.

Grade (10)

Organic chemistry

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 Paper 2
1. What is the structure of the product of the catalytic addition of steam to ethene?

2. Which process is used at an oil refinery?

&A. cracking
B. electrolysis
C. fermentation
D. neutralization

3. Which statement is correct both for methane and for ethane?

A. They are alcohols.
B. They are alkenes.
 o
C. They are in the same homologous series.
D. They can undergo addition polymerisation.

4. Which reaction is an example of the cracking of an alkane?

A. 3C2H4 C6H12
19 B. C6H14 6C + 7H2
C. C6H12 + H2 C6H14
D. C6H14 C2H4 + C4H10

5. In ripe fruit, the conversion of sugars into alcohol can occur naturally. What is the name of
this process?

A. addition
B. cracking
o
C. fermentation
D. polymerization

6. Copper wires in an electricity cable are covered in plastic.

Why is plastic used?

o A. It is an insulator.
B. It is a polymer.
C. It is hard.
D. It melts easily.

7. A compound Q has the structure shown.

What is the name of Q?

A. heptane
B. heptanoic acid
⑧
C. heptanol
D. heptene
8.
 A student sets up the apparatus shown to separate petroleum into its different liquid
parts.

Why does this method of separation work?

The liquids in petroleum have different

A. boiling points,
B. densities,
C. functional groups,
D. melting points.
⑧

9. Which row in the table correctly shows properties of decane?

10. The equation shows the cracking of a hydrocarbon.

 Which compounds are unsaturated?

A. X only o
B. Y only C. X and Z D. Y and Z

11. A student states that ethanol reacts with water to form beer and wine; ethanol and water
are used as solvents in industry.

Which of the underlined words are correct?

12. The diagram shows a model of an organic compound.

What is the name of this compound?

&
A. ethane
B. ethanoic acid
C. ethanol
D. ethane

13. Bitumen is a substance obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum.

What are the boiling points and the sizes of the molecules in bitumen?
 ⑧

14.
Which hydrocarbons in the table are members of the same homologous series

o
A. 1 and 2
B. 1 and 3
C. 3 and 4
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4

15. Which of the molecules shown can be polymerised?

 o

16. Which conditions are necessary to ferment sugar into ethanol?

17. Gas is released in all of the examples below.

 Which gas do they all produce?

⑦
a. carbon dioxide
b. hydrogen
c. methane
d. oxygen

18. Which compound contains three elements?

o
a. ethanol
b. ethene
c. methane
d. poly(ethene)

19. Four fractions obtained from crude oil (petroleum) are listed below.
Which fraction is paired with a correct use?

↓
v
o
↓

20. The structures of three compounds are shown.

Why do these substances all belong to the same homologous series?

a. They all contain an even number of carbon atoms.

b. They all contain the same functional group.
c. They are all hydrocarbons.
⑤
d. They are all saturated.

21. The table shows some suggested reactions involving ethanol.

Which suggestions about the reactants and products are correct?

22. Which substance is found in crude oil?

a. bitumen
·
b. ethanol
c. ethanoic acid
d. poly(ethene)

23. Which column describes ethane and which column describes ethene?

o
A. 1 (ethane) and 2 (ethene)
B. 1 (ethane) and 3 (ethene)
C. 2 (ethene) and 3 (ethane)
D. 3 (ethane) and 4 (ethene)
24.
Which of the products C12H24 and H2 could be formed by cracking dodecane, C12H26?

25. When a suitable catalyst is used, ethene reacts with steam. What is the structure of the
compound formed?

26. The diagram shows the separation of crude oil into fractions.
 M

What could X, Y and Z represent?

o
27. Which of the compounds shown are used as fuels?

28.
Which set of diagrams shows three substances that are all in the same homologous series?
 ⑧

29. The diagram shows the structure of a small molecule.

Which chain-like molecule is formed when these small molecules link together?
⑧

30. Students are asked to state

a. the number of atoms in one molecule of ethanoic acid,
b. the relative molecular mass, Mr, of this acid.
Which line is correct?
 ⑧

31. Bromine and steam each react with ethene.

Which of these reactions need a catalyst?

32. What are formed when glucose is fermented?

· A. ethanol and carbon dioxide
B. ethanol and oxygen
C. ethene and carbon dioxide
D. ethene and oxygen

33. Butane reacts as shown.

What is this type of reaction?

⑨
a. combustion
b. cracking
c. polymerisation
d. reduction

34. The diagram shows a molecule of vinyl chloride (used to make pvc).
 What is the formula of vinyl chloride?
A. CH2Cl3 B. CH3Cl2 C. C2HCl3 D. C2H3Cl
O
35. In which industrial process is water essential?

A. the production of aluminium from bauxite

B.the production of calcium oxide from limestone
o
C. the production of ethanol from ethene
D. the production of petrol from crude oil
 39. Cholesterol occurs naturally in the body.

Its name indicates that it has the same functional group as

·

40. In the diagram, which substance could be ethene?

 o

41. Which properties do butane, propene and ethanol all have?

42.
 o

Paper 4
1. The grapes are crushed to extract an aqueous solution of glucose. This solution is
fermented to make ethanol. Explain why each of the following is necessary.

(i) yeast

provides enzymes
...........................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) an absence of oxygen

 oxidises alcohol to ethanoic acid
………...................................................................................................................................

……….................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) an optimum temperature of about 35 °C

above temp can kill the enzymes in yeast

.............................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................[2]

(d) Plants can make esters as well as sugars. The formula of a typical ester is drawn below.
Deduce the names of the organic acid and of the alcohol from which the ester could
have been made.

organic acid
propanoic acid
.........................................................................................................................

propanol
alcohol................................................................................................................................[2]

2.
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They show structural isomerism. Alkenes take part
in addition reactions and form polymers.

(a) Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
Give an example of structural isomerism.
molecular formula ..............................................................................................................
C4H8
two structural formulae
 H H #
# #

--
11 1
↳
+
ic
-

2 c 2 H c
p H-
-
-
- -
= +

H -

1
=

1
1
1 1 H
# H H
H H

but -1-ene

[3]
(b) Ethene reacts with each of the following. Give the name and structural formula of each
product.

(i) steam

ethanol
name of product .............................................................................................................

structure of product H

1-
i - c -

0
=
H

|
51H

[2]
(ii) hydrogen

ethane
name of product ..................................................................................................................

structure of product H H
+
C H
C
-

H - -

H
H

[2]

(c) Alkenes polymerise by addition.

(i) Explain the term polymerise.

when combining several monomers together

......................................................................................................................................

to form a large molecule which is a polymer

.....................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) What is the difference between addition polymerisation and condensation

polymerisation?

addition means only, product is formed

......................................................................................................................................

condensation means thatmore than product is

....................................................................................................................................[2]
formed.

(iii) Poly(dichloroethene) is used extensively to package food. Draw its structure. The
structural formula of dichloroethene is drawn below.

[ii] 2
-

. [2]

(d) Steel may be coated with another metal, eg zinc or chromium, or with a polymer, eg
poly(chloroethene), to prevent rusting.

(i) Suggest a property of poly(chloroethene) that makes it suitable for this purpose.

it doesn't react with water or

oxygen.
….....................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain why the steel will rust when the protective coating of chromium or polymer is
broken.

because then steel will be incontact with both

.........................................................................................................................................[1]
water and dir
3.
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They undergo addition reactions.

(a) Two of the methods of making alkenes are cracking and the thermal decomposition of
chloroalkanes.

(i) Complete an equation for the cracking of the alkane, decane.

C10H22
23H7
............................ C7H15
+ ...............................

(ii) Propene can be made by the thermal decomposition of chloropropane.

Describe how chloropropane can be made from propane.

Reagents hydrogen chloride

propane and ..............................

Conditions UV light, neat.

………………………………………… ................................................... [4]

(b) The following alkenes are isomers.

(i) Explain why they are isomers.

they have the same molecular formula but diffrent

..............................................................................................................................................

Structural formuld
............................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Give the name and structural formula of another hydrocarbon that is isomeric with the
above.
but-2-ent
name ...................................................................................................................................

# If
structural formula HH
1

cc
-
c
-
=

H -

1
H
H
 [4]

(c) Give the name of the product when but-1-ene reacts with each of the following.
butaN01
steam .....................................................................................................................................
hydrogen ................................................................................................................................
but are

1,2dibromobutane
bromine ............................................................................................................................. [3]

(d) Alkenes can polymerise.

(i) Deduce the name and structural formula of the monomer from the structure of the
polymer.

poly (propene(
name of monomer ....................................................................................................................
structural formula [3]

(ii) Draw the structure of the polymer formed from the following monomer.

but anoic acid

[4]
 &

4.
In 2002, Swedish scientists found high levels of acrylamide in starchy foods that had been
o
cooked above 120 C.
Acrylamide, which is thought to be a risk to human health, has the
following structure.

(a) (i) It readily polymerises to polyacrylamide. Draw the structure of this polymer.

fCHz-ci,i
(b) The structural formula of acrylic acid is shown below. It forms compounds called
[2]

acrylates.

(i) Acrylic acid reacts with ethanol to form the following compound.

Deduce the name of this compound. What type of organic compound is it?

e+h x 1 acrylate
Name……………………………………………………………………………………………………

ester
type of compound………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
 (ii) Acrylic acid is an unsaturated compound. It will react with bromine. Describe the
colour change and draw the structural formula of the product of this addition
reaction.
brown to colorless
Colour change………………………………………………………………………………
structural formula of product

C 0

4
BrsHz
=

- -

[2]
5.
Polymers are extensively used in food packaging. Poly(dichloroethene) is used because
gases can only diffuse through it very slowly. Polyesters have a high thermal stability and
food can be cooked in a polyester bag.

(a) (i) The structure of poly(dichloroethene) is given below.

70.]
 H C1

c c
=

Cl
y

oxygen has a lower MR than CO2

1- C B c7
fo
-

CH2 1 CH2
-

-
- -
-
 5

lipias

the stability of a water body and its

resistance to
mixing.

impacts on marine life

pollution then it makes the soil toxic

reduce oil usage

6.
The alkenes are a homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
alcons |

CH3
CH
CHz
-
cHz -
-

fie-cien
 3.5
7.
A South Korean chemist has discovered a cure for smelly socks. Small particles of silver are
attached to a polymer, poly(propene), and this is woven into the socks.

(a) (i) Give the structural formula of the monomer.

CH CH2
=

CH3
-

[1]
(ii) Draw the structural formula of the polymer.

(H (H2 2Hz (H) CH2

=

-
= -

CHz
-

[2]

(ii) Suggest which one, monomer or polymer, will react with aqueous bromine and why?

monomer because it has a double bond.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[2]

[1]
(ii) Complete the word equation.
cit
Ester + water alconol
carboxylic acid + …………………. [1]

8.
The synthetic polymer, nylon, has the same linkage as proteins. Draw the structural
formula of nylon.

H H O
-NrN -
B -

D - j -

Lone units

[3]

[2]
(b) Fermentation can be carried out in the apparatus drawn below. After a few days the
reaction stops. It has produced a 12% aqueous solution of ethanol.

(i) Complete the equation.

C6H12O6 ………………ICO2
ICIH5OH + ……………………..
 Glucose ethanol carbon dioxide [2]

(ii) Suggest a reason why the reaction stops after a few days.

from color ofthe sample it

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]
fades

(iii) Why is it essential that there is no oxygen in the flask?

amide linkage
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

(iv) What technique is used to separate the aqueous ethanol?

fractional distillation
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

9.
(b) Complete the word equations for the reactions of ethanoic acid.

calcium + ethanoic acid calcium

…………………………… ethanoate
+ water
……………………………

zinC
……………………… + ethanoic acid zinc ethanoate + water [2]

(c) Write the symbol equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium
hydroxide.

CHSCOOH + NaOH - CHSLOONG +H20

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]

10.
The alcohols form a homologous series. The first member is methanol and the fourth is
butanol.

CH3- OH CH3- CH2-CH2 -CH2- OH

Methanol butanol
 (a) (i) Give two general characteristics of a homologous series.

same general formula

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

same functional group

……………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]

(b) Give the name and structural formula of the third member of this series.

namepropanol
……………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]

structural formula H H
H
166

C c c-t
H -
-
-

(c) The structural formula of the fifth member, pentan-1-ol, is drawn below.

CH3- CH2-CH2 -CH2 -CH2 –OH

(i) Draw the structural formula of an isomer of this alcohol.

H

↑. "2 Yz c -
-
- -
H

i icts I

[1]
(ii) Predict the names of the product(s) formed when pentan-1-ol

• reacts with an excess of oxygen,

…………………….. water
carbon dioxide and ………………………. [1]

• is dehydrated to form an alkene,

 pentence
…………………………………………………….. [1]

• is oxidised by acidified potassium dichromate(VI).

pentanoic
acid
…………………………………………………….. [1]

11.
The fractional distillation of crude oil usually produces large quantities of the heavier
fractions. The market demand is for the lighter fractions and for the more reactive alkenes.
The heavier fractions are cracked to form smaller alkanes and alkenes as in the following
example.
C8H18

C4 H10 + C 4H 8 octane
butane butene
(a) (i) Write a different equation for the cracking of octane.

C8H18 C3H6
………………… C3 H12
+ ……………………
[1]

ii)The cracking of octane can produce isomers with the molecular formula C4H8.
Draw the structural formulae of two of these isomers.
HH

re.- )
4

1 -
c++2- 1+
-

1
-

H 1H
1

#
H

but-2-ene but-1-ene.

[2]

(b) (i) Give the essential condition for the reaction between chlorine and butane.
 UV light and heat.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]

(ii) What type of reaction is this?

ChIOVinAtiON
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]

(c) Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes and are used to make a range of organic
chemicals. Propene, CH3–CH=CH2, is made by cracking. Give the structural formula of the
addition product when propene reacts with the following.

(i) water H

propanol
. .

c -
04

↓H H1
[1]

(ii) bromine

dibromo propene If
H
#

H- cc c
=
-
-

H
1

isr Br [1]
11)
Fats are esters. Some fats are saturated, others are unsaturated.
 (i) Write the word equation for the preparation of the ester, propyl ethanoate.

propanol ethanoic acid propyl ethanoate

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
->

……………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]

(iii) Deduce the structural formula of this ester showing each individual bond.

H 0 H

c
11
↑
-
-

H
[2]

12.
A major source of energy is the combustion of fossil fuels. (a)
(i) Name a solid fossil fuel.

coal
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

(ii) Name a gaseous fossil fuel.

natural gas
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

(b) Petroleum is separated into more useful fractions by fractional distillation.

(i) Name two liquid fuels obtained from petroleum.

disel
…………………………………….…….. kerosene
and …………………………………….. [2]
(ii) Name two other useful products obtained from petroleum that are not used as fuels.

lubricating
oil
…………………………………………. buitemen
and ……………………………………………. [2]

(iii) Give another mixture of liquids that is separated on an industrial scale by fractional
distillation.

crude oil
………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]

13.
Esters, fats and polyesters all contain the ester linkage. (a)
The structural formula of an ester is given below.

Name two chemicals that could be used to make this ester and draw their structural
formulae. Show all bonds.

ethanol
Names………………………………………..…… putanoic acid
and………………………………………….. [2]

structural formulae

H-C- C
H
H
(
-
OH
1.IF,0 -
H

it i +i
ethano | butanoic acid

[2]
14.
 (i) Complete the equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.

C2H5OH + O2 zC02
………………… + 2H20
………………… [2]

15.
430s
(c) The fermentation of glucose is catalysed by enzymes from yeast. Yeast is added to
aqueous glucose, the solution starts to bubble and becomes cloudy as more yeast cells
are formed.

C6H12O6(aq) 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)

The reaction is exothermic.

Eventually the fermentation stops when the concentration of ethanol is about 12%.

(i) What is an enzyme?

a biological catalyst that increases rate of reaction without

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

being chemically changed.

(ii) On a large scale, the reaction mixture is cooled. Suggest a reason why this is
necessary.

so the enzyme doesn't denature

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]

16.
same general formula
same functional group.

zinc methanoate water

because aluminum forms an oxide layer

so the methanoic acid doesnt react

butanoic acid
C4H802
CH3CHI COOH
#2504

methyethanoate

H o H
1)

H -
i -

0 -

c -
c -
H

it it

Terylene

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