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Lecture 1

Hospital acquired infections are defined as microbial diseases that affect patients as a consequence of being admitted or treated in a hospital. There are several types of infections including surgical wound, respiratory, urinary tract, and gastrointestinal infections. Infections can come from other patients, medical staff, the hospital environment, and medical equipment or devices. Factors that influence the risk of hospital infection include the type and virulence of organism, dose and route of exposure, duration of exposure, and immune status of the patient. When investigating an outbreak of surgical wound infections, it is important to type the infecting organism to identify the source, determine if all patients were in the same operating room or treated by the same staff, and identify the number of isolated

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138 views4 pages

Lecture 1

Hospital acquired infections are defined as microbial diseases that affect patients as a consequence of being admitted or treated in a hospital. There are several types of infections including surgical wound, respiratory, urinary tract, and gastrointestinal infections. Infections can come from other patients, medical staff, the hospital environment, and medical equipment or devices. Factors that influence the risk of hospital infection include the type and virulence of organism, dose and route of exposure, duration of exposure, and immune status of the patient. When investigating an outbreak of surgical wound infections, it is important to type the infecting organism to identify the source, determine if all patients were in the same operating room or treated by the same staff, and identify the number of isolated

Uploaded by

MohamedErrmali
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION

Definition:
Hospital acquired infection is defined as any microbial disease
that affects the patient as a consequence of being admitted or
treated in a hospital.

Types:
- Surgical wound infection
- Respiratory infection
- Urinary tract infection
- Gastrointestinal infections
- Systemic infections

Sources of infections:
- A patient with a communicable diseas.
- Attendants, other patiens, nurses and doctors
- Hospital environment: Air, water, disinfectants,
instruments and equipments.
- Blood and its product can transmit:
- Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis D
virus.
- Human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus,
Epstein-Barr virus, syphilis and malaria
- Instrument, e.g. cannulae, renal dialysis machine,
etc…

Predicting factors
- Presence of foreign bodies, e.g urinary catheters,
intravenous cannulae, porsthesis, etc..
- Extremes of age, very young and very old patients.
- Immunosuppressed or immunocompromized patients,
e.g. diabetes , malignancies , liver cirrhosis.

Factor governing the occurrence of hospital infection:


- The type of the organism and its virulence.
- The dose of the organism
- The route of infection
- The duration of exposure to the organism
- The immune status of the host.
- The type of wound

Surgical wound infections


Causative organism
- Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis
- Streptococcus pyogens
- Gram negative aerobic bacilli ,e.g. E. coli, klebsiella,
pseudomonas and proteus species.
- Anerobic organisms, e.g. bacteroides, anaerobic
streptococci.
- Clostridial infections as Clostridium tetani and
clostridid causing gas gangrene , may complicate
surgical wound.

Investigation of an outbreak of surgical wound infection


When the incidence of infection exceeds the accepted rate ,
proper investigation is essential. Three items should be
considered:
1. The infecting organism must be typed to
trace the source of infections.
2. it is important to know whether al patient
were operated upon in the same surgical
rom or by the same surgaicl team
3. number of isolated organisms
- If the organisms aer of one type, it is strong evidence
that ther is a single source, i.e. carrier
- If the organism are of different types, this means that it
sis not a single carrier and the error is either the
sterilization or the ventilation system of either the
operating theatre or the ward.

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