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Analysis of First and Second Order Circuits

1) First order circuits have a single energy storage element and their behavior can be described by a first order differential equation. 2) Second order circuits have two energy storage elements and their behavior is described by a second order differential equation. 3) The solution to a second order differential equation has a complementary solution and a particular integral, where the complementary solution is found by solving the characteristic equation.

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683 views19 pages

Analysis of First and Second Order Circuits

1) First order circuits have a single energy storage element and their behavior can be described by a first order differential equation. 2) Second order circuits have two energy storage elements and their behavior is described by a second order differential equation. 3) The solution to a second order differential equation has a complementary solution and a particular integral, where the complementary solution is found by solving the characteristic equation.

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First Order Circuits

• Have only a single storage element(Capacitor or Inductor).


Because of the presence of storage elements, the circuit response go through a
sudden change transition period prior to settling down to a steady-state value.
In this transition period we will examine transient analysis.
•Analysis of a first order circuit yields a first order differential equation.

• Here, finding a voltage or current requires us to solve a first-order differential


equation of the form

Where general form of its solution is:


Second-Order Circuits:

A circuit with two energy storage elements (capacitors and/or Inductors)

Series RLC Parallel RLC

The loop and node equations for the parallel and series RLC circuits respectively are

d2 𝑖 di i dvs d2 𝑣 1 d𝑣 v dis
L +R + = C + + =
dt2 dt C dt dt 2 𝑅 dt L dt
d2 𝑦 𝑡 dy(t)
Have the form +𝑎1 +𝑎2 𝑦(𝑡)=𝑓(𝑡)
dt 2 dt
a1 and a2 are non-negative constants that are determined by the parameters (resistors and
capacitor/inductor) of the circuit.
𝑦(𝑡) - current through or voltage across any element of the circuit, also called
response - of the circuit.
f (𝑡) - forcing function or excitation. When f (𝑡) is zero, the equation is referred to as
homogeneous differential equation.

We have the following solution of the differential equation


𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑦c (𝑡) + 𝑦p (𝑡)

𝑦c(𝑡) - Complementary solution


𝑦p(𝑡) - Particular Integral
Complementary Solution
Complementary solution is a solution of associated homogeneous differential equation. To
find the complementary solution, we form the characteristic equation, also referred to as
auxiliary equation, using the coefficients in the differential equation as

𝑠 2 + 𝑎1 𝑠 + 𝑎2 = 0
The solution (roots) of the characteristic equation is given by

2
a1 ± a1 −4a2
s1 , s2 =−
2 2
Based on the values of the constants, the roots can be real or complex. We therefore
categorize the solution into 3 types, depending on the nature of the roots.

Case 1: a1 2 −4a2 >0

The roots are real and distinct, The solution is of the form
s t s t
yc t =k1 e 1 +k2 e 2

Such solution or response is referred to as over-damped solution.

Case 2 :a1 2 −4a2 =0


−𝑎1
The roots are real and equal, located at 2

The solution is of the form


s t s t s t
yc t =k1 e 1 +k2 te 2 = k1 e 1 k1 +k2 𝑡

The solution is a sum of decaying exponentials times a linear function of time

Such solution or response is referred to as critically-damped solution.


Case 3 :a1 2 −4a2 <0

The roots are complex and appear as complex conjugate pair


• Let's reformulate the roots in complex form as

2
a1 ±j 4a2 − a1
s1 , s2 = −
2 2
s t s t
The solution is of the form yc t =k1 e 1 +k2 e 2

a 4a2 − a1 2
By introducing the notation as σ = − and ω1 =
2 2

, the solution can be reformulated as

yc t =k1 e(σ +𝑗𝜔1 )t +k2 e(σ −𝑗𝜔1)t = 𝑒 𝜎𝑡 𝑘3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔1 𝑡 + 𝑘4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔1 𝑡

The solution is a product of decaying exponential and oscillatory function.


The decay rate is determined by the real part of the root and the frequency of
oscillation is determined by the imaginary part of the root. Such solution or
response is referred to as under-damped solution.
Example: Consider the parallel RLC circuit shown in Fig. below. The second-order
differential equation that describes the voltage v(t) is
Natural response of an RC circuit

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