

6. MOTOR:

An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, very typically
through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors. The reverse
process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is accomplished by a generator
or dynamo. Traction motors used on vehicles often peBLUETOOTHorm both tasks. Many
types of electric motors can be run as generators, and vice versa.

Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps,
machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives. They may be powered by
direct current (for example a battery powered portable device or motor vehicle), or by
alternating current from a central electrical distribution grid. The smallest motors may be
found in electric wristwatches. Medium-size motors of highly standardized dimensions and
characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. Electric motors may
be classified by the source of electric power, by their internal construction, by their
application, or by the type of motion they give.

The physical principle of production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric

current and a magnetic field was known as early as 1821. Electric motors of increasing
efficiency were constructed throughout the 19th century, but commercial exploitation of
electric motors on a large scale required efficient electrical generators and electrical
distribution networks.

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6.1 Construction of Motor:

Fig 3.1: Components of Motor

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Fig 3.2: Assembly of Electric Motor

Fig 3.3: Working principle of Electric Motor

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6.2 History and development:

Fig 3.4: Setup of Electromagnetic experiment of Faraday, 1821

The principle

The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was
demonstrated by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1821. A free-hanging wire was
dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet was placed. When a current was
passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave
rise to a circular magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often demonstrated in school
physics classes, but brine (salt water) is sometimes used in place of the toxic mercury. This is
the simplest form of a class of devices called homopolar motors. A later refinement is the
Barlow's Wheel. These were demonstration devices only, unsuited to practical applications
due to their primitive construction.

Fig 3.5: Jedlik's "lightning-magnetic self-rotor", 1827(Museum of Applied Arts, Budapest.)

In 1827, Hungarian Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic rotating devices
he called "lightning-magnetic self-rotors". He used them for instructive purposes in
universities, and in 1828 demonstrated the first device which contained the three main
components of practical direct current motors: the stator, rotor and commutator. Both the
stationary and the revolving parts were electromagnetic, employing no permanent magnets.
Again, the devices had no practical application.

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6.3 Categorization of electric motors:

The classic division of electric motors has been that of Alternating Current (AC) types v/s
Direct Current (DC) types. This is more a de facto convention, rather than a rigid
distinction. For example, many classic DC motors run on AC power, these motors
being referred to as universal motors.

Rated output power is also used to categorise motors, those of less than 746 Watts, for
example, are often referred to as fractional horsepower motors (FHP) in reference to the old
imperial measurement.

The ongoing trend toward electronic control further muddles the distinction, as modern
drivers have moved the commutator out of the motor shell. For this new breed of motor,
driver circuits are relied upon to generate sinusoidal AC drive currents, or some
approximation thereof. The two best examples are: the brushless DC motor and the stepping
motor, both being poly-phase AC motors requiring external electronic control, although
historically, stepping motors (such as for maritime and naval gyrocompass repeaters) were
driven from DC switched by contacts.

Considering all rotating (or linear) electric motors require synchronism between a moving
magnetic field and a moving current sheet for average torque production, there is a clearer
distinction between an asynchronous motor and synchronous types. An asynchronous motor
requires slip between the moving magnetic field and a winding set to induce current in the
winding set by mutual inductance; the most ubiquitous example being the common AC
induction motor which must slip to generate torque. In the synchronous types, induction (or
slip) is not a requisite for magnetic field or current production (e.g. permanent magnet
motors, synchronous brush-less wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine).

7. BLUETOOTH (TRANSRECIEVER)

BLUETOOTH was created to address the market need for a cost-effective, standards-
based wireless networking solution that supports low data-rates, low-power consumption-
users expect battery to last months to years, security, and reliability. BLUETOOTH is the
only standards-based technology that addresses the unique needs of most remote monitoring
and control and sensory network applications.

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The initial markets for the BLUETOOTH Alliance include Consumer Electronics, Energy
Management and Efficiency, Health Care, Home Automation, Building Automation and
Industrial Automation.

It is wireless networking protocol aimed at automation and remote control applications. The
BLUETOOTH mesh network connects sensors and controllers without being restricted by
distance or range limitations. BLUETOOTH mesh networks let all participating devices
communicate with one another, and act as repeaters transferring data between devices.
These modules use the IEEE 802.15.4 networking protocol for fast point-to-multipoint or
peer-to-peer networking. They are designed for high-throughput applications requiring low
latency and predictable communication timing.

8. Flame Sensor:
A sensor which is most sensitive to a normal light is known as a flame sensor. That’s why
this sensor module is used in flame alarms. This sensor detects flame otherwise wavelength
within the range of 760 nm – 1100 nm from the light source. This sensor can be easily
damaged to high temperature. So this sensor can be placed at a certain distance from the
flame. The flame detection can be done from a 100cm distance and the detection angle will
be 600. The output of this sensor is an analog signal or digital signal. These sensors are used
in fire fighting robots like as a flame alarm.
What is a Flame Sensor?

A flame-sensor is one kind of detector which is mainly designed for detecting as well as

responding to the occurrence of a fire or flame. The flame detection response can depend on
its fitting. It includes an alarm system, a natural gas line, propane & a fire suppression

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system. This sensor is used in industrial boilers. The main function of this is to give
authentication whether the boiler is properly working or not. The response of these sensors is
faster as well as more accurate compare with a heat/smoke detector because of its mechanism
while detecting the flame.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

The software components used in our project is listed below.

1. CVAVR cross compiler
2.AVR studio programmer
3.Embedded C

1. Code Vision AVR Cross Compiler

1. CodeVisionAVR is a C cross-compiler, Integrated Development Environment and Automatic
Program Generator designed for the Atmel AVR family of microcontrollers.
2. The program is designed to run under the Windows 95, 98, Me, NT 4, 2000 and XP operating
systems.
3. The C cross-compiler implements nearly all the elements of the ANSI C language, as allowed
by the AVR architecture, with some features added to take advantage of specificity of the
AVR architecture and the embedded system needs.
4. The compiled COFF object files can be C source level debugged, with variable watching,
using the Atmel AVR Studio debugger.
The Integrated Development Environment (IDE) has built-in AVR Chip In-System
Programmer software that enables to automatically transfer of the program to the
microcontroller chip after successful compilation/assembly. The In-System Programmer
software is designed to work in conjunction with the Atmel STK500/AVRISP/AVRProg
(AVR910 application note), Kanda Systems STK200+/300, Dontronics DT006, Vogel
Elektronik VTEC-ISP, Futurlec JRAVR and MicroTronics ATCPU/Mega2000
programmers/development boards. For debugging embedded systems, which employ serial
communication, the IDE has a built-in Terminal. esides the standard C libraries, the
CodeVisionAVR C compiler has dedicated libraries for:
1. Alphanumeric LCD modules

2. Philips I2C bus

3. National Semiconductor LM75 Temperature Sensor

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4. Philips PCF8563, PCF8583, Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor DS1302 and DS1307 Real Time
Clocks

5. Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor 1 Wire protocol

6. Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor DS1820, DS18S20, DS18B20 Temperature Sensors

7. Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor DS1621 Thermometer/Thermostat

8. Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor DS2430 and DS2433 EEPROMs

9. SPI

10. Power management

11. Delays

12. Gray code conversion

2. AVR Studio Programmer

AVR Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for writing and
debugging AVR applications in Windows 9x/ME/NT/2000/XP/VISTA environments.  AVR
Studio provides a project management tool, source file editor, simulator, assembler and front-
end for C/C++, programming, emulation and on-chip debugging.
AVR Studio supports the complete range of ATMEL AVR tools and each release will always
contain the latest updates for both the tools and support of new AVR devices.AVR Studio 4
has a modular architecture which allows even more interaction with 3rd party software
vendors.  GUI plug-ins and other modules can be written and hooked to the system.  

3. Embedded C
Embedded C is extensive and contains many advanced concepts. The range of modules
covers a full introduction to C, real-time and embedded systems concepts through to the
design and implementation of real time embedded or standalone systems based on real-time
operating systems and their device drivers. Real time Linux (RTLinux) is used as an example
of such a system. The modules include an introduction to the development of Linux device
drivers. Embedded C covers all of the important features of the C language as well as a good
grounding in the principles and practices of real-time systems development including the
POSIX threads (pthreads) specification.

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The design of the modules is intended to provide an excellent working knowledge of the C
language and its application to serious real time or embedded systems. Those wanting in-
depth training specifically on RTLinux or Linux kernel internals should contact us to discuss
their requirements; this set of modules is geared more towards providing the groundwork for
approaching those domains rather than as in-depth training on a specific approach.
Embedded C contains essential information for anyone developing embedded systems such
as microcontrollers, real-time control systems, mobile device, PDAs and similar applications.
This C course is based on many years experience of teaching C, extensive industrial
programming experience and also participation in the ANSI X3J11 and BSI standards bodies
that produced the standard for C. We focus on the needs of day-to-day users of the language
with the emphasis being on practical use and delivery of reliable software.

APPLICATIONS

 Used in Industries.
 Used in Backyard garden.
 Used in National highways.
 Used in Streets.
 Used in Home.

FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

The following modifications can be made to present circuit , which lead to still smarter
project.
1. The module can be equipped with a faster and more capable microcontroller to
integrate control of many more devices at the same time.
2. Another further intended development is to introduce time controlled devices for
use in commercial spaces. This, for example could be the control of a large
display in a showroom between two different intervals of time, without the
intervention of any user or technician.
3. If the numbers of relays are increased from the current relays, the number of
devices that can be controlled can also be increased.

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4. The module can be equipped with other sensing equipment such as light and heat
sensors, accelerometers, strain gauges etc to monitor other real world physical
quantities.
5. Advanced AVR microcontrollers with bigger flash memories can be used to create
an increased number of functions and programs for better functionality and for a
user friendly interface.

CONCLUSION

As the saying goes “Necessity is the mother of all inventions”, a need for software which
would control process and devices was recognized.
The design approach used here has given satisfactory results and the microcontroller is
sufficient for measuring the required parameters. The power consumption has been kept as
low as possible and the measurements made by the device are quite reliable. Accordingly a
highly interactive user friendly module based embedded technology with microcontrollers
was developed to solve the problem. The module which is developed will make the job of
process easier. The user module has resulted in reducing work of human also makes more
comfortable.
The module is, therefore functioning as a very good tool. Incorporating the future
enhancement as specified earlier would make the software a perfect tool, which would help
the user.
This project gives a detailed mechanism about the robot that continuously monitors, intimates
the respective personnel and extinguishes the fire. In the industry if any fire accident occurs,
there is a need of person to monitor continuously and rectify it. In this process if any time
delay takes place irreparable loss occurs since it is a cotton industry.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1.] Sunil Mathew1, Gaikwad Sushanth1, KR Vishnu1, V. Vishnu Nair1, and G. Vinoth
Kumar2, Fabrication of Fire Fighting Robot, International Journal of Innovation and
Scientific Research, ISSN 2351-8014 Vol. 22 No. 2 Apr. 2016, pp. 375-383.

[2.] Prof. Dr. S.N. Kini1, Rutuja Wadekar2 , Shweta Khatade3 , Sayali Dugane4 , Rutuja
Jadkar5, Fire Fighting Robot Controlled Using Android Application, International Journal of
Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, ISSN(Online): 2319-8753.

[3.] Kristi Kosasih, E. Merry Sartika, M. Jimmy Hasugian, danMuliady, “The Intelligent Fire
Fighting Tank Robot” , Electrical Engineering Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, October 2010.

[4.] Sahil S.Shah1, Vaibhav K.Shah2, Prithvish Mamtora3 and Mohit Hapani4, FIRE
FIGHTING ROBOT, International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer
Science (IJETTCS), ISSN 2278-6856.

[5.] Abhilash Dhumatkar1, Sumit Bhiogade2, Shashank Rajpal3, Datta Renge4, Prof. V.
Kale5, Automatic Fire Fighting Robot, International Journal of Recent Research in
Mathematics Computer Science and Information Technology, ISSN 2350-1022.

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REFERENCES
1. https://www.instructables.com/id/Getting-Started-With-
ESP8266LiLon- NodeMCU-V3Flashi/
2. https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/article/blinking-led-by-esp-12e-nodemcu-v3-
module-using-arduinoide/
3. https://www.cytron.io/p-nodemcu-v3
4. http://henrysbench.capnfatz.com/henrys-bench/arduino-projects-tips-and-
more/arduino-esp8266-lolin-nodemcu-getting-started/
5. http://henrysbench.capnfatz.com/henrys-bench/arduino-projects-tips-and-
more/nodemcu-esp-12e-use-cloudmtt-to-display-on-a-gauge-on-blogger/
6. http://henrysbench.capnfatz.com/henrys-bench/arduino-projects-tips-and-
more/arduino-ide-nodemcu-esp-12e-digital-input-basics/
7. http://henrysbench.capnfatz.com/henrys-bench/arduino-projects-tips-and-
more/nodemcu-io-basics-pwm/
8. www.handsontec.com/pdf_learn/esp8266-V10.pdf
9. https://einstronic.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/NodeMCU-ESP8266-ESP-
12E-Catalogue.pdf
10. https://airccj.org/CSCP/vol7/csit77405.pdf
11. R.Aravindhan, M.Ramanathan, D.SanjaiKumar, R.Kishore, “HOME
AUTOMATION USING Wi-Fi INTERCONNECTION”,Department of
Mechatronics engineering, Chennai Institute of Technology, Anna University
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India- 600069, (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04
Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 ,www.irjet.net.2542-2544pp.
12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319253026_Counter_with_ESP8266
_NodeMcu_and_Blynk

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KNOWLEDGE GAIN
DAY WORKDONE
1 Introduction of the company and about internship strategy
2 Introduction to C and Basic concepts involved in C-programming.
We learnt to write a program in C using some control statements
3 and defined functions.
4 Introduction to Embedded system and hardware components.
5 We have learnt how to program 8051.
Brief introduction about Internet of Things and Installation of
6 software which we are used.
7 Designing and deploying timers and interrupts.
8 Learn to use IDE like Cvavr, Arduino IDE
9 Understanding ADC and interfacing of sensors.
10 Understanding and Implementing UART Protocol
11 Interfacing external devices LCD, Relay
12 Understanding I2C protocol interfacing ds1307 (Real Time Clock).
13 Learn to develop the hardware/software co-design.
14 Why Internet of Things (IOT).
15 Working on IOT with NodeMCU.
16 Robotics
We learnt to write a basic Embedded C code to interface in AVR
17 Microcontroller.
18 Learnt about the rules involved to write an Embedded C code.
19 Brief explanation about AVR Microcontroller
Interfacing of LED, Relay, IR sensor and DC Motor with AVR
20 microcontroller.
21 Brief introduction of projects.
Writing a code of our own Embedded C code depending upon our
22 project and interfacing using AVR.
23 Completion of project
24 Completion of project
25 Completion of Project
26 Completion of project

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Table 1: Internship Diary

Overview:

 This Internship has been an excellent learning experience for us.

 During the internship I get to meet new students from different colleges.
 I learnt most importantly time management and team work.
 Our Internship Company provided us good hands-on experience on IOT and
Embedded System very well.
 Finally, I learnt how to use AVR microcontroller board which is used for different
application. This will definitely help in my final year project.

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