Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Complex Numbers RN
An Introduction to Complex Plane :
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑦
𝜃
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑥
A complex point on Argands Plane can be represented by z = x + iy = re i = r (cos + i sin )
Here x = Re(z) = Real part of z and y = Im(z) = Imaginary part of z
r = z = x 2 + y 2 = Modulus of z = Distance of the Complex Point from origin.
y
and = arg ument ( z ) = arg( z ) = tan −1
x
Algebra of Complex Numbers :
Let 𝐳𝟏 = 𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐢𝐲𝟏 = 𝐫𝟏 . 𝐞𝐢𝛂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐳𝟐 = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐢𝐲𝟐 = 𝐫𝟐 . 𝐞𝐢𝛃
• 𝐳𝟏 + 𝐳𝟐 = (𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐱 𝟐 ) + 𝐢(𝐲𝟏 + 𝐲𝟐 )
• 𝐳𝟏 − 𝐳𝟐 = (𝐱 𝟏 − 𝐱 𝟐 ) + 𝐢(𝐲𝟏 − 𝐲𝟐 )
• 𝐳𝟏 . 𝐳𝟐 = 𝐫𝟏 . 𝐞𝐢𝛂 . 𝐫𝟐 . 𝐞𝐢𝛃 = 𝐫𝟏 . 𝐫𝟐 . 𝐞𝐢(𝛂+𝛃)
𝐫
• 𝐳𝟏 /𝐳𝟐 = 𝐫𝟏 . 𝐞𝐢𝛂 /𝐫𝟐 . 𝐞𝐢𝛃 = 𝐫𝟏 . 𝐞𝐢(𝛂−𝛃)
𝟐
Properties of Modulus and Argument :
• z = distance of z from origin
• z1 + z 2 + + z n z1 + z 2 + + z n
• z1 − z 2 z1 − z 2
• |z1 − z2 | < |z1 | + |z2 |
• |z1 + z2 | < |z1 | + |z2 |
• z1 + z 2 z1 − z 2
• z1 + z 2 = (z1 + z 2 )(z1 + z 2 ) = z1 + z 2 + z1 z 2 + z 2 z1
2 2 2
• arg(z1 z 2 ) = arg(z1 ) + arg(z 2 )
• arg(z1 / z 2 ) = arg(z1 ) − arg(z 2 )
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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Complex Numbers RN
Conjugate of a Complex Point :
(+)𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑦
𝜃 𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠
−𝜃 𝑥
𝑦 𝒛 = 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒚 = 𝒓𝒆−𝒊𝜽
(−)𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
The conjugate of the Complex Point 𝐳 = 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 is the image of this point about the real axis.
It is denoted by 𝐳 = 𝐱 − 𝐢𝐲 = 𝐫𝐞−𝐢𝛉.
Properties of Conjugate :
• 𝐳𝟏 + 𝐳𝟐 = 𝐳𝟏 + 𝐳𝟐
• 𝐳𝟏 − 𝐳𝟐 = 𝐳𝟏 − 𝐳𝟐
• 𝐳𝟏 . 𝐳𝟐 = 𝐳𝟏 . 𝐳𝟐 = 𝐫𝟏 . 𝐞−𝐢𝛂 . 𝐫𝟐 . 𝐞−𝐢𝛃 = 𝐫𝟏 . 𝐫𝟐 . 𝐞−𝐢(𝛂+𝛃)
𝐫
• (𝐳𝟏 /𝐳𝟐 ) = 𝐳𝟏 /𝐳𝟐 = 𝐫𝟏 . 𝐞−𝐢𝛂 /𝐫𝟐 . 𝐞−𝐢𝛃 = 𝟏 . 𝐞𝐢(−𝛂+𝛃)
𝐫 𝟐
De Moivre’s Theorem :
If z = r (cos + i sin ), and n is a rational number , then
z n = r n cos n(2k + ) + i sin n(2k + ) = r n (cos(n ) + i sin (n )), where k = 0,1,2,n − 1.
2k + 2k +
z 1 n = r 1 n cos + i sin , k = 0,1,2, n − 1.
n n
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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Complex Numbers RN
nth Roots of Unity :
Let x be the nth root of unity. Then x n = 1 = cos 2k + i sin 2k (where k is an integer)
2k 2k
x = cos + i sin k = 0,1,2, , n − 1.
n n
2 2
Let = cos + i sin . Then the nth roots of unity are t
n n
(t = 0,1,2,, n − 1) , i.e. the nth roots of unity are 1, , 2 , n−1 .
Sum of the Roots :
1− n n −1
2k n −1
2k
1 + + 2 + + n−1 = = 0 cos = 0 and sin =0
1− k =0 n k =0 n
Thus the sum of the nth roots of unity is zero.
Product of the nth Roots of Unity:
1. . 2 . n −1 = (− 1) (− 1) = (− 1)
n n +1
Concept of Rotation : ( Coni’s Method )
If z1 , z2 , z3 are the three vertices of a triangle ABC described in the counter-clock wise sense,
𝐶 (𝑧3 )
𝐵(𝑧2 )
𝐴 (𝑧1 )
z 3 − z1 CA i z 3 − z1 i
then = .e = .e
z 2 − z1 BA z 2 − z1
Here : arg (z3 – z1 ) – arg (z2 – z1 ) = α is the angle through which AB must be rotated in the anti-clock-
wise direction so that it becomes AC.
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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Complex Numbers RN
COMPLEX GEOMETRY
Condition for Collinearity :
If there are three real numbers (other than zero) l, m and n
such that lz1 + mz2 + nz3 = 0 and l + m + n = 0
then complex numbers z1 , z2 and z3 will be collinear.
Segment
The Length of the segment joining z1 and z2 is |z1 − z2 |
Straight Line
• Equation of a straight line with the help of rotation formula:
Let A(z1 ) and B(z2 ) be any two points lying on a line ;
then to obtain the equation of this line : take a moveable point C(z) on this line :
z z 1
z − z1 z − z1 z − z1
since arg = 0 or = . or z1 z1 1 = 0
−
2 1
z z z 2 − z1 z 2 − z1
z2 z2 1
• General equation of the line : za + z a + b = 0,
where a = i(z1 − z 2 ) and ib = z1 z 2 − z1 z 2 , b R is the general equation of a line in the complex plane.
• Equation of a line parallel to the line za + za + b = 0 is za + za + = 0
(where λ is a real number).
• Equation of a line perpendicular to the line za + za + b = 0 is za − z a + i = 0
(where λ is a real number).
• Equation of perpendicular Bisector of a segment :
Consider a line segment joining A(z1 ) and B(z2 ). Let the line ‘L’ be it’s perpendicular bisector. If
P(z) be any point on the ‘L’, we have PA = PB
z − z1 = z − z 2
z (z 2 − z1 ) + z (z 2 − z1 ) + z1 z1 − z 2 z 2 = 0
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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Complex Numbers RN
Circles
Equation of a circle of radius r and having its centre at z0 is |z – z0 | = r.
z − z0 = r 2 (z − z 0 ) (z − z 0 ) = r 2 zz + az + a z + b = 0,
2
where – a = z0 is centre and b = z 0 z 0 − r 2 .
It represents the general equation of a circle in the complex plane.
• Equation of a circle described on a line segment AB, ( where A(z1 ), (B(z2 ) ) as its diameter is
(z − z1 )(z − z2 ) + (z − z2 )(z − z1 ) = 0.
• Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral such that A(z1 ), B(z2 ), C(z3 ) and D(z4 ) lie on a circle.
(z − z1 )(z 2 − z3 )
Then 4 is purely real .
(z 2 − z1 )(z 4 − z3 )
Geometrical Results in Argands Plane ( Conics and Lines ) :
• The triangle whose vertices are the points represented by complex numbers z1 , z2 , z3 is equilateral
1 1 1
if + + = 0 i.e., if z12 + z 22 + z 32 = z1 z 2 + z 2 z 3 + z 3 z1 .
z 2 − z 3 z 3 − z1 z1 − z 2
• z − z1 + z − z 2 = , represents an ellipse if z1 − z 2 , having the points z1 and z2 as its foci.
And if z1 − z 2 = , then z lies on a line segment connecting z1 and z2.
• z − z1 − z − z 2 = , represent a hyperbola if z1 − z 2 , having the points z1 and z2 as its foci.
And if z1 − z 2 = , the z is lies on the line passing through z1 and z2
excluding the points between z1 and z2.
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