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 SOC Interview Questions

 What should you expect?

 Security Analyst
 Incident Response
 General
 Network
 Web Application Security
 Cryptography
 Malware Analysis
 Event Log Analysis
 Threat Intelligence

 Security Analyst.
 Basic terminologies
 Network fundamentals
 Operating system fundamentals
 Malware analysis fundamentals
 How to analyze attacks (phishing, malware...)

 Incident Responder.
 Incident response prosedure
 How to detect and remediate specific kind of attack (like golden ticket,
phishing etc.)
 Ransomware remediation process
 https://bit.ly/3QwS2w4

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 How do you keep yourself updated with information security?

 Reading daily infosec news from different resources.

 The Hacker News
 Malwarebytes Labs
 HackRead
 ThreatPost
 By following infosec related social media accounts.
 Telegram channels
 Joining newsletters related to cyber security

 What are black hat, white hat and gray hat?

 Blat hat: Black-Hat Hackers are those hackers who enter the system without taking
owners’ permission. These hackers use vulnerabilities as entry points. They hack
systems illegally. They use their skills to deceive and harm people. (GeeksforGeeks)

 White hat: White-Hat Hackers are also known as Ethical Hackers. They are certified
hackers who learn hacking from courses. These are good hackers who try to secure our
data, websites. With the rise of cyberattacks organizations and governments have come
to understand that they need ethical hackers. (GeeksforGeeks)

 Gray hat: Gray-Hat Hackers are a mix of both black and white hat hackers. These types
of hackers find vulnerabilities in systems without the permission of owners. They don’t
have any malicious intent. However, this type of hacking is still considered illegal. But
they never share information with black hat hackers. They find issues and report the
owner, sometimes requesting a small amount of money to fix it. (GeeksforGeeks)

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 What is port scanning?
 Port scanning is a method of determining which ports on a network are open and could
be receiving or sending data. It is also a process for sending packets to specific ports on
a host and analyzing responses to identify vulnerabilities. (Avast)

 https://bit.ly/3p8Lecl

 Do you know any programming language?

 While this question is up to you, having a basic understanding of programming
languages can be a plus for the interview.

 How can you define Blue Team and Red Team basically?
 Red team is attacker side, blue team is defender side.

 What is firewall?
 Firewall is a device that allows or blocks the network traffic according to the rules.

 Explain Security Misconfiguration

 It is a security vulnerability caused by incomplete or incorrect misconfiguration.

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 Explain vulnerability, risk and threat.
 Vulnerability: Weakness in an information system, system security procedures, internal
controls, or implementation that could be exploited or triggered by a threat source. (src:
NIST)

 Risk: the level of impact on agency operations (including mission functions, image, or
reputation), agency assets, or individuals resulting from the operation of an information
system given the potential impact of a threat and the likelihood of that threat occurring.
(src: NIST)

 Threat: Any circumstance or event with the potential to adversely impact organizational
operations, organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, or the Nation through
a system via unauthorized access, destruction, disclosure, modification of information,
and/or denial of service. (src: NIST)

 What is compliance?
 Following the set of standards authorized by an organization, independent part, or
government.

 What is MITRE ATT&CK?

 MITRE ATT&CK® is a globally-accessible knowledge base of adversary tactics and
techniques based on real-world observations. The ATT&CK knowledge base is used as a
foundation for the development of specific threat models and methodologies in the
private sector, in government, and in the cybersecurity product and service community.
(MITRE ATT&CK)

 Do you have any project that we can look at?

 If you do have any project to show, make sure that you prepare it before the interview.

 Explain 2FA.
 2FA is an extra layer of security used to make sure that people trying to gain access to
an online account are who they say they are. First, a user will enter their username and
a password. Then, instead of immediately gaining access, they will be required to
provide another piece of information. (Authy)

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 Could you share some general endpoint security product names?
 Antivirus
 EDR
 XDR
 DLP

 What are HIDS and NIDS?

 HIDS: HIDS means Host Intrusion Detection System. HIDS is located on each host.
 NIDS: NIDS means Network Intrusion Detection System. NIDS is located in the network.

 What is CIA triad?

 The three letters in "CIA triad" stand for Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. The
CIA triad is a common model that forms the basis for the development of security
systems. They are used for finding vulnerabilities and methods for creating solutions.
(Fortinet)

 Confidentiality: Confidentiality involves the efforts of an organization to make sure data

is kept secret or private. A key component of maintaining confidentiality is making sure
that people without proper authorization are prevented from accessing assets
important to your business.

 Integrity: Integrity involves making sure your data is trustworthy and free from
tampering. The integrity of your data is maintained only if the data is authentic,
accurate, and reliable.

 Availability: Systems, networks, and applications must be functioning as they should

and when they should. Also, individuals with access to specific information must be able
to consume it when they need to, and getting to the data should not take an inordinate
amount of time.

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 What is AAA?

 Authentication: Authentication involves a user providing information about who they

are. Users present login credentials that affirm they are who they claim. (Fortinet)

 Authorization: Authorization follows authentication. During authorization, a user can be

granted privileges to access certain areas of a network or system. (Fortinet)

 Accounting: Accounting keeps track of user activity while users are logged in to a
network by tracking information such as how long they were logged in, the data they
sent or received, their Internet Protocol (IP) address, the Uniform Resource Identifier
(URI) they used, and the different services they accessed. (Fortinet)

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 What is Cyber Kill Chain?
 Developed by Lockheed Martin, the Cyber Kill Chain® framework is part of the
Intelligence Driven Defense® model for identification and prevention of cyber intrusions
activity. The model identifies what the adversaries must complete in order to achieve
their objective.
 The seven steps of the Cyber Kill Chain® enhance visibility into an attack and enrich an
analyst’s understanding of an adversary’s tactics, techniques and procedures. (Lockheed
Martin)

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 What is SIEM?
 Security information and event management (SIEM), is a security solution that provides
the real time logging of events in an environment. The actual purpose for event logging
is to detect security threats.

 In general, SIEM products have a number of features. The ones that interest us most as
SOC analysts are: they filter the data that they collect and create alerts for any
suspicious events.

 https://bit.ly/3QduPPw

 What Is Indicator Of Compromise (IOCs)?

 Indicators of compromise (IOCs) serve as forensic evidence of potential intrusions on a

host system or network. These artifacts enable information security (InfoSec)

professionals and system administrators to detect intrusion attempts or other malicious

activities. Security researchers use IOCs to better analyze a particular malware’s

techniques and behaviors. IOCs also provides actionable threat intelligence that can be

shared within the community to further improve an organization’s incident response

and remediation strategies. (TrendMico)

 What is Indicators of Attack (IOAs)?

 Indicators of Attack (IOAs) demonstrate the intentions behind a cyberattack and the
techniques used by the threat actor to accomplish their objectives. The specific cyber
threats arming the attack, like malware, ransomware, or advanced threats, are of little
concern when analyzing IOAs.

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 Explain True Positive and False Positive.

True Positive:
 If the situation to be detected and the detected (triggered alert) situation are the same,
it is a True Positive alert. For example, let's say you had a PCR test to find out whether
you are Covid19 positive and the test result came back positive. It is True Positive
because the condition you want to detect (whether you have Covid19 disease) and the
detected condition (being a Covid19 patient) are the same. This is a true positive alert.

 Let’s suppose there is a rule to detect SQL Injection attacks and this rule has been
triggered because of a request that was made to the following URL. The alert is indeed a
“True Positive” as there was a real SQL Injection attack.
https://app.example.io/casemanagement/casedetail/115/src=' OR 1=1

False Positive:
 In short, it is a false alarm. For example, there is a security camera in your house and if
the camera alerts you due to your cat's movements, it is a false positive alert.

 If we look at the URL example below, we see the SQL parameter "Union" keyword
within this URL. If an SQL injection alert occurs for this URL, it will be a false positive
alert because the “Union” keyword is used to mention a sports team here and not for an
SQL injection attack.


https://www.google.com/search?q=FC+Union+Berlin

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 What is OSI Model? Explain each layer.

 The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that
describes the universal standard of communication functions of a telecommunication
system or computing system, without any regard to the system's underlying internal
technology and specific protocol suites. (Wikipedia)

 Physical layer: The Physical Layer is responsible for the transmission and reception of
unstructured raw data between a device, such as a network interface controller,
Ethernet hub or network switch and a physical transmission medium. It converts the
digital bits into electrical, radio, or optical signals.

 Data link layer: The data link layer provides node-to-node data transfer—a link between
two directly connected nodes. It detects and possibly corrects errors that may occur in
the physical layer. It defines the protocol to establish and terminate a connection
between two physically connected devices. It also defines the protocol for flow control
between them. IEEE 802 divides the data link layer into two sublayers: a. Medium access
control (MAC) layer – responsible for controlling how devices in a network gain access to
a medium and permission to transmit data. b. Logical link control (LLC) layer –
responsible for identifying and encapsulating network layer protocols, and controls
error checking and frame synchronization.

 Network layer: The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of
transferring packets from one node to another connected in "different networks".

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 Transport layer: The transport layer provides the functional and procedural means of
transferring variable-length data sequences from a source host to a destination host
from one application to another across a network, while maintaining the quality-of-
service functions. Transport protocols may be connection-oriented or connectionless.

 Session layer: The Session Layer creates the setup, controls the connections, and ends
the teardown, between two or more computers, which is called a "session". Since DNS
and other Name Resolution Protocols operate in this part of the layer, common
functions of the Session Layer include user logon (establishment), name lookup
(management), and user logoff (termination) functions. Including this matter,
authentication protocols are also built into most client software, such as FTP Client and
NFS Client for Microsoft Networks. Therefore, the Session layer establishes, manages
and terminates the connections between the local and remote application.

 Presentation layer: The Presentation Layer establishes data formatting and data
translation into a format specified by the application layer during the encapsulation of
outgoing messages while being passed down the protocol stack, and possibly reversed
during the deencapsulation of incoming messages when being passed up the protocol
stack. For this very reason, outgoing messages during encapsulation are converted into
a format specified by the application layer, while the conversation for incoming
messages during deencapsulation are reversed.

 Application layer: The application layer is the layer of the OSI model that is closest to
the end user, which means both the OSI Application Layer and the user interact directly
with software application that implements a component of communication between the
client and server, such as File Explorer and Microsoft Word. Such application programs
fall outside the scope of the OSI model unless they are directly integrated into the
Application layer through the functions of communication, as is the case with
applications such as Web Browsers and Email Programs. Other examples of software are
Microsoft Network Software for File and Printer Sharing and Unix/Linux Network File
System Client for access to shared file resources.

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 What is three-way handshake?

 TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish a reliable connection. The connection is

full duplex, and both sides synchronize (SYN) and acknowledge (ACK) each other.

 The client chooses an initial sequence number, set in the first SYN packet. The server
also chooses its own initial sequence number, set in the SYN/ACK packet.

 Each side acknowledges each other's sequence number by incrementing it; this is the
acknowledgement number. The use of sequence and acknowledgment numbers allows
both sides to detect missing or out-of-order segments.

 Once a connection is established, ACKs typically follow for each segment. The
connection will eventually end with a RST (reset or tear down the connection) or FIN
(gracefully end the connection).

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 What is TCP/IP Model? Explain the difference between OSI and TCP/IP
model.

 The TCP/IP model is the default method of data communication on the Internet. It was
developed by the United States Department of Defense to enable the accurate and
correct transmission of data between devices.

 TCP/IP divides communication tasks into layers that keep the process standardized,
without hardware and software providers doing the management themselves. The data
packets must pass through four layers before they are received by the destination
device, then TCP/IP goes through the layers in reverse order to put the message back
into its original format.

 TCP/IP Model contains four layers. The layers are:

 Application Layer
 Transport Layer
 Internet Layer
 Network Access Layer

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 Difference:

 What is ARP?

 The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol used for

discovering the link layer address, such as a MAC address, associated with a given
internet layer address, typically an IPv4 address. This mapping is a critical function in the
Internet protocol suite.

 What is DHCP?
 The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol
used on Internet Protocol (IP) networks for automatically assigning IP addresses and
other communication parameters to devices connected to the network using a client–
server architecture.

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 Could you share some general network security product names?

 Firewall
 IDS
 IPS
 WAF

 What is the key difference between IDS and IPS?

 IDS only detect the traffic but IPS can prevent/block the traffic.

 How can you protect yourself from Man-in-the-middle attacks?

 While answering this question vary different scenarios, encryption is the key point for
being safe.

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 What are the HTTP response codes?

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 Explain OWASP Top 10.

 The OWASP Top 10 is a standard awareness document for developers and web
application security. It represents a broad consensus about the most critical security
risks to web applications. https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/

 What is SQL injection?

 SQL Injections are critical attack methods where a web application directly includes
unsanitized data provided by the user in SQL queries.

 Explain SQL injection types.

There are 3 types of SQL Injections. These are:

 In-band SQLi (Classical SQLi): If a SQL query is sent and a replied to over the same
channel, we call these In-band SQLi. It is easier for attackers to exploit these compared
to other SQLi categories.

 Inferential SQLi (Blind SQLi): SQL queries that receive a reply that cannot be seen are
called Inferential SQLi. They are called Blind SQLi because the reply cannot be seen.

 Out-of-band SQLi: If the reply to a SQL query is communicated over a different

channel then this type of SQLi is called Out-of-band SQLi. For example, if the attacker is
receiving replies to his SQL queries over the DNS this is called an out-of-band SQLi.

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 How to prevent SQL injection vulnerability?

 When examining a web request check all areas that come from the user: Because SQL
Injection attacks are not limited to the form areas, you should also check the HTTP
Request Headers like User-Agent.

 Look for SQL keywords: Look for words like INSERT, SELECT, WHERE within the data
received from users.

 Check for special characters: Look for apostrophes (‘), dashes (-), or parentheses which
are used in SQL or special characters that are frequently used in SQL attacks within the
data received from the user.

 Familiarize yourself with frequently used SQL Injection payloads: Even though SQL
payloads change according to the web application, attackers still use some common
payloads to check for SQL Injection vulnerabilities. If you are familiar with these
payloads, you can easily detect SQL Injection payloads. You can see some frequently
used SQL Injection payloads here.

 What is XSS and how XSS can be prevented?

 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks are a type of injection, in which malicious scripts are
injected into otherwise benign and trusted websites. XSS attacks occur when an attacker
uses a web application to send malicious code, generally in the form of a browser side
script, to a different end user. Flaws that allow these attacks to succeed are quite
widespread and occur anywhere a web application uses input from a user within the
output it generates without validating or encoding it. (OWASP)

 For XSS attacks to be successful, an attacker needs to insert and execute malicious
content in a webpage. Each variable in a web application needs to be protected.
Ensuring that all variables go through validation and are then escaped or sanitized is
known as perfect injection resistance. Any variable that does not go through this
process is a potential weakness. Frameworks make it easy to ensure variables are
correctly validated and escaped or sanitised.

 However, frameworks aren't perfect and security gaps still exist in popular frameworks
like React and Angular. Output Encoding and HTML Sanitization help address those gaps.

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 Explain XSS types.

1. Reflected XSS (Non-Persistent): It is a non-persistent XSS type that the XSS payload
must contain in the request. It is the most common type of XSS.

2. Stored XSS (Persistent): It is a type of XSS where the attacker can permanently upload
the XSS payload to the web application. Compared to other types, the most dangerous
type of XSS is Stored XSS.

3. DOM Based XSS: DOM Based XSS is an XSS attack wherein the attack payload is
executed as a result of modifying the DOM “environment” in the victim’s browser used
by the original client side script, so that the client side code runs in an “unexpected”
manner. (OWASP)

 What is IDOR?
 Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR), is a vulnerability caused by the lack of an
authorization mechanism or because it is not used properly. It enables a person to
access an object that belongs to another.

 Among the highest web application vulnerability security risks published in the 2021
OWASP, IDOR or “Broken Access Control” takes first place.

 What is RFI?

 Remote File Inclusion (RFI), is the security vulnerability that occurs when a file on
different server is included without sanitizing the data obtained from a user.

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 What is LFI?

 Local File Inclusion (LFI), is the security vulnerability that occurs when a local file is
included without sanitizing the data obtained from a user.

 Explain the difference between LFI and RFI?

 LFI differs from RFI because the file that is intended to be included is on the same web
server that the web application is hosted on.

 Explain CSRF.

 Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is an attack that forces an end user to execute
unwanted actions on a web application in which they’re currently authenticated. With a
little help of social engineering (such as sending a link via email or chat), an attacker may
trick the users of a web application into executing actions of the attacker’s choosing. If
the victim is a normal user, a successful CSRF attack can force the user to perform state
changing requests like transferring funds, changing their email address, and so forth. If
the victim is an administrative account, CSRF can compromise the entire web
application. https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/csrf

 What is WAF?

A WAF or web application firewall helps protect web applications by filtering and monitoring
HTTP traffic between a web application and the Internet. It typically protects web applications
from attacks such as cross-site forgery, cross-site-scripting (XSS), file inclusion, and SQL
injection, among others. A WAF is a protocol layer 7 defense (in the OSI model), and is not
designed to defend against all types of attacks.
https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/glossary/web-application-firewall-waf/

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 What are encoding, hashing, encryption?
 Encoding: Converts the data in the desired format required for exchange between
different systems.

 Hashing: Maintains the integrity of a message or data. Any change did any day could be
noticed.

 Encryption: Ensures that the data is secure and one needs a digital verification code or
image in order to open it or access it.

 What is the difference between hashing and encryption?

 Hashing: Hashing is the process of converting the information into a key using a hash
function. The original information cannot be retrieved from the hash key by any means.
(GeeksforGeeks)

 Encryption: Encryption is the process of converting a normal readable message known

as plaintext into a garbage message or not readable message known as Ciphertext. The
ciphertext obtained from the encryption can easily be transformed into plaintext using
the encryption key. (GeeksforGeeks)

 Difference:
 The hash function does not need a key to operate.
 While the length of the output can variable in encryption algorithms, there is a fixed
output length in hashing algorithms.
 Encryption is a two-way function that includes encryption and decryption whilst hashing
is a one-way function that changes a plain text to a unique digest that is irreversible.

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 Explain salted hashes?

 A salt is added to the hashing process to force their uniqueness, increase their
complexity without increasing user requirements, and to mitigate password attacks like
hash tables.

https://auth0.com/blog/adding-salt-to-hashing-a-better-way-to-store-passwords/

 What are differences between SSL and TLS?

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 What is the name of the software that compiles of the written codes?

 Compiler

 What is the name of the software that translates machine codes into
assembly language?

 Disassembler

 What is the difference between static and dynamic malware analysis?

 Static Analysis: It is the approach of analyzing malicious software by reverse

engineering methods without running them. Generally, by decompile /
disassemble the malware, each step that the malware will execute is analyzed,
hence the behavior / capacity of the malware can be analyzed.

 Dynamic Analysis: It is the approach that examines the behavior of malicious

software on the system by running it. In dynamic analysis, applications that
can examine registry, file, network and process events are installed in the
system, and their behavior is examined by running malicious software.

 It should also be noted that using only one approach may not be sufficient to
analyze malware. Using both approaches together will give you to best results!

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 How does malware achieve persistence on Windows?

 Services
 Registry Run Keys (Run, RunOnce)
 Task Scheduler
 Infecting to clean files

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 Which event logs are available default on Windows?

 Security
 Application
 System

 With which security Event ID can the Successfully RDP connection be

detected?

 4624

 With which event id can failed logons be detected?

 4625

 Which field of which event should I look at so that I can detect RDP
logons?

 You can detect RDP logon activities with event ID 4624. "Logon Type" value should be 10.

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 What is Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI)?

Threat intelligence is the analysis of data using tools and techniques to generate meaningful
information about existing or emerging threats targeting the organization that helps mitigate
risks. Threat Intelligence helps organizations make faster, more informed security decisions and
change their behavior from reactive to proactive to combat the attacks.
https://www.eccouncil.org/cyber-threat-intelligence/

 What is TAXII in Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI)?

TAXII, short for Trusted Automated eXchange of Intelligence Information, defines how cyber
threat information can be shared via services and message exchanges.
https://www.anomali.com/resources/what-are-stix-taxii

 Name some of the Threat Intelligence Platforms

 IBM X Force Exchange, Cisco Talos, OTX AlienVault

 What are the types of Threat Intelligence?

 Strategic Threat Intelligence

 Tactical Threat Intelligence
 Technical Threat Intelligence
 Operational Threat Intelligence

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