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CIVIL SERVICE EXAM

MATHEMATICS
TABUK CITY, KALINGA
DAVIDSON HOTEL FEB 18 & 19 CSE INTENSIVE FINAL COACHING
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I. SYSTEMS OF NUMBERS
Number- an item that describes a magnitude or position, (a concept that exists in the
mind)
Cardinal Numbers: 1, 2, 3…
Ordinal Numbers: first, second, third
Numerals- symbols which describe a number
-Represents a number
Arabic numbers : 1, 2, 3…(taken singly)
21, 22, 23…(combination)
Roman Numerals
I=1 C=100
V=5 D=500
X=10 M=1000
L=50
Ex. MCMXCIV=1994

Digit- a specific symbol to denote a number

System of Numbers

Real Numbers Imaginary Numbers

Irrational Numbers Rational Numbers

Terminating
Integers Non-Integers

Whole Numbers Negative Numbers Repeating

Natural Numbers
Zero

⮚ REAL NUMBERS
● Rational Numbers- numbers which can be expressed as a quotient /ratio of two
numbers
● Irrational numbers-numbers which cannot be expressed as a quotient/ratio of
two numbers
❑
Ex. √ 2 , π , e
● Integers- all counting numbers, the negative of the counting numbers and zero
● Non-integers:
Terminating: Ex. 0.5, 0.25
Repeating: Ex. 0.3333
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❖ Natural Numbers- counting numbers 1, 2, 3, ….

⮚ Imaginary Number
-denoted as “i” or “j”
Imaginary number and it’s equivalent:
i=√−1
i2=-1

Complex Number- an expression of both real and imaginary (Ex.a+bi)

Absolute Value- numerical value of the number, neglecting its sign

Ex. |−5| =5 , |a| = either (+) or 0 but not (-)

✔ Fractions- numbers which are in the form:

a (numerator)
b (denominator)

Proper Fraction- numerator < denominator

Improper Fraction-numerator>denominator
Mixed Fraction- a whole number and a fraction
Unit Fraction – unity for numerator and (+) integer for denominator

✔ Decimals
Decimal Point- a point that separates the unit digit from the tenths digit.

8765.123 5-ones, 6-tens, 7-hundreds, 8-thousands

1-tenths, 2-hundreths, 3-thousandths

✔ Composite Number- a whole number composed of factors other than itself and 1
Ex. 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 . . .
✔ Prime Number- an integer greater than 1whose only factors are itself and 1

Prime Factorization- the process of writing a composite number as a product of primes.

Note: From numbers 1 to 100: there are 25 prime numbers

2- is the only even prime number

✔ GCF and LCM

❖ Greatest Common Factor(GCF)- the largest number that can divide the given
numbers

Ex. Find the GCF of 24 and 32

-by Listing Method
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Set of factors of 24: { 1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24 }

Set of factors of 32: { 1,2,4,6,8,16,32 }
Common factors of 24& 32: { 1,2,4,8 }
GCF of 24&32 = 8

-by Factor Tree method:

24 32
2 12 2 16
2 6 2 8
2 3 2 4
2 2
24= 2 *2 *2*3
32= 2* 2* 2 2*2
2* 2* 2 = 8
Ex. Find the GCF of 12 and 40
12 30
2 6 2 15
2 3 3 5
12=2*2*3
15=2* 3*5
2* 3 = 6

❖ Least Common Multiple (LCM)- smallest non-zero whole number in the set
containing their common multiples

Ex. Find the LCM of 6 and 9

-by Listing Method
Set of factors of 6: { 6 , 12 ,18 , 24 30 , 36 … }
Set of factors of 9: { 9 , 18 , 27 ,36 , 45 … }
Common factors of 6 & 9: { 18 , 36 }
LCM of 6&9 = 18

-by Factor Tree method:

6 9
2 3 3 3

6= 2 * 3
9= 3*3
2*3 * 3 = 18

Note: Relationship of GCF and LCM:

(a)(b)=(GCF)(LCM) ; a,b are the 2 numbers
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❖ Give Exercises on GCF and LCM (Exercise A)

✔ Factorial- denoted as n!
- Represents the product of all positive integers from 1 to n
n! = n(n-1)…3, 2, 1
5! = 5x4x3x2x1
= 120
✔ Significant Digits
-digits that define the numerical value of a number
Note: The sifnificant digit of a number begins with the first non-zero digit and
ends with the final digit be it zero or not.
Ex. 16.72 – has 4 significant digits
0. 0016 – has 2 significant digits
✔ Rounding Off
Ex. Round off 5, 836 to the nearest tens = 5, 840
Round off 12. 873 to the nearest hundredths = 12. 87

✔ Properties of Real Numbers

1. Closure Property
⮚ The sum/difference of two more real numbers is also a real number.
Example:5+8=13for addition
(6)(8)=48for multiplication
2. Commutative Property
⮚ A change in order of real numbers that are being added/multiplied does not change their
sum/product.
Example:5+8=8+3=13for addition
( 6 )( 8 ) =( 8 ) ( 6 )=48 for multiplication
3. Associative Property
⮚ A change in the grouping of real numbers being added/multiplied does not change their
sum/product.
Example:5+ ( 10+6 )=( 5+10 ) +6=21for addition
5 x ( 10 x 6 )=( 5 x 10 ) x 6=300 for multiplication

Ex. (5+8)+2 = 2+(5+8) is it commutative or associative?

Answer: commutative
If associative, it should be : (5+8)+2=2+(5+8)

4. Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition (DPMA)

⮚ When two real numbers have been added and then multiplied by a factor, the result will
be the same when each number is multiplied by the factor and the products are then added.
Example:3 x ( 10+6 )=3 x 10+3 x 6=48
( 3+10 ) x 6=6 x 3+6 x 10=78

5. Identity property
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a. For addition: the sum of any real number and zero is the real number.
Example:5+0=5
b. For multiplication: the product of any real number and one is the real number.
Example:( 8 ) ( 1 )=8
6. Zero property
⮚ The product of real number and zero is zero.
Example:( 10 ) ( 0 )=0
7. Inverse property
a. Additive inverse: the sum of a number and it’s opposite is zero.
Example: 2 + (-2) = 0.
b. Multiplicative inverse: the product of a number and it’s reciprocal is 1.
Example:( 2 )()
1
2
=1

✔ Operations on Real Numbers

o Addition
Rule: same sign: add and keep the sign
Ex. (-10)+(-5)=(-15)
Different sign: subtract and copy the sign of the larger number
Ex. (-10)+(5)=(10-5=5) (-5) (copy the sign of number 10 which is negative )
o Subtraction
Rule: Change subtraction to addition, the first number stays the same but switch the
sign of the second number, then apply rules in addition.
Ex. (-5)-(5)=(-5)+(-5)=(-10)
10-(-5) = 10+5=15
o Multiplication & Division
Rule: same sign: results to a positive number
Different sign results to a negative number
Ex. 6x3= 18, (-6)x(3)= -18
Ex. (-15)/(-3)= 5, (15)/(-3)= -5

✔ Divisibility Rules

A whole number divides another if the remainder is zero. Hence its whole number is said
to be a divisor/ factor of the other or that other number is divisible by the whole number.

Divisibility By 2
- A number is divisible by 2 if it ends in 0, 2,4,6 or they are even numbers.

Divisibility By 3
- A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3.
Example: 2 613
2+6+1+3 = 12; 12 is divisible by 3
Divisibility By 4
- A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by the last 2 digits is
divisible by 4.
Example: 2 512
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12 is the last 2 digits; 12 divisible by 4

Divisibility By 5
- A number is divisible by 5 if it ends in 0/5
Example: 3 780
4 125

Divisibility By 6
- A number is divisible by 6 if the number is even and is divisible by 3.
Example: 2 754
2 754 is even
2+7+5+4 = 18 divisible by 3.
Divisibility By 7
- A number is divisible by 7 if the difference between twice its ones digit and
the number formed by the remaining digits is zero or divisible by 7.

Example: 938
93 – 2(8) = 77; 77 is divisible by 7

Divisibility By 8
- A number is divisible by 8 if the no formed by the last three digits is divisible
by 8.
Example: 67048
048 is divisible by 8.

Divisibility By 9
- A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of the digit is divisible by 9.
Example: 2 754
2+7+5+4 = 18 ; 18 is divisible by 9

Divisibility By 10
- A number is divisible by 10 if it ends in 0.
Example: 1430

Divisibility By 11
- A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of the digits in
the odd places (starting from the rightmost digit) and the sum of the digits in
the even places is 11 or divisible by 11.
Example: 61 248
6+2+8= 16
1+4= 5
16-5=11

Divisibility By 12
- A number is divisible by 12 if it is divisible by 3 or 4

Divisibility By 13
- A no is divisible by 13 if the sum of 4 times the one’s digit and the number
formed by the remaining digits is divisible by 13.
Example: 325
32 + 4(5)
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32 + 20 = 52 / 13 = 4

✔ Exponential Notation
- Description of repeated multiplication
73 exponent “seven to the third power”
Base
Root- used to indicate that through repeated multiplication, one number is the source of
another number.

index
√4 16
radicand

radical sign

✔ Laws of Exponents:

n n n 1
a m∗a n=a m+n (ab) =a b a−m=
am

m
a
n
=am−n ¿ 0
a =1
a

m
(a ¿¿ m)n=amn ¿ a n =√ a
n m

Examples:
1. x 2∗x 3=x 2+3= x5 5. ¿
x3
6. x 1/ 2=√2 x1 =√ x
3−2 1
2. 2 =x =x =x
x
1
3. (x ¿¿ 2)3 =x2 x3 =x6 ¿ 7. x−2=
x2
4. (xy )2=x 2 y 2 8. x0=1

✔ Order of Operations (PEMDAS)

MD from left to right
AS from left to right

1. (15-8)+5*(6+4)
7+5*10
7+50
=57

2. 6*(32+22)+42
6*(9+4)+16
6*13+16
78+16
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=94

3. 32+23*(5-3)
9+8*2 9+8*2
17*2 9+16
=34 =25

❖ Give Exercises on PEMDAS

II. Ratio, Proportion and Percent

● Ratio
-indicated quotient of two quantities of the same kind, expressed in the same unit
of measure.
Ex. In a 30-item quiz, roy got 24 items correct while Ed got 18 items correct.
What is the ratio of Roy’s score to Ed’s score?
24 4
= = ∨4 :3
18 3

Ex. Find the ratio of 40 minutes to 2 hours?

40 min 1
= = or 1:3
120 min 3

Ex. A rod 104 cm was cut into 2 pieces so that the lengths of the pieces were in
ratio 6:7. How long was each piece?
Sol’n:
Consider the rod as a whole divided into 6+7=13 parts
6
( 104 )=48 cm
13
7
(104) = 56 cm
13

❖ Give Exercises on Ratio

● Rate
-ratio used to compare quantities of different units
Ex. If a car travels 180 km in 4 hours, what is its speed or rate of travel?
distance 180 km
Speed= = =45 km/hr
time 4 hours
❖ Give Exercises on Rate

● Porportion
-statement of equality of two ratios
a c
= a:b=c:d; b,c=means, c,d=extremes
b d
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( a )( d )=(b)(c)

o Direct Proportion a:b=c:d

-an increase in quantity will produce an opposite change in the other
quantity

Ex. A car travels 125 miles in 3 hours, how far will it travel in 5 hours?

125 : 3 = N : 5
(3)(N)=(125)(5)
3 3
N=208.33 miles
o Inverse Proportion a:b=c:d
-an increase in quantity will produce an opposite change in the other
quantity

Ex. It takes 4 men to repair a road in 6 hours. How long will it take 7 men
to do the same job?

4:6=7:H
4(6)=7(H)
24 =7H
7 7
3.43=H

o Partitive
Ex. Ann, Mary and Joy shared 360 stamps in the ratio 3:4:5. How many
stamps did each have?
We consider that the stamps will be divided into 3+4+5=12 equal parts
Sol’n:
3
( 360 )=90 stamps for Ann
12

4
( 360 )=120 stamps for Mary
12

5
( 360 )=150 stamps for Joy
12

❖ Give Exercises on Proportion

✔ Percent

- “percentum” “Per hundred”

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1
- % means
100
Example:
1
3% = 3( ¿= 0.03
100
3% has the same meaning as:
= 3: 100
3
=
100
= 0.03
= 3 for every one hundred
= at the rate of 3 per hundred

1
Ex. What is % of 600?
4
= 0.25 % of 600
=0.0025 x 600
= 1.5
Expressing percents as a whole number or as decimals
n
100
Ex. 600%= 6

225
225%= =2.25
100

2.5%=_______

1
% =________
2
o Problems Involving Percent
Solving for Percentage, Base, Rate (PBR)

P P=BxR “of”-multiply
B=P/R “is”-equal
B R R=P/B

Ex. What is 35% of 160? P=?

P=BxR
P=0.35x160
P=56
Ex. What percent of 75 is 9? R=?
R=P/B=
R=9/75= 0.12
R=0.12x100=12%
Ex. 18 is 60% of what number? B=?
B=P/R
B=18/0.60
B=30
❖ Give Exercises on PBR

o Applications or Percent
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▪ Percent of Change
(Percent of change)X(original amount)=Amount of Change
Ex. Find the percent of increase from 400 to 500.
Sol’n:
(Percent of change)X(original amount)=Amount of Change
(n%)(400)=500-400
400 400
n% = 0.25
n=25%

▪ Inflation
- Percent of increase in the cost of goods and services
r increase∈ price
r%= =
100 original price
Ex. Helen bought a microwave oven for P760 two months ago. If
today, the same oven costs P608 more, what is the rate of inflation for the
oven?
r increase∈ price 608
r%= = = =0.08
100 original price 760
r=8%

▪ Discount
Discount= (marked price)x(discount rate)
Sale Price=(marked price)- (discount)
discount
Discount Rate=
marked price
Ex. In a sale, Ben paid P270 for a shirt originally priced at P450. What
was the discount rate given?
discount 450−270
Discount Rate= =
marked price 450
=0.40
=40%

▪ Commission
-amount of money earned by a person for selling a product or for
providing a servive to another person.
Commission=(gross sales)x(rate of commission)
C=GS X r%
Net proceeds= gross sales- commission
NP=GS-C
commission
Rate of Commission=
gross sales
Ex. Mr. Rivera, a part time salesman for kitchen appliances gets a
1
commission of 8 % of his total sales. If his sales last week totalled to
2
P96,200. How much was his commission?
Sol’n:
C=GS x r%
=96,200 x 0.805
C= P 8, 177

Try:
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Ex. A real estate agent earned a P990,000 for P16,500,000 worth of

sales. What was his rate of commission?
How much was his net sales?
Sol’n:

❖ Give Exercises on Applications of Percent

III. Business Math

● Simple Interest
I= P r t ; I=Interest, P=Principal, r=rate, t=time(in years)

Ex. Farah deposits P4,000 in a bank with an interest rate of 4.5% per year.
How much interest will she earn at the end of 3 years?
I=P r t
=(4,000)(0.045)(3)
I=P540

Try:
Ex. Aling Chayong borrowed P10,000 to start a small carinderia. If she paid
P12,000 at the end of 2 years, at what interest rate did she pay for her loan?

Ex. Mr. Abello borrowed P90,000 at a rate of 15% per annum. If he repaid the
loan in 4 months, how much interest did he pay?

❖ Give Exercises

● Compound interest
r
FV= P(1+ )n(t) ; FV=Final Value, P=Principal, r=rate, t=time in years
n
n=number of times that the interest is compounded
Ex. If you deposit P4,000 into an account paying 6% annual interest compounded
quarterly, how much money will be in the account after 5 years?
Sol’n:
r
FV= P(1+ )n(t)
n
0.06 4(5)
=4,000(1+( )
4
FV =P5, 387. 42
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IV. PLANE/SOLID FIGURES AND MEASUREMENTS

● Linear Measures
PERIMETER – sum of the lengths of the sides of the polygon

Ex. Josie is planning to take a walk around a rectangular flower garden which is
12.5 m wide and 27.7 m length. How far will Josie have to walk?.
Solution: L= 27.7

W= 21.5

P= 2L + 2W
P= 2(27.7) + 2(21.5)
P= 98.4m

Ex. Square
4m

P = 4(s)
= 4(4)
=16

Circle (Circumference)
C= 2πr
r r=2cm C= 2(3.14)(2)
C= 12.56 cm

AREA- the number of square units contained within the figure

Ex. What is the area of a rectangle with length 3cm and a width of 2cm?
3cm

2cm Area=L x W
=3cm x 2cm
Area= 6 sq.cm

Ex. If the length and width of the rectangle in the previous example is enlarged by
10%, what will be its new area?
L=3+ (0.10)(3)=3+0.3= 3.3 cm
W= 2+ (0.10)(2)=2+0.2= 2.2 cm
A=LxW= (3.3)(2.2)
A=7.26 sq.m

Parallelogram:

h=3cm A=base x height

=(5cm)(3cm)
b=5cm A=15cm2
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Trapezoid:
1
B1=3cm A= (B1+B2)(h)
2
1
= (3+7)(5)
2
H=5cm A =25cm2

B2=7cm
Triangle:

A= (1/2)(b)(h)
2cm =(1/2)(4)(2)
A=4cm2

4cm

● Surface Area and Volume of Solid Figures

1.
i.)Find the surface area of the cube below:

Surface Area=sum of the areas of its faces

4cm SA=6A
SA=6(4x4)
4cm SA=96cm2

4cm
ii.) Find the area of the cube:
Volume=s3=43=64cm3

For rectangular solid: w

SA=Sum of the areas of its faces=2(LW+WH+LH) H
V=LxWxH
L

2. Find the surface area and volume of the tin can below:
Abase=2¿2)
r=2cm =2¿(2)2)
A=25.13cm2
H=5cm 5cm Arectangle= (2 πr ¿ x(5)
Arectangle =62.5cm2
2πr SA=25.13+62.5
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SA=87.93cm2

3. Find the volume of the given solids:

Pyramid
Vpyramid=(1/3)(BA)(h)
h=9cm =(1/3)(7.5)(9)
Vpyramid =22.5cm3

Base Area(BAtriangle)=(1/2)bh
=(1/2)(3)(5)
=7.5

Cone
Vcone=(1/3)(BA)(h)
=(1/3)( πx 42)(6)
h=6cm Vcone=100.48

4cm

Sphere

r=8cm Vsphere=(4/3)( π )(r3)

=(4/3)( π )(83)
Vsphere=2114.66cm3

● SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

⮚ English System
o Linear Measure
▪ 1 foot = 12 inches
▪ 1 yard = 3 feet
o Weight Measure
▪ 1 ounce(oz)= 16 grams
▪ 1 pound(lb)= 16 ounces
o Liquid Measure
▪ 1 gallon(gal)= 4 quartz
▪ 1 barrel = 31.5 gallons
▪ 1 quarter =28 pounds

⮚ Metric System (International System of Units S.I)

Prefix Symbol Meaning

Mega M 1 000 000

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Kilo K 1 000

Hecto H 100

Deka D 10

unit u 1

deci d 1
= 0.1
10

centi c 1
= 0.01
100

milli m 1
= 0.001
1000

micro u 1
= 0.000001
1000 000

Corresponding smaller and larger units may be obtained from these three basic units by
using the following prefixes.

1
Milli- means of basic unit
1000
1
Centi – means of basic unit
100
1
Deci – means of a basic unit
10
Deka – means 10 times of a basic unit
Hecto – means 100 times of a basic unit
Kilo – means 1 000 times of a basic unit

Kilo

Hecto

Deka (da)

Unit(basic) (meter/liter/gram)

deci (dm)

centi (cm)

milli (mm)

Example:
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1m = 10 dm
1m = 100 cm
1m = 1000 mm

● MEASURING TIME

1 century 1 000 years

1 score 20 years

1 decade 10 years

1 year 12 months = 365 days

1 year 52 weeks

1 month 30 days = 4 weeks

1 week 7 days

1 day 24 hours

1 hour 60 minutes

1 minutes 60 seconds

● MEASUREMENT AND UNITS OF MEASURE

o 2 system of standard measures:
▪ English
▪ Metric

English Metric

1 inch 2.54 cm

1 foot 30.38 cm

1 meter 1.28 ft

39. 37 inch

1.094 yards

1 pound 453.59 grams

1 ounce 31.108 = 29.57 ml = 29.57

cm3

1 ton 2, 240 pound(lb) = 1 016

kg

1 kilo meter 0.6214 mile

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1.093- 6 yards

1 liter 1.057 quarts = 2.114 pints

V. Geometry
● Angles
-According to measure:
Right: =900
Acute: <900
Obtuse: >900 but <1800
Straight: =1800
Reflex: >1800 but <360
-According to Pairs
Complementary: sum=900
Supplementary: sum=1800
Linear Pair- a supplementary angle also

2 1

● Triangles
-According to Sides:
Equilateral: all sides equal
Isosceles: 2 sides equal
Scalene: no sides equal
-According to measure:
Right : has a 900 angle
Acute: has 3 acute angles
Obtuse: has 1 btuse angle
● Polygons
The sum of the interior angles of an n-gon= (n-2)(180)
Each exterior angle of a regular n-gon = 360/n
( n−2 ) (180)
Each interior angle of a regular n-gon =
n

Polygon – closed figure which is formed by the union of line segments that intersect only at their
endpoints

Number of Sides Polygon

3 Triangle

4 Quadrilateral

5 Pentagon
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6 Hexagon

7 Heptagon

8 Octagon

9 Nonagon

10 Decagon

11 Undecagon

12 Dodecagon

VI. Trigonometry
-means triangle measure
A Pythagorean Theorem
C2=a2+b2
b c Ex. If a=2, b=3, c=?
c=√ a2 +b 2
C A c=√ 22+ 32
A c=3.61
Trigonometric Functions:
opposite
SOH : sinθ =
hypothenuse
adjacent
CAH : COSθ =
hypothenuse
opposite
TOA : tanθ =
adjacent
Ex.

X=? θ=600

θ
2

adjacent
Use CAH: cosθ=
hypothenuse
2
Cos 60=
x
Cos60(x)= 2
Cos60 cos 60
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X=4

VIII. ALGEBRA

● Algebraic expressions
- Result of applying one or more of the four fundamental operations of
additions, subtractions, multiplications and divisions to a collection of
constant and variables.

● Constant – 1, 2, 3
● Variables – x, y, z
● Term- each district parts of A.E with its sign
● Constant/ Variables – a factor of the term
● Co efficient – any factor of a term
o literal co-efficient
o numeral co- efficient
▪ Example: 30n; 30-numerical coeff., n-literal coef.

● Translating English Phrases to Algebraic Expression

English Phrases Algebraic Expression

● The sum of a and 3 ● a+3

● 8 more than p ● p+8

● 6 subtracted from n ● n-6

● 4 less than y ● Y-4

● 4 less y ● 4-y

● The product of 9 and s ● 9s

● The sum of x and 3y ● X +3y

● The cube of the sum of x and y ● (x+y)3

● The difference of twice x and y ● 2x - y

SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION

1. –3(9v-2w+6)= -37v+8w-18
2. 6x(2x2-3xy+7y2)=12x3-18x2y+42xy2

ADDITION OF POLYNOMIALS
Step 1: Arrange the polynomials in standard form
Standard form of a polynomials in just means that the term with highest
degree comes first and followed by each of the following terms.
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Step 2: Arrange the like terms in columns and add the like terms.

1. Write in standard form (3y5+y4+2y3-2y+5) + (2y5+ 3y3+ 7y +2)

2. Arrange in columns of like terms and then add
3y5+y4+2y3- 2y+5
+ 2y5+ 3y3+ 7y +2
5y5+ y4+5y3+5y+7

SUBTRACTION OF POLYNOMIALS
Step 1: Write the given polynomials
Step 2: Combine like terms and remove zero pairs
Step 3: Subtract the like terms( In subtraction the sign of the second term will
change)

Ex. (3a2- 7a+2) – (5a2 +a – 8)

3a2- 7a+2 3a2- 7a+2

-(5a2 +a – 8) +-5a2 -a + 8

2a2- 8a +10

MULTIPLICATION OF POLYNOMIALS
Step 1: Multiply each term in one polynomial by each term in the polynomial
Step 2: add those answers together, and simplify if needed.

Example:
1. (-4x3y7)(6x5y2) = -24x8y9
2. 2x ( 3x2 + 2y + 6) = 6x2 + 4xy + 12x
3. (ab) (ar +bs +cd) = a2br + ab2s + abcd

DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
1. 24y3
16y
= 3y2
12

2. -12m3p4
22m6p2
= - 6p2
11m3

Evaluation of Algebraic Expressions

Given x=2, y=(-1), z=3, find:
1. 6x-5y 2. 7z2-8y
6(2)-5(-1) 7(32)-8(-1)
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12-5 7(9)-8
=7 =36

Polynomials
-an algebraic expression consisting only of non-negative integer, power of variables and with
no variable in the denominator and exponents should not be in fraction.
1
Ex. 1. 2x-3 2 3
x
8y
2.
x

3. 2+x1/2

1 1
4.
x+ y + 6
2 25

Types according to the number of terms:

1. monomial- one term
2. binomial – two terms
3. trinomial- three terms
4. multinomial- 4 or more terms

o Degree of a term – sum of exponents

o Degree of a polynomial – highest degree

Ex. 5x2y Degree of the term : 2+1=3

Degree of the polynomial=2

✔ AGE, WORK AND MIXTURE

● Age Problem:

The ages of a certain person in the past, present and future in terms of x.

Present Past Future

(6 years ago) (5 years hence)

x x-6 x+5

Example: Paula is now 18 years old and Monica is 14 years old. How many years old ago
was Paula twice as old as Monica.

Past Present

Paula 18-n 18

Monica 14-n 14
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Solution:
(18-n)= 2)(14-n)
18-n= 28-2n
2n-n= 28-18
n=10

Try:
Ex. Debbie is twice as old as Jerry. 4 years ago, Debbie was three times as old as Jerry then.
How old is Debbie?
4 years ago

Debbie 2x 2x-4

Jerry x x-4

2x-4=3(x-4)
2x-4=3x-12
-4+12=3x-2x
8=x (Jerry)
16=2x (Debbie)

● Work Problem

1/5 – this is what a person finishdayed in 1

This is work

For a complete job:

1
rt=1 or r=
t
1 1
+ =1
A B

Example: Walter and Helen are asked to paint a house. Walter can paint the house by
himself in 12 hours and Helen can paint the house by her in 16 hours, it take to paint the
house if they worked together?

1 1 1
Solution: + =
12 16 t

4+ 3 1
=
48 t
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7 t 48
=
7 7
T= 6.86 hours
Try:
Ex. Tom and Jerry have to staff and nail 1000 envelopes for a new marketing campaign.
Jerry can do the job alone in 6 hours. If Tom helps, they can get the job done in 4 hours.
How long did it take Tom to do the job by himself?

● Mixture Problem
Example: A chemist has 70 ml of a 50% methane solution. How much of an 80%
solution must she add so the final solution is 60% methane?
0.50 + 0.80 = 0.60

70 ml x = 70 +x

= (0.50)(70) + (0.80)(x) = 0.60(70+x)

= 35+0.80x= 42 + 0.60x
=0.80-0.60x = 42-35
0.20 x 7
= =
0.20 0.20

= x=35