PART RD A99

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Article RD-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Article RD-2 Shells of Revolution Under Internal Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Article RD-3 Shells of Revolution Under External Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Article RD-4 Secondary Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Article RD-5 Openings and Their Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Article RD-6 Nozzles and Other Connections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Article RD-7 Bolted Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Article RD-8 Quick-Actuating Closures (for Class I Vessels Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Article RD-9 Attachments and Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Article RD-10 Access and Inspection Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Article RD-11 Mandatory Design Rules for Class II Vessels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Article RD-12 Laminate Stiffness Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Figures
RD-620.3 Flange Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

RD-620.4(a) Plate Type Gussets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

RD-620.4(b) Typical Cone Type Gusset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

RD-620.5 Flush Nozzle Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

RD-620.6 Penetrating Nozzle Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
RD-700.1 Acceptable Types of Flat Heads for Class I Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
RD-1120.1 Design Limitations for Class II Vessels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
RD-1174.2 Dimensions of Reinforcing Pad and Nozzle Overlays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

RD-1174.3 Stress Concentration Factors for a Circular Hole in a Pressurized

Cylindrical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
RD-1175.2 Head/Shell or Shell/Shell Overlay Dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
RD-1176.1 Design of Full-Face Nozzle Flanges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
RD-1176.2 Values of V (Integral Flange Factor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

RD-1176.3 Values of F (Integral Flange Factor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

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 RD-1176.4 Values of f (Hub Stress Correction Factor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
RD-1176.5 Values of T, Z, Y, and U (Terms Involving K ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
RD-1220.1 Moment Resultants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
RD-1220.2 In-Plane Force Resultants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
RD-1220.3 Coordinate Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

RD-1220.4 Geometry of an N-Layered Laminate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Tables

RD-620.1 Flange and Nozzle Dimensions for Hand Lay-Up and

Pressure Molded Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
RD-1173.2 Values of Spherical Radius Factor Ko for Ellipsoidal Heads
With Pressure on Convex Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

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 ARTICLE RD-1
GENERAL

RD-100 SCOPE vessel is also the basis for the pressure setting of the
pressure relief devices protecting the vessel and for the
Section X provides two methods by which the thick-
design pressure to be marked on the vessel nameplate.
ness of vessel parts subject to internal or external
(b) The design shall take into account the maximum
pressure may be determined:
difference in fluid pressure which can occur under
(a) Class I Design — qualification and testing of a
the conditions of operation specified in the Design
prototype vessel;
Specification (which may include pressure due to static
(b) Class II Design — mandatory design rules and
head) between the inside and outside of the vessel at any
acceptance testing.
point or between two chambers of a combination unit.
For Class I vessels, tentative thickness of vessel
(c) The design shall take into account all combina-
parts may be determined by the suggested design proce-
tions of loadings other than pressure (see RD-120)
dures given in Appendix AA or by other procedures at
which may occur, coincident with the specified operating
the Fabricator’s option. Regardless of how the tentative
pressure and temperature. For Class I vessels, any
thicknesses of vessel parts are determined, the adequacy
additional thickness required to withstand such supple-
of the design of a vessel or vessels to be certified for
mentary loadings shall be added to that required to
specified service conditions shall be determined by
withstand pressure loading as determined by the require-
testing one or more prototype vessels in accordance
ments of Article RT-2. For Class II vessels such
with the requirements of Article RT-2; all vessels to
supplementary loadings must be included in the Design
be so certified shall be constructed in strict accordance
Calculations.
with the Procedure Specification utilized in fabricating
(d) When liners, whether metallic or nonmetallic,
the prototype vessel or vessels (see Article RQ-1).
are installed in vessels covered by this Section, no
For Class II vessels, thickness of vessel parts and
credit shall be given to the strength of the liner in
other fabrication details shall be determined by proce-
establishing the design pressure. However, the weight
dures specified in Article RD-11. The number of plies
of the liner shall be taken into account when determining
and ply orientation shall be as specified in the Procedure
loadings other than pressure.
Specification, Form Q-120.
Applications that require a liner for corrosion resist-
ance purposes shall be so identified in the Design
Specification. Any part of the laminate, such as an
RD-101 Design Basis
inner surface and interior layer composition as described
(a) The pressure of the fluid at the top of the vessel in ASTM D 4097, that is intended for corrosion resist-
in its normal operating position, with the laminate ance shall be so designated in the Procedure Specifica-
temperature for Class I vessels taken at 150°F (66°C) tion. The thickness of this part of the laminate shall
for design temperatures less than or equal to 150°F be in addition to that required for pressure and other
(66°C), or at the specified design temperature when loading considerations.
the design temperature exceeds 150°F (66°C). The
pressure of the fluid at the top of the vessel in its
normal operating position with the laminate temperature
RD-110 DEFINITIONS
as specified in the Design Specification for Class II
vessels, shall be that on which the design is based. The terms relating to design used throughout this
When applicable, static head shall be included in estab- Section, together with limiting values, are defined in
lishing the design basis. The pressure at the top of the RD-111 through RD-116.

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 RD-111 1998 SECTION X RD-120

RD-111 Design Pressure RD-113 Operating Pressure

Design pressure is the permissible pressure at the The operating pressure is the pressure at the top of
top of the vessel and is the pressure together with the the vessel in the operating position. The operating
applicable, coincident laminate temperature to be pressure shall not exceed the design pressure and shall
marked on the nameplate. be kept at a suitable level below the design pressure to
For Class I vessels, the design pressure plus any prevent the frequent opening of pressure relief devices.
pressure due to static head at any point under consider-
ation shall not exceed the lower of 150 psi (1000 kPa)
for bag-molded, centrifugally cast, and contact-molded RD-114 Qualification Pressure
vessels, and 1500 psi for filament-wound vessels, or The qualification pressure of a Class I vessel is the
one-sixth of the bursting pressure determined in accord- maximum hydrostatic pressure that has been attained
ance with the rules of Article RT-2. The same design by a prototype vessel and an optional internal bladder
pressure at any point under consideration shall not (see Appendix 4). This pressure serves as proof of the
exceed the lower of 3000 psi (20685 kPa) for filament- adequacy of the vessel’s design and fabrication for the
wound vessels with polar boss openings or one-fifth specified service conditions (see RT-223).
of the bursting pressure determined in accordance with
the rules of Article RT-2.
For Class II vessels, the design pressure shall not RD-115 Test Pressure
exceed the limits specified in RD-1120.
The test pressure is that pressure applied at the top
of the vessel. For Class I vessels see Article RT-4.
For Class II vessels see Article RT-6 on acceptance
testing.
RD-112 Design Temperature1
RD-112.1 Maximum Design Temperature. For
RD-116 Safety Valve Setting
Class I vessels, the maximum design temperature, even
though a lower operating temperature is specified in The pressure for which safety or safety relief valves
the Design Specification, shall be taken as 150°F (66°C) shall be set to open is established in RR-120.
for design temperatures less than or equal to 150°F
(66°C), or at the specified design temperature when
the design temperature exceeds 150°F (66°C). When RD-120 LOADINGS
the design temperature exceeds 150°F (66°C) on Class
I vessels, the specified design temperature shall not The loadings to be included in designing a vessel
exceed 250°F or 35°F (121°C or 19°C) below the shall include any expected combination of loads listed
maximum use temperature (see RM-121) of the resin, below and stipulated in the Design Specification:
whichever is lower. The hydrostatic qualification pres- (a) internal and external design pressure as defined
sure tests used to establish the permissible design in RD-111;
pressure shall be conducted at that temperature (see (b) impact loads;
Article RT-2). For Class II vessels, the design tempera- (c) weight of the vessel and normal contents under
ture shall not be less than the interior laminate wall operating and test conditions (this includes additional
temperature expected under operating conditions for pressure due to static head of liquids);
the part considered and shall not exceed 250°F, or (d) superimposed loads, such as other vessels, op-
35°F (121°C or 19°C) below the maximum use tempera- erating equipment, insulation, corrosion-resistant or ero-
ture (see RM-121) of the resin, whichever is lower. sion-resistant linings, and piping;
(e) live loads due to personnel, which shall be a
RD-112.2 Minimum Design Temperature. The min- minimum of 250 lb (113 kg) in a 4 in. (152 mm)
imum permissible temperature to which a vessel con- circle on the top of the vessel;
structed under this Section may be subjected is −65°F (f) snow and ice loads;
(−54°C) (see RG-112). (g) wind loads, and earthquake loads where required;
(h) reactions of supporting lugs, rings, saddles, and
other types of supports;
1 Sudden cyclic changes in temperature shall be part of the design (i) loads due to thermal expansion and thermal gra-
consideration. dients.

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 RD-121 PART RD — DESIGN REQUIREMENTS RD-160

RD-121 Stress Due to Combined Loadings RD-150 METHODS OF FABRICATION IN

COMBINATION
The geometry and wall thickness of a vessel designed
under this Section shall be such that: A vessel may be fabricated by a combination of
(a) for Class I vessels, the maximum direct (mem- the applicable methods covered by this Section (see
brane) stress due to all combinations of loadings listed RG-400).
in RD-120 that are expected to occur simultaneously
during normal operation of the vessel shall not exceed
one-sixth2 of the maximum membrane stress value, as RD-151 Materials in Combination
determined from the qualification pressure test, and A vessel may be designed and fabricated of any
considering any additional membrane stresses caused combination of materials permitted by this Section,
by other test loadings in addition to the pressure loading including metallic materials covered in Section VIII,
(see RD-130 and RQ-132); Division 1, provided the applicable rules and restrictions
(b) for Class II vessels, the stress or strain distribu- for each material and joining are followed (see RM-
tions shall be computed for all combinations of loadings 140, RM-210, and Article RF-7).
listed in RD-120 and in the Design Specification (RG-
310) which are expected to occur simultaneously during NOTE: Because of different moduli of elasticity and thermal coeffi-
cients of expansion of plastic and metallic materials, caution shall
normal operation, and for other combinations of loads be exercised in design and fabrication under the provisions of this
which could occur during operation or testing of the paragraph in order to avoid difficulties in service under extreme
vessel. temperature conditions or with unusual restraint of parts such as
may occur at points of stress concentration.

RD-130 DESIGN RESTRICTIONS RD-152 Combination Units

Insofar as is reasonably attainable, pressure vessels When a vessel unit consists of more than one indepen-
constructed under the rules of this Section shall be dent pressure chamber, operating at the same or different
designed to be free of bending and shearing stresses, pressures or temperatures, each such pressure chamber
especially if the vessel is to be subjected to cyclic (vessel) shall be designed and fabricated to withstand
conditions of loading. Particular care shall be used in the most severe conditions of pressure expected in
selecting the kind of end closure, whether formed normal service and as specified in the Design Specifica-
head or flat head type, and of nozzle connections for tion. Only the parts of the chambers which come
attachment of piping, etc., to avoid or minimize bending within the scope of this Section (see RG-100) need be
and shearing stresses likely to be imposed on the fabricated in compliance with this Section.
structure by such design details. Class I and Class II
methods of design shall not be intermixed.
RD-160 PROOF OF DESIGN ADEQUACY A99

For Class I vessels, a design shall be considered

RD-140 DESIGN ALLOWANCES FOR adequate for the specified service conditions when one
DEGRADATION or more full-scale prototype vessels (see RG-321.1),
When specified in the Design Specification, the design after having been subjected to 100,000 cycles of pressure
shall make provision for, but not be limited to, the ranging from atmospheric to the design pressure (see
following: RD-111 and Article RT-2), shall withstand a pressure
(a) selection of resin, fiber, fiber surface treatment, not less than six times the specified maximum design
and liner materials that are chemically resistant to the pressure. The test fluid shall have a temperature as
specified vessel contents; specified in RT-223.
(b) fire protection, fire proofing, or fire retardancy; A lesser number of cycles at a higher pressure is
(c) degradation from ultraviolet exposure; allowable for vessels fabricated per RG-404.2 (Filament
(d) abrasive conditions. Winding — With Polar Boss Openings Only). See RT-
223.5.
For Class II vessels, a design shall be considered
2 Anexception to this one-sixth value is permitted for vessels per adequate for the specified service when the design
RG-404.2 (Filament Winding — With Uncut Filaments), where the
maximum combined stress value may be one-fifth of maximum provisions of Article RD-11 and the Acceptance Test
membrane stress. provisions of Article RT-6 have been met.

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