Electromagnetic

21 Induction
THE EXPERIMENTS OF FARADAY AND HENRY When the bar magnet is pushed towards the coil, the pointer in
The discovery and understanding of electromagnetic induction the galvanometer G deflects.
are based on a long series of experiments carried out by Faraday Current is induced in coil C1 due to motion of the current carrying
and Henry. These experiments are illustrated by the following coil C2
figures.

S. No. Experiment Observation

1. Place a magnet near a conducting No current flows through the galvanometer.
loop with a galvanometer in the
circuit.

2. Move the magnet towards the The galvanometer register a current.

loop.

3. Reverse the direction of motion The galvanometer deflection reverses.

of the magnet.
4. Reverse the polarity of the The galvanometer deflection reverses.
magnet and move the magnet
towards the loop.

5. Keep magnet fixed and move The galvanometer register a

the coil towards the magnet. current.
 EBD_7751
568 PHYSICS

6. Increases the speed of the magnet. The deflection in the galvanometer increases.
7. Increase the strength of the magnet. The deflection in the galvanometer increases.
8. Increase the diameter of the coil. The deflection in the galvanometer increases.
9. Fix the speed of the magnet but The deflection in the galvanometer increases.
repeat the experiment with the
magnet closer to the coil.
10. Move the magnet at an angle to Deflection decreases, it is maximum when the magnet moves perpendicular to the
the plane of the coil. plane of the coil and is zero when the magnet moves parallel to the plane of the coil.
11. Increase the number of turns of Magnitude of current increases.
the coil.

MAGNETIC FLUX Lenz’s law is in accordance with the principle of conservation

The number of magnetic lines of force crossing a surface is called of energy. Infact, work done in moving the magnet w.r.t. the coil
magnetic flux linked with the surface. changes into electric energy producing induced current.
There is also another law for finding the direction of induced
It is represented by f .
current. This is Fleming’s right hand rule. According to this
B rule, if we stretch the right-hand thumb and two nearby fingers
perpendicular to one another such that the first finger points in
the direction of magnetic field and the thumb in the direction of
q
motion of the conductor, then the middle finger will point in the
^n direction of the induced current.
N
Direction of induced
current inwards

ur ur Thumb Direction of motion

Magnetic flux f = B. A = BA cos q (motion) of the conductor
First finger
where B is strength of magnetic field, A is area of the surface and (field)
q is the angle which normal to the area (unit area vector) makes
Central finger
S B
with the direction of magnetic field. (current)
A Application of Fleming’s
The S.I. unit of magnetic flux is weber which is the amount of
right-hand rule
magnetic flux over an area of 1 m2 held normal to a uniform (a)
magnetic field of one tesla. (b)
Total flow of charge due to change of flux (Df):
The c.g.s. unit of f is maxwell.
1 weber = 108 maxwell. (No. of turns ´ change in magnetic flux)
Q = NDf / R =
FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC Resistance
INDUCTION METHODS OF INDUCING E.M.F.
Whenever the number of magnetic lines of force (flux) linked As is known, e.m.f. is induced in a circuit only when amount of
with any closed circuit change, an induced current flows through magnetic flux linked with the circuit changes. As f = BA cos q,
the circuit which lasts only so long as the change lasts. An therefore three methods of producing induced e.m.f. :
increase in the number of lines of force produces an inverse (i) By changing B, (ii) By changing A and, (iii) By changing q
current, while a decrease of such lines produces a direct current. (orientation of the coil). When a conductor of length l moves
with a velocity v in a magnetic field of strength B so that magnetic
The induced emf is equal to the negative rate of change of
flux linked with the circuit changes, the e.m.f. induced (e) is given
magnetic flux. by
- df e = B l v.
i.e. e=
dt Induced e.m.f. and its direction
The -ve sign shows that the induced emf opposes the change in
Case (i) In conducting rod: The induced e.m.f. is generated
magnetic flux (Lenz’s law).
because of rotation of a conducting rod in a
LENZ’S LAW perpendicular magnetic field
The direction of induced e.m.f. is given by Lenz’s law. According Bl 2w
to this law, the direction of induced e.m.f. in a circuit is always e =- also, e = – BAf
2
such that it opposes the every cause which produces it. where f = frequency of rotation and
-d f A = pr2, where r is the radius of circle in which this rod
Thus, e= moves, hence r = l. w = angular velocity, l = length of
dt
conducting rod.
 Electromagnetic Induction 569

Case (ii) In disc: Induced e.m.f generated in a disc rotating with (b) the direction of induced current in the loop will
a constant angular velocity in a perpendicular magnetic be anti-clockwise so that it may oppose the
field increase of magnetic flux in the loop in upward
Br 2 w direction.
e = –BAf = -Bpr 2 f = - A B
2
where A = area of disc = pr2, r = radius of disc, P
w = angular velocity of disc.
Case (iii) In two coils: When two coils are arranged as shown in
O
the figure
P
Q Case (vi) Magnet dropped freely in long vertical copper tube:
The resistance of copper tube is quite negligible and
+ - hence maximum induced current are generated in it
K due to the motion of the magnet. Due to these induced
current the motion of magnet is opposed to maximum.
(a) if key K is closed then current in P will flow in Consequently the acceleration of the magnet will be
clockwise direction and consequently induced zero (a = g – g = 0).
current in Q will flow in anticlockwise direction.
S
(see fig. a)
(b) when key K is opened then current in P falls from
maximum to zero and consequently induced
current in Q will flow in clockwise direction. (see N
g
fig. b)
g
P P a= g–g =0
Q Q
O Case (vii) Magnet dropped freely into a long solenoid of copper
O wire: The resistance of copper solenoid is much higher
than that of copper tube. Hence the induced current
in it, due to motion of magnet, will be much less than
(a) (b)
that in the tube. Consequently the opposition to the
Case (iv) In three coils arranged coaxially : Three coils P, Q motion of magnet will be less and the magnet will fall
and R are arranged coaxially as shown in figure. Equal with an acceleration (a) less than g. (i.e. a < g).
currents are flowing in coils P and R . Coils Q and R are S
fixed. Coil P is moved towards Q. The induced current
in Q will be in anti-clockwise direction so that it may
oppose the approach of P according to Lenz’s law. As
the face of P towards Q is a south pole hence plane of
Q towards P will also be a south pole. N
Induced current
a <g
P Q R Axis
Observer
coils Case (viii) Motional EMF: Induced emf in a conducting rod moving
As there is no relative motion between Q and R, hence perpendicular through a uniform magnetic field as
no current is induced in Q due to R. shown
Case (v) Current increases in straight conductor : When × ++× × ×
current in the straight conductor is increased then
(a) the direction of induced current in the loop will
be clockwise so that it may oppose the increase of ×l × × B
×
magnetic flux in the loop in downward direction. v

P
× –– × × ×
The induced emf produced across the rod
O l
r r
e = Blv = ò(v ´ B).dl
0

This is also called motional emf and it develops when

A B a metal rod cuts magnetic lines of force.
 EBD_7751
570 PHYSICS

Special case : If the rod moves in the magnetic field making an The induced emf or current I is shown which is in
angle q with it, then induced emf e = Bn vl = Bvl sin q . accordance to Lenz’s law. Here the varying magnetic field
at the location of loop (due to the movement of magnet)
COMMON DEFAULT
creates an electric field.
û Incorrect. When there is no change in magnetic flux no
induced current is produced.
We should remember certain points regarding the induced
electric field produced due to changing magnetic field.
ü Correct. Consider the case (viii) discussed above. There is
no change in the magnetic flux throgh the rod, still induced · Induced electric field lines form closed loops (different
emf is produced. from the electric field lines used to depict electric field
Case (ix) A straight conductor (slider) moving with velocity v produced due to charges)
on a U shaped wire placed in a uniform magnetic field. · Induced electric field is non-conservative in nature
Blv (again a difference from the electric field produced by
The induced current produced is I = electric charges)
R
Case (x) When a rectangular loop perpendicular to the magnetic
df
field is pulled out, then forces F1 and F3 being equal Mathematically, e = ò E .dl = - ¹0
dt
and opposite cancel out.

B 1. An emf is induced in a circuit where the magnetic flux is

I
> changing even if the circuit is open. But obviously no
F1
F2 l F v current will flow. If we close the circuit, the current will start
3
flowing.
2. In a loop moving in a uniform magnetic field, when the loop
remains in the field, the net emf induced is zero.
æ Blv ö B2 l 2 v
F2 = BI l = B ç l =
è R ÷ø
v B
R l Bl v Bl v
Power required to move the loop out
B2 l 2 v 2 Example 1.
P= F2 × v =
R A copper rod of length l is rotated about one end
Case (xi) The magnet is stationary and the loop is moving perpendicular to the uniform magnietic field B with
towards the magnet. constant angular velocity w. What will be the induced
e.m.f. between two ends ?
Solution :
I Consider a small element of the rod of length dx at a distance
S N v x from the centre O.
Stationary magnet
w
dx
Moving loop
The induced emf or current I is shown which is in x
l
accordance to Lenz's law. In this case the magnetic
force causes the charge to move. We know that if a O
charged particle is in motion in a field it experiences a
magnetic force. This is because when charged particle
moves it creates its own magnetic field which interacts
with the existing magnetic field.
Let v be the linear velocity of the element at right angles to
Case (xii) The magnet is moving towards the loop which is the magnetic field B. The e.m.f. developed across the
stationary. element is d e = B v dx = B (w x) dx (Q v = w x)
The e.m.f. across the entire rod of length l is given by
v l
I l é x2 ù
S N ò
e = de = B w ò
0
x dx = B w ê ú
êë 2 úû 0
Moving magnet

2 1
= B w (l / 2 ) = B wl2
Stationary loop 2
 Electromagnetic Induction 571

Example 2. b
A conductor of length 10 cm is moved parallel to itself with
a speed of 10 m/s at right angles to a uniform magnetic
induction 10–4 Wb/m². What is the induced e.m.f. in it?
Solution : c a
Given : l = 10 cm = 0.1 m, v = 10 m/s
B = 10–4 Wb/m2 Fig. 3
e.m.f. induced in conductor
e = B l V = 10–4 × 0.1 × 10 = 10–4 V
Example 3.
A metal rod of length 1 m is rotated about one of its ends in
a plane right angles to a field of inductance 2.5 × 10–3 a b
Fig. 4
Wb/m². If it makes 1800 revolutions/min. Calculate induced
e.m.f. between its ends.
Solution :
Given : l = 1m, B = 5 × 10–3 Wb/m2
1800
f= = 30 rotations/sec
60 Decreasing at
I a stead rate
In one rotation, the moving rod of the metal traces a circle of
radius r = l Fig.5
\ Area swept in one rotation = pr2 Solution :
df d dA Bpr 2 Applying Lenz’s law
= ( BA ) = B. = = B f p r2
dt dt dt T Fig. (1) along a ® b
= (5 × 10–3) × 3.14 × 30 × 1 = 0.471 V Fig. (2) along b ® a
\ e.m.f. induced in a metal rod = 0.471 V Fig. (3) along c ® a
Example 4. Fig. (4) along a ® b
A coil having 100 turns and area 0.001 metre2 is free to Fig. (5) no induced current since field lines lie in the plane
rotate about an axis. The coil is placed perpendicular to a of the loop.
magnetic field of 1.0 weber/metre2. If the coil is rotate
rapidly through an angle of 180°, how much charge will
flow through the coil? The resistance of the coil is 10 ohm. EDDY CURRENTS
Solution : The induced circulating currents produced in a metal itself due
The flux linked with the coil when the plane of the coil is to change in magnetic flux linked with the metal are called
perpendicular to the magnetic field is eddy currents. These currents were discovered by Foucault, so
f = nAB cos q = nAB. they are also known as Foucault Currents.
Change in flux on rotating the coil by 180° is The direction of eddy currents is given by Lenz’s law.
df = nAB – (–nAB) = 2nAB Eddy currents produced in a metallic block moving in a
non-uniform magnetic field is shown in fig.
df
\ induced charge =
R
2nAB 2 ´ 100 ´ 0.001 ´ 1
= =
dt 10
= 0.01 coulomb
Example 5.
Predict the direction of induced current in the situations
described by the following fig. (1) to (5).

Applications of Eddy Current

Like friction, eddy currents are helpful in some fields and have to
a b N S be increased, while in some other fields they are undesirable and
Fig -1 have to be minimised.
a b c d (1) Dead beat galvanometer. (2) Energy meter.
N S
(3) Speedometer. (4) Electric brakes.
(5) Single phase AC motor. (6) Induction furnace.
Fig.2 (7) Diathermy
 EBD_7751
572 PHYSICS

In a moving coil galvanometer, damping is necessary 2. The self inductance is a measure of the coil to oppose the
to avoid oscillation of display needle. This is brought into practice flow of current through it. The role of self-inductance in an
with the help of eddy currents. The winding of the coil of electrical circuit is the same as that of the inertia in
galvanometer is done on a metallic frame. When the coil rotates mechanics. Therefore it is called electrical inertia.
the magnetic flux linked with the metallic frame changes due to 3. The magnetic energy density (energy stored per unit
which eddy currents are developed which oppose the rotation of B2
the coil. This is called dead beat galvanometer. volume) in a solenoid =
2m 0
SELF INDUCTANCE AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
Self Inductance Mutual Inductance
The property of a coil by virtue of which the coil opposes any Mutual induction is the property of two coils by virtue of which
change in the strength of the current flowing through it, by each opposes any change in the strength of current flowing
inducing an e.m.f. in itself is called self inductance. through the other by developing an induced e.m.f.

Coil Second
First coil coil
Direction of
induced e.m.f. Mutual
(e)
K induction

When a current I flows through a coil, the magnetic flux f linked N1 N2

I1
with the coil is f = LI, where L is coefficient of self inductance of
the coil. Coefficient of mutual inductance (M) of two coils is said to be
On differentiating, we get one henry, when a current change at the rate of 1 ampere/sec. in
df dI one coil induces an e.m.f. of one volt in the other coil. The value
= L = -e of M depends on geometry of two coils, distance between two
dt dt
coils, relative placement of two coils etc.
If dI / dt = 1; L = – e.
The coefficient of mutual inductance of two long co-axial
Hence coefficient of self inductance of a coil is equal to e.m.f.
solenoids, each of length l, area of across section A, wound on
induced in the coil when rate of change of current through the
same coil is unity. Coefficient of self induction of a coil is also m N N A
an air core is M = 0 1 2 ] … (1)
defined as the magnetic flux linked with a coil when 1 ampere l
current flows through the same coil. where N1 and N2 are total number of turns of the two solenoids.
The value of L depends on geometry of the coil and is given by The mutual inductance M is defined by the equation
N2f2 = MI1
m N2A
L= 0 . where I1 is the current in coil 1, due to which flux f2 is linked
l with each turn of secondary coil.
where l is length of the coil (solenoid), N is total number of turns Now we can calculate, e.m.f. e2 induced in secondary by a
of solenoid and A is area of cross section of the solenoid. changing current in first coil. From Faraday‘s law
The S.I. unit of L is henry. Coefficient of self induction of a coil is
said to be one henry when a current change at the rate of 1 d dI
e2 = - ( N 2 f2 ) = - M 1
ampere/sec. in the coil induces an e.m.f. of one volt in the coil. dt dt
Keep in Memory dI1
If = 1 Þ e 2 = -M ...(2)
dt
1 2
1. Energy stored in a coil (inductor) = Li The two definitions for M defined by equations (1) and (2) are
2
equivalent. We can express these two equations in words as :
where L is the self-inductance and i current flowing through
(i) M is numerically equal to the flux-linkage in one circuit,
the inductor.
when unit current flows through the other. (we use this
The energy stored in the magnetic field of the coil.
definition to calculate M)
2
1 2 1 æ B ö (ii) M is numerically equal to the e.m.f. induced in one circuit,
E= Li = (m 0 n 2 Al) ç
è m 0 n ÷ø
2 2 when the current changes in the other at the rate of one
ampere in each second. (it is used to describe the mutual
behavior of two circuits).
æ B2 ö æ B2 ö
=ç ÷ Al = ç ÷ ´ volume For a pair of coils, M12 = M21 = m0 N1 N2 A/l, when wound on
è 2m0 ø è 2m0 ø one another.
 Electromagnetic Induction 573

Keep in Memory When the armature coil ABCD rotates in the magnetic field
provided by the strong field magnet, it cuts the magnetic lines of
1. Coefficient of self inductance of two coils in series : force. Thus the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes and
hence induced emf is set up in the coil. The direction of the
L1 L2 Ls = L1 + L2 induced emf or the current in the coil is determined by the
The effective self inductance is Ls = L1 + L2 Fleming’s right hand rule.
If M is the coefficient of mutual inductance between the The current flows out through the brush B1 in one direction of
two coils when they have flux linkage in the same sense,then half of the revolution and through the brush B2 in the next half
L = L1 + L2 + 2M revolution in the reverse direction. This process is repeated.
Therefore, emf produced is of alternating nature.
L1
Ndf
e=- = NBAw sin wt = e 0 sin wt , where e0 = NBAw
dt
L1 L2 e e
L2 I = = 0 sin wt = I0 sin wt , R ® resistance of the circuit
R R
And for flux linkage in opposite direction
L = L1 + L2 – 2M DC MOTOR
2. Coefficient of self inductance of two coils in parallel : A D.C. motor converts direct current energy from a battery into
mechanical energy of rotation.
L1
Principle : It is based on the fact that when a coil carrying current
Lp is held in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque, which rotates
the coil.
Working :
L2
1 1 1 B C C B
= +
L p L1 L 2
(i) The coefficient of coupling between two coils having N S N S
self inductance L1 & L2 and coefficient of mutual
inductance M is A D D A
B1 B2 B1 B2
±M
K= R1 R2 R2 R1
L1 L 2
(ii) Generally the value of K is less than 1. V V
(iii) If K is 1, then the coupling of two coils is tight while if
K < 1, then coupling is loose. The battery sends current through the armature coil in the
· Inductance is pure geometrical factor,and is direction shown in fig. Applying Fleming’s left hand rule, CD
experiences a force directed inwards and perpendicular to the
independent of current or applied e.m.f.
plane of the coil. Similarly, AB experiences a force directed
· If the angle between the axis of two closely placed outwards and perpendicular to the plane of the coil. These two
coil is q then M µ cos q . forces being equal, unlike and parallel form a couple. The couple
AC GENERATOR/DYNAMO/ALTERNATOR rotates the armature coil in the anticlockwise direction. After the
coil has rotated through 180°, the direction of the current in AB
An electrical machine used to convert mechanical energy into and CD is reversed, fig. Now CD experiences an outward force
electrical energy is known as AC generator/alternator or and AB experiences an inward force. The armature coil thus
dynamo. continues rotating in the same i.e., anticlockwise direction.
Principle : It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction, Efficiency of the d.c. motor : Since the current I is being supplied
i.e., when a coil is rotated in uniform magnetic field, an induced to the armature coil by the external source of e.m.f. V, therefore,
emf is produced in it.
Input electric power = VI
Working : According to Joule’s law of heating,
B C Power lost in the form of heat in the coil = I2 R
If we assume that there is no other loss of power, then
Power converted into external work
N S i.e., Output mechanical power = VI – I2 R = (V – IR) I = EI
A D
\ Efficiency of the d.c. motor
B1
R1 Output mechanical power
h=
RL Output Input electric power
R2 EI E Back e.m. f .
B2 or h= = =
VI V Applied e.m. f .
 EBD_7751
574 PHYSICS

Uses of D.C Motor Example 8.

1. The D.C. motors are used in D.C. fans (exhaust, ceiling or A small coil of radius r is placed at the centre of a large
table) for cooling and ventilation. coil of radius R, where R >>r. The two coils are coplanar.
2. They are used for pumping water. The mutual induction between the coils is proportional to
3. Big D.C. motors are used for running tram-cars and even (a) r/R (b) r2/R
2
(c) r /R 2 (d) r/R2
trains.
Solution : (b)
Example 6.
Let I be the current flows in the large coil.
Two coils are wound on the same iron rod so that the flux
generated by one also passes through the other. The m0I
\ Mag. field at the centre of coil B =
primary has 100 loops and secondary has 200 loops. When 2R
a current of 2 A flows through the primary the flux in it is
25 x 10–4 Wb. Determine value of M between the coils. Mag. flux linked with smaller coil
Solution : æm Iö
f = pr 2 B = pr 2 ç 0 ÷
df s di p è 2R ø
es = Ns and e s = M ;
dt dt
di p f pr 2 m0
dfs But f = MI \ M= = or M µ r 2 / R
\ Ns =M or I 2R
dt dt
df s 200 ( 2.5 ´10 -4 - 0) Example 9.
M = Ns = The mutual inductance of a pair of coils is 0.75 H. If current
di p ( 2 - 0)
in the primary coil changes from 0.5 A to zero in 0.01 s find
= 2.5×10–2 = 25 mH average induced e.m.f. in secondary coil.
Example 7. Solution :
A long solenoid of length L, cross section A having N1
turns has wound about its centre is small coil of N2 turns dI 0.5 - 0
Given : M = 0.75 H and = = 50 A / s
as shown in fig. Then find the mutual inductance of two dt 0.01
circuits. \ Average induced e.m.f. in secondary coil,
L
dI
1 N2 N1 e=M = 0.75 ´ 50 = 37.5 V
dt
Example 10.
2 Find the self inductance of a coil in which an e.m.f. of 10 V is
Solution : induced when the current in the circuit changes uniformly
Magnetic flux at the centre of solenoid B1 = m 0 ( N1 / L)i1 from 1 A to 0.5 A in 0.2 sec.
Magnetic flux through each turn of the coil of area A, Solution :
m Ni dI 1 - 0.5 0.5
f1 = B1A = 0 1 1 ´ A Given : e = 10 V and = = = 2.5 A / s
L dt 0.2 0.2
Magnetic flux linked with th e coil of turns N 2 ,
m N N i A e 10
f 2 = f1 ´ N 2 = 0 1 2 1 Self inductance of coil L = = =4 H
L dI / dt 2.5
According to the definition of mutual inductance f 2 = Mi1 é dI ù
êQ e = L dt (Considering Magnitude only) ú
m 0 N1 N 2 i1 m N N A ë û
\ Mi1 = A or M = 0 1 2
L L
 CONCEPT MAP

Direction of induced current

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule: df
Motional emf e = – = –Blv
Thumb, forefinger, central dt
finger of right hand stretched lst law When magnetic 2nd law Induced emf 1 2
Across the end of rod e = Bwl
Electromagnetic Induction

perpendicular to each other flux linked with the µ rate of change of –df
2
then if thumb ® direction circuit changes an emf is magnetic flux e = dt
of motion; forefinger ® induced in the circuit
direction of magnetic field Magnetic flux
then central finger ®induced fB = B.A=BA cos q
current
Lenz's law Direction
of induced emf or current
Faraday's laws of is always in such a way
electromagnetic that it opposes cause due
Induction Ac Generator or Dynamo
Induced current in a coil rotated Produces electrical energy to which it is produced. It
in uniform magnetic field from mechanical energy. It is in accordance with
works on EMI principle conservation of energy
NBA w sin wt
I=
R ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION (EMI)
Generation of current or emf
by changing magnetic field
Eddy current Induced, Mutual Inductance Induced
when magnetic flux linked emf in a circuit due to change
with the conductor changes in magnetic flux in its
Inductance A measure
neighbouring circuit. Coefficients
of the ratio of the flux
of mutual inductance
to the current f
M=
I

® Electromagnetic Coefficient of mutual

damping Self inductance Inertia Self inductance of inductance between two
® Induction furnace of electricity. Coefficient a long solenoid long solenoids
® Magnetic braking fB m N2 A m NN A
® Electric power meter of self inductance L = L= 0 M= 0 1 2
i l l
575
 EBD_7751
576 PHYSICS

1. Eddy currents are produced when

wBA wBA wBA 2wBA
(a) a metal is kept in varying magnetic field (a) (b) (c) (d)
p 2p 4p p
(b) a metal is kept in steady magnetic field
(c) a circular coil is placed in a magnetic field 10. According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
(d) through a circular coil, current is passed (a) electric field is produced by time varying magnetic flux.
2. An inductor may store energy in (b) magnetic field is produced by time varying electric flux.
(a) its electric field (c) magnetic field is associated with a moving charge.
(b) its coils (d) None of these
(c) its magnetic field 11. Two solenoids of same cross-sectional area have their
(d) both in electric and magnetic fields lengths and number of turns in ratio of 1 : 2. The ratio of
3. If N is the number of turns in a coil, the value of self self-inductance of two solenoids is
inductance varies as (a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 4
(a) N0 (b) N (c) N2 (d) N–2 12. The back e.m.f. in a d.c. motor is maximum, when
4. A coil having an area A0 is placed in a magnetic field which (a) the motor has picked up max speed
changes from B0 to 4 B0 in time interval t. The e.m.f. induced (b) the motor has just started moving
in the coil will be (c) the speed of motor is still on the increase
(a) 3 A 0 B0 / t (b) 4 A 0 B0 / t (d) the motor has just been switched off
13. The mutual inductance between two coils depends on
(c) 3 B0 / A 0 t (d) 4A 0 / B0 t (a) medium between the coils
5. An electron moves along the line PQ which lies in the same (b) separation between the two coils
plane as a circular loop of conducting wire as shown in figure. (c) orientation of the two coils
What will be the direction of the induced current in the loop ? (d) All of the above
(a) Anticlockwise 14. If coefficient of self induction of a coil is 1 H, an e.m.f. of 1V
loop is induced, if
(b) Clockwise
(c) Alternating (a) current flowing is 1A
P Q
(d) No current will be induced (b) current variation rate is 1 As–1
(c) current of 1A flows for one sec.
6. Induced emf in the coil depends upon
(d) None of these
(a) conductivity of coil
(b) amount of flux ML2
15. Which of the following units denotes the dimension ,
(c) rate of change of linked flux Q2
(d) resistance of coil where Q denotes the electric charge?
7. Two identical coaxial circular loops carry current i each (a) Wb/m2 (b) henry (H)
circulating in the clockwise direction. If the loops are (c) H/m2 (d) weber (Wb)
approaching each other, then 16. In an AC generator, a coil with N turns, all of the same area
(a) current in each loop increases A and total resistance R, rotates with frequency w in a
(b) current in each loop remains the same magnetic field B. The maximum value of emf generated in
(c) current in each loop decreases the coil is
(d) current in one-loop increases and in the other it decreases (a) N.A.B.R.w (b) N.A.B.
8. The mutual inductance of a pair of coils, each of N turns, is (c) N.A.B.R. (d) N.A.B.w
M henry. If a current of I ampere in one of the coils is 17. A metal rod moves at a constant velocity in a direction
brought to zero in t second, the emf induced per turn in the perpendicular to its length. A constant uniform magnetic
other coil, in volt, will be field exists in space in a direction perpendicular to the rod
MI NMI MN MI as well its velocity. Select correct statements (s) from the
(a) (b) (c) (d) following.
t t It Nt
9. A rectangular coil of single turn, having area A, rotates in (a) The entire rod is at the same potential
a uniform magnetic field B with an angular velocity w about (b) There is an electric field in the rod
an axis perpendicular to the field. If initially the plane of (c) The electric potential is highest at the centre
the coil is perpendicular to the field, then the average (d) The electric potential is lowest at its centre and
increases towards its ends
induced emf when it has rotated through 90° is
 Electromagnetic Induction 577

18. A small square loop of wire of side l is placed inside a 21. If the number of turns per unit length of a coil of solenoid is
large square loop of side L (L >> l ). The loop are coplanar doubled, the self-inductance of the solenoid will
and their centres coincide. The mutual inductance of the (a) remain unchanged(b) be halved
system is proportional is (c) be doubled (d) become four times
22. The total charge induced in a conducting loop when it is
l l2 L L2 moved in a magnetic field depend on
(a) (b) (c) (d)
L L l l (a) the rate of change of magnetic flux
19. As a result of change in the magnetic flux linked to the (b) initial magnetic flux only
closed loop shown in the figure, an e.m.f. V volt is induced (c) the total change in magnetic flux
in the loop. (d) final magnetic flux only
23. Lenz’s law is consequence of the law of conservation of
(a) energy (b) momentum
(c) charge (d) mass
24. If rotational velocity of a dynamo armature is doubled, then
induced e.m.f. will become
(a) half (b) two times
The work done (in joule) in taking a charge Q coulomb once (c) four times (d) unchanged
along the loop is 25. Choke coil works on the principle of
(a) QV (b) 2QV (c) QV/2 (d) zero (a) transient current (b) self induction
20. A wire loop is rotated in a uniform magnetic field about an (c) mutual induction (d) wattless current
axis perpendicular to the field. The direction of the current
induced in the loop reverses once each
(a) quarter revolution (b) half revolution
(c) full revolution (d) two revolutions

1. A current i = 2 sin (pt/3) amp is flowing in an inductor of 2 4. A generator has an e.m.f. of 440 Volt and internal resistance
henry. The amount of work done in increasing the current of 4000 hm. Its terminals are connected to a load of 4000
from 1.0 amp to 2.0 amp is ohm. The voltage across the load is
(a) 1 J (b) 2 J (c) 3 J (d) 4 J (a) 220 volt (b) 440 volt
2. Fig shown below represents an area A = 0.5 m2 situated in a (c) 200 volt (d) 400 volt
uniform magnetic field B = 2.0 weber/m2 and making an 5. When the current in a coil changes from 2 amp. to 4 amp. in
angle of 60º with respect to magnetic field. 0.05 sec., an e.m.f. of 8 volt is induced in the coil. The
coefficient of self inductance of the coil is
(a) 0.1 henry (b) 0.2 henry
B (c) 0.4 henry (d) 0.8 henry
60 6. A copper disc of radius 0.1 m rotated about its centre with
10 revolutions per second in a uniform magnetic field of 0.1
tesla with its plane perpendicular to the field. The e.m.f.
induced across the radius of disc is
The value of the magnetic flux through the area would be p 2p
equal to (a) volt (b) volt
10 10
(a) 2.0 weber (b) 3 weber (c) p ´10 -2 volt (d) 2p ´ 10 -2 volt
(c) 3 / 2 weber (d) 0.5 weber
7. A coil has 200 turns and area of 70 cm2. The magnetic field
3. In a coil of area 10 cm2 and 10 turns with magnetic field
perpendicular to the plane of the coil is 0.3 Wb/m2 and take 0.1
directed perpendicular to the plane and is changing at the
sec to rotate through 180º.The value of the induced e.m.f. will
rate of 108 Gauss/second. The resistance of the coil is 20W.
be
The current in the coil will be
(a) 0.5 A (b) 5 A (a) 8.4 V (b) 84 V
(c) 50 A (d) 5 × 108 A (c) 42 V (d) 4.2 V
 EBD_7751
578 PHYSICS

8. If a current increases from zero to one ampere in 0.1 second The current induced in the loop is
in a coil of 5 mH, then the magnitude of the induced e.m.f.
will be Bl v Bl v
(a) clockwise (b) anticlockwise
(a) 0.005 volt (b) 0.5 volt R R
(c) 0.05 volt (d) 5 volt
9. A 100 millihenry coil carries a current of 1 ampere. Energy 2Blv
(c) anticlockw ise (d) zero
stored in its magnetic field is R
(a) 0.5 J (b) 1 J (c) 0.05 J (d) 0.1 J 19. The two rails of a railway track, insulated from each other
10. The armature of a dc motor has 20W resistance. It draws a and the ground, are connected to millivoltmeter. What is
current of 1.5 A when run by a 220 V dc supply. The value the reading of the millivoltmeter when a train passes at a
of the back emf induced in it is speed of 180 km/hr along the track, given that the vertical
(a) 150 V (b) 170 V (c) 180 V (d) 190 V component of earth’s magnetic field is 0.2 × 10–4 wb/m2 and
11. In the figure the flux through the loop perpendicular to the rails are separated by 1 metre
plane of the coil and directed into the paper is varying (a) 10–2 volt (b) 10mV
according to the relation f = 6t2 + 7t + 1 where f is in
(c) 1 volt (d) 1mV
milliweber and t is in second. The magnitude of the emf
induced in the loop at t = 2 s and the direction of induce 20. A long solenoid having 200 turns per cm carries a current of
current through R are Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
1.5 amp. At the centre of it is placed a coil of 100 turns of
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä cross-sectional area 3.14 × 10–4 m2 having its axis parallel to
(a) 39 mV; right to left the field produced by the solenoid. When the direction of
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
(b) 39 mV; left to right Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä current in the solenoid is reversed within 0.05 sec, the induced
(c) 31 mV; right to left Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä e.m.f. in the coil is
(d) 31 mV; left to right (a) 0.48 V (b) 0.048 V
R
12. A coil having 500 square loops each of side 10 cm is placed (c) 0.0048 V (d) 48 V
normal to a magnetic field which increases at the rate of 21. Two coils have a mutual inductance 0.005H. The current
1 Wb/m2. The induced e.m.f. is changes in first coil according to equation I = I0 sin wt
(a) 0.1 V (b) 5.0 V (c) 0.5 V (d) 1.0 V where I0 = 10A and w = 100p radian/sec. The max. value of
13. A circular coil and a bar magnet placed nearby are made to e.m.f. in second coil is
move in the same direction. If the coil covers a distance of (a) 2p (b) 5p
1 m in 0.5. sec and the magnet a distance of 2 m in 1 sec, the (c) p (d) 4p
induced e.m.f. produced in the coil is 22. A metal conductor of length 1 m rotates vertically about one of
(a) zero (b) 0.5 V (c) 1 V (d) 2 V. its ends at angular velocity 5 radians per second. If the
14. Magnetic flux f in weber in a closed circuit of resistance horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field is
10W varies with time f (sec) as f = 6t2 – 5t + 1. The magnitude 0.2 × 10–4T, then the e.m.f. developed between the two ends of
of induced current at t = 0.25s is the conductor is
(a) 0.2 A (b) 0.6 A (c) 1.2 A (d) 0.8 A (a) 5 mV (b) 50 mV
15. The current in a coil of L = 40 mH is to be increased uniformly (c) 5 mV (d) 50mV
from 1A to 11A in 4 milli sec. The induced e.m.f. will be
23. Two identical induction coils each of inductance L are
(a) 100 V (b) 0.4 V (c) 440 V (d) 40 V jointed in series are placed very close to each other such
16. The self inductance of the motor of an electric fan is 10 H. that the winding direction of one is exactly opposite to that
In order to impart maximum power at 50 Hz, it should be of the other, what is the net inductance?
connected to a capacitance of
(a) L2 (b) 2 L
(a) 8 mF (b) 4 mF (c) 2 mF (d) 1 mF (c) L /2 (d) zero
17. The flux linked with a coil at any instant 't' is given by 24. A thin circular ring of area A is held perpendicular to a
f = 10t2 – 50t + 250. The induced emf at t = 3s is uniform magnetic field of induction B. A small cut is made in
(a) –190 V (b) –10 V (c) 10 V (d) 190 V the ring and a galvanometer is connected across the ends
18. A conducting square loop of side L and resistance R moves such that the total resistance of the circuit is R. When the
in its plane with a uniform velocity v perpendicular to one ring is suddenly squeezed to zero area, the charge flowing
of its side. A magnetic induction B constant in time and through the galvanometer is
space, pointing perpendicular and into the plane of the
loop exists everywhere. BR AB
(a) (b)
x x x x x x A R
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x vx B B2 A
x x x x x (c) ABR (d)
x x x x x x R2
 Electromagnetic Induction 579

25. Consider the situation shown. The wire AB is sliding on 31. Two identical circular loops of metal wire are lying on a
fixed rails with a constant velocity. If the wire AB is replaced table without touching each other. Loop A carries a current
by semi-circular wire, the magnitude of induced e.m.f. will which increases with time. In response the loop B
Ä Ä Ä A Ä Ä (a) remains stationary
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä (b) is attracted by loop A
Ä Ä vÄ Ä Ä R (c) is repelled by loop A
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
(d) rotates about is CM with CM fixed
32. A square loop of side a is rotating about its diagonal with
r
Ä Ä Ä B Ä Ä
angular velocity w in a perpendicular magnetic field B . It
(a) increase has 10 turns. The emf induced is
(b) decrease
(c) remain the same
(d) increase or decrease depending on whether the semi-
circle buldges towards the resistance or away from it. × × × ×B
26. A coil is wound on a frame of rectangular cross-section. If
all the linear dimensions of the frame are increased by a
factor 2 and the number of turns per unit length of the coil a
remains the same, self-inductance of the coil increases by
(a) B a2 sin wt (b) B a2 cos wt
a factor of
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 16 (c) 5 2 B a2 (d) 10 B a2 sin wt
27. A horizontal telegraph wire 0.5 km long running 33. In fig., final value of current in 10W resistor, when plug of
east and west in a part of a circuit whose resistance is 2.5 key K is inserted is
1H
W. The wire falls to g = 10.0 m/s2 and B = 2 × 10–5 weber/
3
m 2 , then the current induced in the circuit is (a) A
10
(a) 0.7 amp (b) 0.04 amp
3 10 W
(c) 0.02 amp (d) 0.01 amp (b) A
28. A conductor of length 0.4 m is moving with a speed of 20 30 W

7 m/s perpendicular to a magnetic field of intensity 3

(c) A
0.9 Wb/m2. The induced e.m.f. across the conductor is 11 3V K
(a) 1.26 V (b) 2.52V (c) 5.04 V (d) 25.2 V (d) zero
29. The inductance between A and D is 34. In a circuit given in figure 1 and 2 are ammeters. Just after
(a) 3.66 H key K is pressed to complete the circuit, the reading is
(b) 9 H (a) zero in both 1 and 2 C R1
(b) maximum in both 1 and 2 1
(c) 0.66 H A 3H 3H L R2
3H D (c) zero in 1 and maximum in 2
(d) 1 H 2
(d) maximum in 1 and zero in 2
30. A square metal loop of side 10 cm and resistance 1 W is K
+ –
moved with a constant velocity partly inside a uniform
35. A solenoid has 2000 turns wound over a length of
magnetic field of 2 Wbm–2, directed into the paper, as shown
0.3 m. Its cross-sectional area is 1.2 × 10–3 m2. Around its
in the figure. The loop is connected to a network of five
central section a coil of 300 turns is wound. If an initial
resistors each of value 3W. If a steady current of 1 mA
current of 2 A flowing in the solenoid is reversed in 0.25 s,
flows in the loop, then the speed of the loop is
the emf induced in the coil will be
v (a) 2.4 × 10–4 V (b) 2.4 × 10–2 V
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä (c) 4.8 × 10 V–4 (d) 4.8 × 10–2 V
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä 36. Two coaxial solenoids are made by winding thin insulated
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
wire over a pipe of cross-sectional area A = 10 cm2 and
length = 20 cm. If one of the solenoid has 300 turns and the
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
other 400 turns, their mutual inductance is
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä (m0 = 4p × 10 –7 Tm A–1)
(a) 0.5 cms–1 (b) 1 cms–1 (a) 2.4p × 10–5 H (b) 4.8p × 10–4 H
(c) 2 cms–1 (d) 4 cms–1 (c) 4.8p × 10–5 H (d) 2.4p × 10–4 H
 EBD_7751
580 PHYSICS

37. A varying current in a coil change from 10A to zero in 0.5 43. A coil of resistance 400W is placed in a magnetic field. If
sec. If the average e.m.f induced in the coil is 220V, the self- the magnetic flux f (wb) linked with the coil varies with time
inductance of the coil is t (sec) as f = 50t2 + 4. The current in the coil at t = 2 sec is
(a) 5 H (b) 6 H (c) 11 H (d) 12 H (a) 0.5 A (b) 0.1 A (c) 2 A (d) 1 A
38. In an inductor of self-inductance L = 2 mH, current changes 44. A coil of self-inductance L is connected in series with a
with time according to relation i = t2e–t. At what time emf is bulb B and an AC source. Brightness of the bulb decreases
zero? when
(a) 4s (b) 3s (c) 2s (d) 1s (a) number of turns in the coil is reduced
39. The magnetic flux through a circuit of resistance R changes (b) a capacitance of reactance XC = XL is included in
by an amount Df in a time Dt. Then the total quantity of the same circuit
electric charge Q that passes any point in the circuit during (c) an iron rod is inserted in the coil
the time Dt is represented by (d) frequency of the AC source is decreased
Df 1 Df 45. A magnetic field of 2 × 10–2 T acts at right angles to a coil of
(a) Q = R. (b) Q= .
Dt R Dt area 100 cm2, with 50 turns. The average e.m.f. induced in
Df Df the coil is 0.1 V, when it is removed from the field in t sec.
(c) Q= (d) Q =
R Dt The value of t is
40. A conducting circular loop is placed in a uniform magnetic (a) 10 s (b) 0.1 s
field, B = 0.025 T with its plane perpendicular to the loop. (c) 0.01 s (d) 1 s
The radius of the loop is made to shrink at a constant rate 46. A rectangular coil of 20 turns and area of cross-section 25
of 1 mm s–1. The induced e.m.f. when the radius is 2 cm, is sq. cm has a resistance of 100W. If a magnetic field which is
(a) 2pm V (b) pm V perpendicular to the plane of coil changes at a rate of 1000
tesla per second, the current in the coil is
p
(c) mV (d) 2 m V (a) 1 A (b) 50 A
2
41. The current i in a coil varies with time as shown in the (c) 0.5 A (d) 5 A
figure. The variation of induced emf with time would be DIRECTIONS for Qs. (47 to 50) : Each question contains
STATEMENT-1 and STATEMENT-2. Choose the correct answer
i
(ONLY ONE option is correct ) from the following.
(a) Statement -1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(b) Statement -2 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is a
correct explanation for Statement-1
0 t (c) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is not
T/4 T/2 3T/4 T
a correct explanation for Statement-1
emf emf
(d) Statement -2 is true, Statement-2 is false
T/4 47. Statement 1 : An induced emf appears in any coil in which
(a) 0 t (b) 0 t
T/2 3T/4 T T/4 T/2 3T/4 T the current is changing.
Statement 2 : Self induction phenomenon obeys Faraday's
emf law of induction.
emf
48. Statement 1 : Lenz's law violates the principle of
T/4 T/2 3T/4 T T/2 3T/4 T t conservation of energy.
(c) 0 t (d) 0
T/4 Statement 2 : Induced emf always opposes the change in
magnetic flux responsible for its production.
42. In a coil of resistance 10 W, the i(amp) 49. Statement 1 : When number of turns in a coil is doubled,
induced current developed by coefficient of self-inductance of the coil becomes 4 times.
changing magnetic flux through 4 Statement 2 : This is because L µ N2.
it, is shown in figure as a 50. Statement 1 : An induced current has a direction such that
function of time. The the magnetic field due to the current opposes the change in
magnitude of change in flux t(s) the magnetic flux that induces the current.
0 0.1
through the coil in weber is Statement 2 : Above statement is in accordance with
(a) 8 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 4 conservation of energy.
 Electromagnetic Induction 581

Exemplar Questions (a) constant current clockwise

1. A square of side L metres lies in the xy-plane in a region, (b) varying current clockwise
(c) varying current counter clockwise
where the magnetic field is given by B = B (2iˆ + 3jˆ + 4k)
0
ˆ T,,
where B0 is constant. The magnitude of flux passing through (d) constant current counter clockwise
the square is
A
(a) 2B0L2Wb (b) 3B0L2Wb w B

(c) 4B0L2Wb (d) 29B0 L2 Wb

2. A loop, made of straight edges has six corners at A (0, 0, 0),
B (L, 0, 0), C(L, L, 0), D (0, L, 0), E(0, L, L) and F (0, 0, L). A
6. The self inductance L of a solenoid of length l and area of
magnetic field B = B0 ( ˆi + kˆ ) T is present in the region. The
cross-section A, with a fixed number of turns N increases
flux passing through the loop ABCDEFA (in that order) is as
(a) B0L2 Wb (b) 2B0L2Wb
(a) l and A increase
(c) Ö2B0L2 Wb (d) 4B0L2Wb
(b) l decreases and A increases
3. A cylindrical bar magnet is rotated about its axis. A wire is
(c) l increases and A decreases
connected from the axis and is made to touch the cylindrical
surface through a contact. Then, (d) both l and A decrease
(a) a direct current flows in the ammeter A NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions
(b) no current flows through the ammeter A
7. A wire loop is rotated in a magnetic field. The frequency of
(c) an alternating sinusoidal current flows through the change of direction of the induced e.m.f. is [2013]
2p
ammeter A with a time period T = (a) twice per revolution
w
(b) four times per revolution
(d) a time varying non-sinusoidal current flows through
the ammeter A. (c) six times per revolution
4. There are two coils A and B as shown in figure a current (d) once per revolution
starts flowing in B as shown, when A is moved towards B 8. A current of 2.5 A flows through a coil of inductance 5 H.
and stops when A stops moving. The current in A is counter The magnetic flux linked with the coil is [NEET Kar. 2013]
clockwise. B is kept stationary when A moves. We can infer
(a) 2 Wb (b) 0.5 Wb
that
(c) 12.5 Wb (d) Zero
(a) there is a constant current in the clockwise direction
in A 9. A thin semicircular conducting ring (PQR) of radius ‘r’ is
falling with its plane vertical in a horizontal magnetic field
(b) there is a varying current in A
B, as shown in figure. The potential difference developed
(c) there is no current in A across the ring when its speed is v, is : [2014]
(d) there is a constant current in the counter clockwise
direction in A B
Q
A B

v
r
P R

5. Same as problem 4 except the coil A is made to rotate about

(a) Zero
a vertical axis (figure). No current flows in B if A is at rest.
The current in coil A, when the current in B (at t = 0) is (b) Bvpr2 /2 and P is at higher potnetial
counter-clockwise and the coil A is as shown at this instant, (c) prBv and R is at higher potnetial
t = 0, is (d) 2rBv and R is at higher potential
 EBD_7751
582 PHYSICS

10. A conducting square frame of side ‘a’ and a long staight a

wire carrying current I are located in the same plane as
shown in the figure. The frame moves to the right with a
b d
constant velocity ‘V’. The emf induced in the frame will be
proportional to [2015]
X c
X electron Y
l (a) adcb
V (b) The current will reverse its direction as the electron
goes past the coil
(c) No current induced
a
(d) abcd

1 1 12. A long solenoid of diameter 0.1 m has 2 × 104 turns per

(a) (b) meter. At the centre of the solenoid, a coil of 100 turns and
(2x – a)2 (2x + a)2
radius 0.01 m is placed with its axis coinciding with the
solenoid axis. The current in the solenoid reduces at a
1 1
(c) constant rate to 0A from 4 A in 0.05 s. If the resistance of the
(2x – a)(2x + a) (d) x 2
coil is 10p2W. the total charge flowing through the coil during
11. An electron moves on a straight line path XY as shown. this time is :- [2017]
The abcd is a coil adjacent to the path of electron. What (a) 16 mC (b) 32 mC
will be the direction of current if any, induced in the coil? (c) 16 p mC (d) 32 p mC
[2015 RS]
 Electromagnetic Induction 583

Hints & Solutions

EXERCISE - 1 17. (b) Due to shifting of electrons, one end of the rod becomes
positive and the other end negative. This developes a
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) electric field in the rod.
df dB A dB 18. (b)
4. (a) Induced e.m.f. e = = = A0
dt dt dt
W
æ 4 B 0 - B0 ö 19. (a) V = Q Þ W = Q V
= A0 ç ÷ = 3 A 0 B0 / t
è t ø 20. (b) It is because after every 1/2 revolution the current
5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c) becomes zero and mode of change in flux changes
d dI NM I thereafter (If before the current becomes zero, the mode
8. (a) E = ( NMI ) Þ E = NM Þ E=
of flux change was from left to right then after the current
dt dt t
becomes zero the mode of flux change becomes right to
E MI
emf induced per unit turn = = left).
N t
9. (d) Initially flux, f = BA cos 0 = BA mn 2 A
21. (d) Self inductance of a solenoid =
After rotating through an angle 90°. l
Flux through the coil is zero. So, self induction µ n2
So, Df = BA So, inductance becomes 4 times when n is doubled.
2p
Angular speed = w, so, time period = =T 1 1 æ -d f ö 1
q = ò idt = ÷ dt = R ò d f
Rò
w 22. (c) edt = ò ç
R è dt ø
T
is time taken to rotate 90°. (taking only magnitude of e)
4
Δf BA 2BAω Hence, total charge induced in the conducting loop
So, = = depends upon the total change in magnetic flux.
Δt T /4 π
10. (a) Farady's law states that time varying magnetic flux can 23. (a)
induce an e.m.f. 24. (b) e µ w
m0 N 2A N2 25. (b)
11. (b) From L = a EXERCISE - 2
l l
L1 (1 / 2) 1. (c)
2
1
we get, = =
L2 1/ 2 2 2.0 ´ 0.5
2. (d) f = BA cos q = 2.0 ´ 0.5 ´ cos 60º = = 0.5 weber.
2
12. (a) The back e.m.f. in a motor is induced e.m.f., which is
maximum, when speed of rotation of the coil is maximum. df dB
13. (d) Mutual inductance between two coils depends on all the three 3. (b) e = =nA
dt dt
factors given here.
8 4
e 1 -1
\ e = 10 ´ (10 ´ 10-4 ) (104 ) (10 Gauss/sec=10 T/s)
14. (b) From e = LdI / dt, dI / dt = = = 1As
L 1 = 100 V.

f BA Ι = (e /R) = (100/ 20) = 5amp.

15. (b) Mutual inductance = = 4. (d) Total resistance of the circuit = 4000 + 400 = 4400 W
I I
V 440
[MT -1Q -1L2 ] Current flowing i = = = 0.1 amp.
[Henry] = = ML2 Q - 2 R 4400
[QT -1 ] Voltage across load = R i = 4000 × 0.1 = 400 volt.
ur ur
df d(NB.A) di é ( 4 - 2) ù
16. (d) e=- =- 5. (b) e = M or 8 = M ê ú
dt dt dt ë 0.05 û
d 8 ´ 0.05
= -N (BA cos wt ) = NBAw sin wt \ M= = 0.2 henry
dt 2
Þ e max = NBAw
 EBD_7751
584 PHYSICS

18. (d) Since the magnetic field is uniform the flux f through the
1 1
6. (c) e.m.f. induced = BR 2 w = B R 2 (2 p n) square loop at any time t is constant, because
2 2 f = B × A = B × L2 = constant
1 df
= ´ (0.1) ´ (0.1) 2 ´ 2 p ´ 10 = (0.1)2 p volts \ e =- = zero
2 dt
7. (a) Change in flux = 2 B A N
19. (d) ε=B l v = (0.2 ´10-4 ) (1) (180 ´ 5 / 18) = 10-3 V = 1 mV
-4
2 ´ 0.3 ´ 200 ´ 70 ´10
\ Induced e.m.f. =
0.1 20. (b) B = m 0 n i = (4 p ´ 10-7 ) (200 ´10 -2 ) ´1.5
= 3.8 × 10–2 Wb / m2
8. (c) e = (5 ´10 -3 ) (1 / 0.1) = 0.05 V .
Magnetic flux through each turn of the coil
9. (c) Energy stored U is given by
f = BA = (3.8 × 10–2) (3.14 × 10–4) = 1.2 × 10–5 weber
1 2 1
U= L i = ´ (100 ´ 10 -3 ) (1) 2 = 0.05 J. When the current in the solenoid is reversed, the
2 2 change in magnetic flux
10. (d)
= 2 ´ (1.2 ´ 10-5 ) = 2.4 ´10 -5 weber
2 df
11. (d) f = 6t + 7 t + 1 Þ = 12t + 7
dt df 2.4 ´ 10 -5
Induced e.m.f. = N = 100 ´ = 0.048 V.
At time, t = 2 sec. dt 0.05

df M
= 24 + 7 = 31 volt 21. (b) ε= dI=0.005×I 0 cos ωt×ω
dt dt
Direction of current is from left to right according to and e max = 0.005 × I0 × w = 5 p
Flemmings right hand rule.
22. (b) l = 1m, w = 5 rad/s, B = 0.2 ´ 10 -4 T
df d dB
12. (b) e= = ( NBA ) = NA = 500×10–2 × 1 = 5.0 V -4
dt dt dt Bωl 0.2 ´ 10 ´ 5 ´1
e= = = 50mV
1 2 2
13. (a) Vel. of coil = = 2m / s 23. (d) When two inductance coil are joined in series, such that the
0.5
winding of one is exactly opposite to each other the emf
2 produced in the two coils are out of phase such that they
velocity of magnet = = 2m / s.
cancel out.
1
As they are made to move in the same direction, their - df
relative velocity is zero. Therefore, induced e.m.f. = 0. 24. (b) The individual emf produced in the coil e =
dt

14. (a) e=
- df -d 2
dt
=
dt
( )
6t - 5t + 1 = -12t + 5 \ The current induced will be i =
|e|
R
Þi=
1 df
R dt
e = – 12 (0.25) + 5 = 2 volt
dq dq 1 df 1 BA
e 2 But i = Þ = Þ ò dq = ò df Þ q =
i = = = 0.2A. dt dt R dt R R
R 10 25. (c) E.m.f. will remain same because change in area per unit
-3 time will be same in both cases.
LdI 40 ´10 (11 - 1)
15. (a) e= = = 100V 2 2
dt 4 ´10-3 26. (b) Self inductance = m 0 n AL = m 0 n (l ´ b) ´ L
16. (d) For maximum power, X L = X C , which yields n = Total number of turns/length
L = Length of inductor
1 1 l = Length of rectangular cross section
C= =
2 2 b = breadth of rectangular cross-section
( 2pn ) L 4 p ´ 50 ´ 50 ´ 10
So, when all linear dimensions are increased by a factor
\ C = 0.1´ 10 -5 F = 1mF of 2. The new self inductance becomes L' = 8L.
17. (b) f = 10t 2 - 50t + 250 e 1 df
27. (c) i = =
R R dt
df
e=- = - (20 t - 50)
dt Here df = B × A = (2 ´ 10 -5 ) ´ (0.5 ´ 10+3 ´ 5)
e t =3 = -10 V dt = time taken by the wire to fall at ground
 Electromagnetic Induction 585

= (2 h / g)1/ 2 = (10 /10)1/ 2 = 1sec. 220

or L= =11 H
20
1 é (2 ´ 10 -5 ) ´ (0.5 ´ 103 ´ 5) ù
\ i= ê ú = 0.02 amp. (where L = Self inductance of coil)
2.5 ëê 1 ûú 38. (c) L = 2mH, i = t2e–t
28. (b) Length of conductor (l) = 0.4 m; Speed (v) = 7 m/s and di
E= -L = - L[ - t 2 e - t + 2 te - t ]
magnetic field (B) = 0.9 Wb/ m 2. Induced e.m.f. dt
(e) = Blv cos q = 0.9 × 0.4 × 7 × cos 0º = 2.52 V. when E = 0
29. (d) The given circuit clearly shows that the inductors are in –e–t t2 + 2te–t = 0
1 1 1 1 2t e–t = e–t t2
parallel we have, = + + or L= 1H t = 2 sec.
L 3 3 3
Df Df
e = Blv = 2 ´ 10 -1 ´ v = 0.2 v
39. (c) = e = iR Þ Df = (iDt )R = QR Þ Q =
30. (c) Dt R
e 0.2v 40. (b) Magnetic flux linked with the loop is f = Bpr 2
I= = 10 -3 Þ = 10 -3
R 4
df dr
6´6 | e |= = Bp × 2 r
[Since effective resistance R of bridge is R = = 3W dt dt
6+6
dr
so total resistance = 1 + 3 = 4W] When r = 2 cm, = 1 mm s–1
dt
Þ v = 2 cm s–1
e = 0.025× p ×2 ×2 ×10–2×10–3
31. (c) An opposite current induced in B in accordance to Lenz's
= 0.100 × p × 10–5 = p × 10–6 V = pmV
law. So the two loops repel each other.
32. (d) f = n BA cos q = 10 B a2 cos wt di
41. (a) e = -L
dt
e=-
df
dt
=-
d
dt
( )
10 B a 2 cos wt = 10 B a 2 sin wt ( w ) .
During 0 to
T di
, = const.
4 dt
33. (d) As resistance of 1 H coil is zero, the entire current flows \ e = – ve
through the coil. Current through 10W resistance is zero.
T T di
34. (c) Capacitor is a dc blocking element and hence no current During to , = 0
flow in (1). 4 2 dt
\e=0
An inductor offers a zero resistance path to flow of dc
and hence maximum current flows through (2). T 3T di
During to , = const.
2 4 dt
N 2000 20000
35. (b) n= = = \ e = +ve
l 0.3 3
Thus graph given in option (a) represents the variation
d dB of induced emf with time.
x= ( NBA ) = NA 42. (b) The charge through the coil = area of current-time
dt dt
(i – t) graph
Since B = µ0nI
1
dt q = ´ 0.1 ´ 4 = 0.2 C
Þ x = ( mNAn ) Þ x = 0.024V 2
dt
Df
q= Q Change in flux (Df) = q × R
m N N A 4p´ 10-7 ´ 300 ´ 400 ´ 100 ´ 10-4 R
36. (d) M= 0 1 2 =
l 0.2
Df
q = 0.2 =
-4 10
= 2.4p ´ 10 H
Df = 2 weber
37. (c) Initial current (I1) = 10 A; Final current (I2)= 0; Time (t) 43. (a) According, to Faraday’s law of induction
= 0.5 sec
and induced e.m.f. (e) = 220 V. df
Induced e.m.f. e = - = - (100t )
(I - I ) dt
dI (0 - 10)
-L = -L 2 1 = -L = 20L Induced current i at t = 2 sec.
dt t 0.5
 EBD_7751
586 PHYSICS

e 100 ´ 2 and B = B0 ( ˆi + kˆ )
= =+ = + 0.5Amp
R 400
Now, f = B.A = B0( iˆ + kˆ ) × ( L2 kˆ + L2ˆi )
44. (c) By inserting iron rod in the coil,
= 2 B0L2 Wb
L ­ z ­ I ¯ so brightness ¯ 3. (b) Induced current flow only when circuit is complete
-(f 2 - f1 ) -(0 - NBA) NBA and there is a variation about circuit this problem is
45. (b) e= = =
t t t associated with the phenomenon of electromagnetic
induction.
NBA 50 ´ 2 ´ 10 –2 ´ 10 –2
t= = = 0.1 s If there is a symmetry in magnetic field of cylindrical
e 0.1 bar magnet is rotated about its axis, no change in flux
nAdB linked with the circuit takes place, consequently no
e emf induces and hence, no current flows in the ammeter
46. (c) i = = dt
R R (A).

20 ´ (25 ´10 -4 ) ´1000

= = 0.5A Axis
100
A
47. (b) N
48. (a) Lenz's law (that the direction of induced emf is always
Bar
such as to oppose the change that cause it) is direct magnet
w
consequence of the law of conservation of energy.
49. (b) 50. (b)

EXERCISE - 3
Exemplar Questions S
w
1. (c) As we know that, the magnetic flux linked with uniform
surface of area A in uniform magnetic field is
f = B.A 4. (d) When the coil A stops moving the current in B b ecome
The direction of A is perpendicular to the plane of ze ro, it possible only if the current in A is constant. If
square and square line in x-y plane in a region. the current in A would be variable, there must be an
A = L2k induced emf (current) in B even if the A stops moving.
So there is a constant current in same direction or
As given that, B = B0 ( 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ ) counter clockwise direction in A as in B by lenz's law.
5. (a) By Lenz's law, at (t = 0) the current in B is counter-
So, f = B.A= B0 ( 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ ) .L2 kˆ clockwise and the coil A is considered above to it. The
= 4B0 L2 Wb counterclockwise flow of the current in B is equivalent
to north pole of magnet and magnetic field lines are
2. (b) The loop can be considered in two planes, Plane of emanating upward to coil A.
ABCDA lies x-y plane whose area vector A1 = |A| k̂ , When coil A start rotating at t = 0, the current in A is
A1 = L2 k̂ constant along clockwise direction by Lenz’s rule. As
whereas plane of ADEFA lies in y-z plane whose area flux changes across coil A by rotating it near the N-
vector A2 = |A| î , A2 = L2 î . pole formed by flowing current in B, in anticlockwise.
Then the magnetic flux linked with uniform surface of 6. (b) The self-inductance of a long solenoid of cross-
area A in uniform magnetic field is sectional area A and length l, having n turns per unit
length, filled the inside of the solenoid with a material
Y of relative permeability is given by
(0,L,0) D (L,L,0) L = µrµ0n2 Al
C
E L \ n = N/l
(0,L,L) L
L
A B (L,0,0)
X é N 2 .A ù
(0,0,0) L = µrµ0 ê ú .l
F ë l.l û
Z (0,0,L)
æ 1ö
f = B.A L = µrµ0 [N2A/l] çè L µ A, L µ ÷ø
l
A = A1 + A2 = ( L2 kˆ + L2 iˆ ) As µr and N are constant here so, to increase L for a
coil, area A must be increased and l must be decreased.
 Electromagnetic Induction 587

NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions e = B1Vl – B2Vl

7. (a) This is the case of periodic EMI m0 I m0 I
= 2p (x – a / 2) lv – 2 p (x + a/ 2) lv
E
1
or, e µ
t (2x – a)(2 x + a)
11. (b) Current will be induced,
when e– comes closer the induced current will be
anticlockwise
From graph, it is clear that direction is changing when e– comes farther induced current will be
1 clockwise
once in cycle.
2
8. (c) Given: current I = 2.5 A
Inductance, L = 5H
Magnatic flux, f = ? e– e–
We know, f = LI Þ 5 × 2.5 Wb = 12.5 Wb
9. (d) Rate of decreasing of area of semicircular ring
12. (b) Given, no. of turns N = 100
dA
= = (2r)V radius, r = 0.01 m
dt resistance, R = 10p2 W, n = 2 × 104
From Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction As we know,
dq dA df
e= - = -B = - B(2rV)
e = -N
dt dt dt
e N df
=-
R R dt
N df
DI = -
As induced current in ring produces magnetic field in R dt
upward direction hence R is at higher potential.
Dq N Df
=-
10. (c) Emf induced in side 1 of frame e1 = B1Vl Dt R Dt
mo I
B1 = é N æ Df ö ù
2p (x – a/ 2) Dq = - ê ç ÷ ú Dt
Emf induced in side 2 of frame e2 = B2 Vl ë R è Dt ø û
'–' ve sign shows that induced emf opposes the
moI
B2 = change of flux.
2p (x + a/ 2)
é æ Di ö ù 1 m nNpr 2 Di
x Dq = ê m0 nNpr 2 ç ÷ ú Dt = 0
ë è Dt ø û R R
I
1 2
4p ´ 10-7 ´ 100 ´ 4 ´ p ´ (0.01)2 ´ 2 ´ 104
a v Dq =
x– 10p2
2
a Dq = 32mC
a
x+
2
Emf induced in square frame