Beginning and Intermediate Algebra

Student Solutions Manual

Complete worked solutions to odd problems

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1
 Beginning and Intermediate Algebra
Student Solutions Manual Table of Contents

Chapter 0: Arithmetic .....................................3

Chapter 1: Solving Linear Equations ..............11
Chapter 2: Graphing Linear Equations ...........40
Chapter 3: Inequalities ..................................55
Chapter 4: Systems of Equations ...................62
Chapter 5: Polynomials .................................88
Chapter 6: Factoring ......................................99
Chapter 7: Rational Expressions ..................109
Chapter 8: Radical Expressions ....................130
Chapter 9: Quadratics .................................144
Chapter 10: Functions .................................189

2
 Chapter 0: Arithmetic

3
0.1

1) 1−3 −8+5=−3 43) (−5 ) ( 4 )=−20

1+ (−3 ) =−2
21) (−2 ) + (−5 ) =−7 45) ( 4 ) (−6 )=−24
3) (−6 )−(−8)
−6+ 8=2 23) 5−¿ −49
47) =7
5+6=11 −7
5) (−3 ) −3
(−3 ) + (−3 )=−6 25) −6+ 3=−3 −2
49) =2
−1
7) 3−(−5) 27) 4−7
3+5=8 4 + (−7 )=−3 20
51) =2
10
9) (−7 )−(−5) 29) (−7 )+7=0
−35
−7+5=−2 53) =7
31) ( 4 ) (−1 )=−4 −5
11) 3−(−1)
33) ( 10 ) (−8 ) =−80
−8
3+1=4 55) =4
−2

13) 6−3 35) (−4 ) (−2 )=8

−16
6−3=3 57) =−8
2
37) (−7 )( 8 ) =−56
15) (−5 ) +3=2 60
39) ( 9 ) (−4 )=−36 59) =−6
−10
17) 2−3
2+ (−3 ) =−1
41) (−5 ) ( 2 )=−10
19) (−8 )−(−5)

0.2

42 21 7 40 20 10 5
1) = = 11) = = =
12 6 2 45 15 5 16 8 4 2
7) = =
36 12 4
35 7 63 21 7
3) = 13) = =
25 5 27 9 3 18 6 2
9) = =
18 6 2
54 27 9 3 80 40 20 4
5) = = = 15) = = =
36 18 6 2 60 30 15 3

4
 17)
72 36 18 6
= = = 41)
−3 13
÷
59) ()
4 3 5 4
+
4 5 4 4 ()
60 30 15 5 2 7 12 25 37
+ =

19)
36 18 9 3
= = =
( )( )
−3 7
2 13
=
−21
26
20 20 20

24 12 6 2

43)
−1 2
÷
61) ( 44 ) 25 + 54 ( 55 )
1 3 8 25 33
+ =
21) ()
(19 ) 8 8
∙ = =8
1 9 11 ( )( )
−1 3 −3
1 2
=
2
20 20 20

23)
( 2 ) 2 −4
∙− = 8 1
45) ÷
63) ( 77 ) 98 +( −27 )( 88 )
1 9 9 9 5 63 −16 47
+ =
-1 ( )( )
8 5 40
= 56 56 56
25) (−2 ) (8)
13 −13
4=
4
9 1 9

-3 47)
−9 1
÷
65) ( 33 ) 11 +( −13 )
27) ( 5 )(−11
−6
)
4=
33 7 5 3 −1 2
+ =
8 20
( )( )
−9 5 −45
7 1
=
7
3 3 3

4
29)1
1
()
( 8) 1 4
1= =4
1 2 1
2 49)
−2 −3
÷
67) ( −12 )+ 32 = 22 =1
9 2
31) ( )( ) =
2 3 1
3 4 2
( )( )
+2 2
=
9 +3 27
4
69) ( 44 ) 15 + 34 ( 55 )
1

1 ( 2)
( 2) 3 3 4 15 19
33) 1= =3 1 3 + =
1 51) ÷ 20 20 20
10 2 1

( )( )
5 1 2 1
35) ( )( )
1 −7 −7
2 5
=
10
=
10 3 15 71) ( 88 ) −57 − 158 ( 77 )
−40 −105 −145
+ =
37)
−2 7
÷
1 4
53)
3 ( )
1 −4 −3
+
3
=
3
=−1 56 56 56

( )( )
−2 4 −8
1 7
=
7 55)
3 1 2
− =
73) ( 77 ) 61 − 87
7 7 7 42 8 34
− =
−1 −1 7 7 7
39) ÷ 11 7 18
9 2 57) + = =3
6 6 6
( )( )
+1 2
=
9 +1 9
2 75) ( 44 ) 32 − 158
5
 12 15 −3
− = 81)
5 −1
− ( )
( 66 ) −11 −( −16 )
8 8 8 3 3
79)
5 1 6
+ = =2
77) ( 33 )( −158 )+ 53 ( 88 ) −6 1 −5
+ =
6 6 6
3 3 3

−45 40 −5
+ =
24 24 24

0.3

1) −6 ∙ 4 (−1) 4−14
−24 (−1) −10
24

3) 3+(8)÷|4|
3+8 ÷( 4)
3+2
5

5) 8 ÷ 4 ∙ 2 13) [ −1− (−5 ) ] ∨3+2∨¿

2 ∙2 [4 ](5)
4 20

7) [−9−(2−5)]÷(−6)
[−9− (−3 ) ]÷(−6) 2+ 4|7 +22|
15)
[(−6)]÷(−6) 4 ∙ 2+ 5∙ 3
1 Numerator : 2+ 4∨7+22∨¿
2+ 4∨7 +4∨¿
9) −6+ (−3−3 )2 ÷∨3∨¿ 2+4∨11∨¿
−6+(6) ÷ 3
2 2+ 4(11)
−6+ 36÷ 3 2+ 44
−6+12 46
6 Denominator :4 ∙ 2+5 ∙3
8+15
11) 4−2|3 2−16| 23
46
4−2∨9−16∨¿ Fraction: =2
23
4−2∨−7∨¿
4−2(7)

6
 (
17) [ 6 ∙ 2+ 2−(−6 ) ] −5+ (| −18
6 )|)
[ 12+2−(−6 ) ] ( −5+|−3|)
[ 14−(−6 ) ] (−5+ ( 3 ) )
[20](−2)
−40

−13−2
19)
2−(−1 ) + (−6 )−[−1−(−3 ) ]
3

Numerator :−13−2
−15
Denominator : 2−(−1 ) + (−6 )−[−1−(−3 ) ]
3

2− (−1 )3 + (−6 )−[ 2 ]

2−(−1)+ (−6 )−[ 2]
3+ (−6 )−[2]
−3−[2]
−5
15
Fraction:− =3
−5

−8−4+ (−4 ) −[ −4−(−3 ) ]

21) 6 ∙
( 4 2+3 2 ) ÷ 5
Numerator :−8−4 + (−4 )− [−4−(−3 ) ]
−8−4 + (−4 )− [−1 ]
−12+ (−4 )−[−1]
−16−[−1]
−15
Denominator : ( 4 + 3 ) ÷ 5
2 2

(16+ 9)÷ 5
(25)÷ 5
5
15
Fraction: 6 ∙− =6 ∙−3=−18
5

7
 3
2 +4
23)
−18−6 + (−4 )−[ −5 (−1 ) (−5 ) ]
Numerator :23 + 4
8+ 4
12
Denominator :−18−6+ (−4 )−[−5 (−1 )(−5 ) ]
−18−6+ (−4 ) −[ 5 (−5 ) ]
−18−6+ (−4 ) −[−25 ]
−24+ (−4 )−[−25]
−28−[−25]
−3
12
Fraction: =−4
−3

5+32−24 ÷ 6∙ 2
25)
[ 5+3 ( 22−5 ) ]+|22−5|
2

2
Numerator :5+ 3 −24 ÷ 6 ∙ 2
5+9−24 ÷ 6 ∙ 2
5+9−4 ∙2
5+9−8
14−8
6
Denominator : [ 5+3 ( 22−5 ) ]+|22−5|
2

[ 5+3 ( 4−5 ) ]+|4−5|2

2
[ 5+3 (−1 ) ] +|−1|
[ 5−3 ] + (−1 )2
[ 2 ] + (−1 )2
2+1
3
6
Fraction: =2
3

0.4

1) p+1+q−m ,use m=1 , p=3 , q=4 7

( 3 ) +1+ ( 4 )−(1)
4 + ( 4 )−(1) pq
3) p− ,use p=6 , q=5
8−(1) 6

8
 ( 6 )( 5 ) ( 6 )−( 3 )−[ ( 6 )−1−3]
( 6 )−
6 ( 6 )−( 3 )−[ 5−3]
( 6 )−(5) ( 6 )−( 3 )−[2]
1 3−[2]
1
5) c 2− ( a−1 ) , use a=3 , c=5
( 5 )2− [ ( 3 )−1 ] 15) y− [ 4− y−( z−x ) ] , use x=3 , y=1 , z=6
2
( 5 ) −[2] ( 1 )−{4−( 1 )− [ ( 6 )−( 3 ) ] }
25−[ 2] ( 1 )−{4−( 1 )− [ 3 ] }
23 ( 1 )−{3−[ 3 ] }
( 1 )−{0 }
kh 1
7) 5 j+ ,use h=5 , j=4 , k=2
2
(2) (5) 17) k ×3 2−( j+ k )−5 , use j=4 , k=5
5 (4 )+
2 ( 5 ) 32−[ ( 4 ) + ( 5 ) ]−5
5 ( 4 ) +5
( 5 ) 32−[ 9 ] −5
20+5
25 ( 5 ) 9− [ 9 ] −5
45−[ 9 ]−5
4−( p−m) 36−5
9) +q , use m−4 , p=6 , q=6 31
2
4−[ ( 6 ) −( 4 ) ]
( )
+(6) 4+x
2 19) zx− z− ,use x =2 , z=6
6
4−[ 2 ]

[ ]
+(6) 4 +( 2 )
2 ( 6 )( 2 )− ( 6 )−
2 6
+6
2
1+6=7 [
( 6 )( 2 )− ( 6 )−
6
6 ]
( 6 )( 2 )− [( 6 )−1 ]
n ( 6 )( 2 )−[5]
11) m+n+m+ ,use m=1 ,n=2
2 12−[5]
(2) 7
( 1 ) +( 2 ) +( 1 ) +
2
( 1 ) + ( 2 ) + ( 1 ) +1 21) r −9+10
3+ ( 1 ) +1 r +1
4 +1
5 23) n+ n
2n

13) q− p− ( q−1−3 ) , use p=3 , q=6 25) 8 v+7 v

9
 15 v
53) 9 ( b+10 )+ 5 b
27) −7 x−2 x 9 b+ 90+5 b
−9 x 14 b+ 90

29) k −2+7 55) −3 x ( 1−4 x )−4 x 2

k +5 −3 x+ 12 x 2−4 x 2
2
8 x −3 x
31) x−10−6 x+1
−5 x−9
57) −4 k 2−8 k (8 k +1)
2 2
33) m−2 m −4 k −64 k −8 k
2
−m −68 k −8 k

35) 9 n−1+n+ 4 59) 1−7 (5+7 p)

10 n+3 1−35−49 p
−49−49 p
37) −8( x−4)
−8 x +32 61) −10−4 (n−5)
−10−4 n+ 20
39) 8 n(n+9) −4 n+10
2
8 n +72 n
63) 4 ( x+7 )+ 8(x +4 )
41) 7 k (−k +6) 4 x+28+ 8 x+32
2 12 x+60
−7 k + 42 k

65) −8 ( n+6 )−8 n (n+8)

43) −6 (1+ 6 x)
−6−36 x −8 n−48−8 n2−64 n
2
−8 n −72n−48
45) 8 m(5−m)
40 m−8 m
2 67) 7 ( 7+3 v )+10 (3−10 v)
49+ 21 v+ 30−100 v
47) −9 x (4−x ) −79 v +79
2
−36 x +9 x
69) 2 n (−10 n+5 )−7 (6−10 n)
49) −9 b (b−10) −20 n2 +10 n−42+70 n
2
2
−9 b + 90 b −20 n +80 n−42

51) −8 n(5+10 n) 71) 5 ( 1−6 k )+ 10(k −8)

−40 n−80 n
2 5−30 k +10 k−80
−20 k −75

10
 73) ( 8 n 2−3 n )− ( 5+4 n2 ) 79) ( 4−2 k 2 ) +(8−2 k 2 )
2 2 2 2
8 n −3 n−5−4 n 4−2k + 8−2 k
2 2
4 n −3 n−5 −4 k +12

75) ( 5 p−6 )+(1− p) 81) ( x 2−8 )+(2 x 2−7)

5 p−6+ 1− p x 2−8+2 x 2−7
4 p−5 2
3 x −15

77) ( 2−4 v 2 ) +(3 v 2+2 v )

2−4 v 2+3 v 2+ 2 v
2
−v +2 v+2

11
 Chapter 1: Solving Linear Equations

12
1.1

1) v+ 9=16 n 20 b −200
13) ( 12 ) (−9 )= ( 12 ) 27) =
−9−9 12 20 20
v=7 −108=n b=−10

3) x−11=−16 20 v −160 r 5
15) = 29) ( 14 ) = (14 )
+11+11 20 20 14 14
x=−5 v=−8 r =5

5) 30=a+20 340 20 n 31) −7=a+ 4

17) =
−20−20 20 20 −4−4
10=a 17=n −11=a

7) x−7=−26 16 x 320 33) 10=x−4

19) =
+7+7 16 16 + 4+ 4
x=−19 x=20 14=x

9) 13=n−5 21) −16+ n=−13 13 a −143

35) =
+5+5 +16+16 13 13
18=n n=3 a=−11

340 −17 x 23) p−8=−21 p

11) = 37) ( 20 ) =−12(20)
−17 −17 +8+ 8 20
−20=x p=−13 p=−240

180 12 x 39) 9+ m=−7

25) =
12 12 −9−9
15=x m=−16

1.2

n 98 −8 n −80
1) 5+ =4 =(−7 r )/−7 =
4 −7 −8 −8
−5−5 −14=r n=10
n
( 4 ) =−1( 4)
4 0 −6 v
1) =
n=−4 −6 −6
0=v
1) 102=−7 r+ 4 1) −8 n+3=−77
−4−4 −3−3 x
1) −8= −6
5

13
 +6+ 6 b n
( 3 ) =3(3) ( 2 ) (−8 )= ( 2 )
x 3 2
( 5 ) (−2 )= ( 5 )
5 b=9 −16=n
−10=x
1) 152=8 n+ 64 r
1) −6=−5
k −64−64 8
1) 0=−7+
2 88 8 n +6+ 6
=
+7+7 8 8 r
( 8 ) =1(8)
k 11=n 8
( 2 ) 7= ( 2 )
2 r =8
14=k 1) −16=8 a+64
−64−64 1) −40=4 n−32
1) −12+3 x=0 −80 8 a +32+32
=
+12+12 8 8 −8 4 n
=
3 x 12 −10=a 4 4
=
3 3 −2=n
x=4 1) 56+8 k=64
−56−56 1) 87=3−7 v
8k 8 −3−3
=
8 8 84 −7 v
=
k =1 −7 −7
1) 24=2 n−8 −12=v
+8+ 8 1) −2 x+ 4=22
32 2 n −4−4 1) −x +1=−11
=
2 2 −2 x 18 −1−1
=
16=n −2 −2 −x −12
=
x=−9 −1 −1
1) 2=−12+ 2r x=12
+12+12 1) −20=4 p+ 4
14 2r −4−4
=
2 2 −24 4 p
=
7=r 4 4
−6= p
b
1) + 7=10
3 n
1) −5=3+
−7−7 2
−3−3
1.3

1) 2− (−3 a−8 )=1 −10−10

2+3 a+ 8=1 3 a −9
=
10+3 a=1 3 3

14
 a=−3 +8 m+8 m
−1+m=7
3) −5 (−4 +2 v )=−50 +1+1
20−10 v=−50 m=8
−20−20
−10 v −70 15) 1−12 r=29−8 r
=
−10 −10 +12 r +12 r
v=7 1=29+ 4 r
−29−29
5) 66=6(6+5 x) −28 4 r
=
66=36+30 x 4 4
−36−36 −7=r
30 30 x
=
30 30 17) 20−7 b=−12b+ 30
1=x +12 b+12 b
20+5 b=30
7) 0=−8( p−5) −20−20
0=−8 p+40 5 b 10
=
−40−40 5 5
−40 −8 p b=2
=
−8 −8
5=p 19) −32−24 v=34−2 v
+24 v +24 v
−32=34 +22 v
9) −2+2 ( 8 x−7 )=−16 −34−34
−2+16 x−14=−16 −66 22 v
=
16 x−16=−16 22 22
+16+16 −3=v
16 x 0
= 21) −2−5 ( 2−4 m ) =33+5 m
16 16
x=0 −2−10+ 20 m=33+5 m
−12+20 m=33+5 m
11) −21 x+12=−6−3 x −5 m−5 m
+21 x+ 21 x −12+15 m=33
12=−6+18 x +12+12
+6+ 6 15 m 45
=
18 18 x 15 15
= m=3
18 18
1=x
23) −4 n+11=2 ( 1−8 n )+ 3 n
13) −1−7 m=−8 m+ 7 −4 n+11=2−16 n+3 n
−4 n+11=2−13 n
15
 +13 n+13 n
9 n+11=2 31) −57=−(− p+1 ) +2(6+ 8 p)
−11−11 −57=p−1+12+16 p
9 n −9 −57=17 p +11
=
9 9 −11−11
n=−1 −68 17 p
=
17 17
25) −6 v−29=−4 v−5(v +1) −4= p
−6 v−29=−4 v−5 v−5 33) −2 ( m−2 ) +7 ( m−8 )=−67
−6 v−29=−9 v−5 −2 m+ 4+ 7 m−56=−67
+9 v+ 9 v 5 m−52=−67
3 v −29=−5 +52+52
+29+29 5 m −15
=
3 v 24 5 5
=
3 3 m=−3
v=8
35) 50=8 ( 7+7 r )−(4 r +6)
27) 2 ( 4 x−4 )=−20−4 x 50=56+56 r−4 r −6
8 x−8=−20−4 x 50=52r +50
+ 4 x+ 4 x −50−50
12 x−8=−20 0 52 r
=
+8+ 8 52 52
12 x −12 0=r
=
12 12
x=−1 37) −8 ( n−7 ) +3 ( 3 n−3 )=41
−8 n+56+ 9 n−27=41
n+ 47=41
−47−47
n=−6

39) −61=−5 (5 r −4 ) +4 (3 r−4)

−61=−25 r +20+12 r−16
29) −a−5 ( 8 a−1 )=39−7 a −61=−13 r+ 4
−a−40 a+5=39−7 a −4−4
−41a+ 5=39−7 a −65 −13 r
+ 41 a+41 a =
−13 −13
5=39+34 a 5=r
−39−39 1) −2 ( 8 n−4 )=8(1−n)
−34 34 a −16 n+8=8−8 n
=
34 34 +16 n +16 n
−1=a 8=8+8 n

16
 −8−8
0 8n 1) −6 ( 8 k + 4 )=−8 ( 6 k + 3 )−2
=
8 8 −48 k−24=−48 k−24−2
0=n −48 k−24=−48 k−26
+ 48 k +48 k
1) −3 (−7 v +3 )+ 8 v=5 v−4 (1−6 v ) −24=−26
21 v−9+8 v =5 v−4+24 v false
29 v −9=29 v−4 No Solution ∅
−29 v −29 v
−9=−4 1) −2 ( 1−7 p )=8( p−7)
false , No Solution ∅ −2+14 p=8 p−56
−8 p−8 p
1) −7 ( x−2 )=−4−6 (x−1) −2+6 p=−56
−7 x +14=−4−6 x +6 +2+2
−7 x +14=2−6 x 6 p −54
=
+7 x +7 x 6 6
14=2+ x p=−9
−2−2
12=x

1. 4

3 21 −6 −5 x
1) ( 1+ p )= =
45 4 20 −5 −5
3 3 21 6
( 20 ) + ( 20 ) p= (20) =x
5 5 20 5
12+12 p=21
−12−12 6 3 6 5 113
5) ( 24 ) −( 24 ) m= ( 24 )
12 p 9 4 4 24
=
12 12 18−30 m=113
3 −18−18
p=
4 −30 m 95
=
−30 −30
−5 6 −19
3) 0= x− m=
4 5 2 6

( )
( 4 ) 0=( 4 )
−5
4
3
x + ( 4)
2
0=−5 x+ 6
−6−6
7)
635 −5 −11
72
=
2 9 4 (
+x ) 36

17
 635 55 5 110=−45 p+50
( 72 ) =( 72 ) − x ( 72 )
72 8 2 −50 −50
635=495−180 x 60 −45 p
=
−495−495 −45 −45
140 −180 x −4
= =p
−180 −180 3
−7
=x
( )
9 16 −4 −4 4
17) = n−
9 3 3 3
9 −11 16 16 16
9) ( 5 ) 2 b+ ( 5 ) = (5) ( 9 ) =( 9 ) n+ (9)
5 5 9 9 9
10 b+9=−11 16=16 n+16
−9−9 −16−16
10 b −20 0 16 n
= =
10 10 16 16
b=−2 0=n
11)
3 7
2 3 ( n+1 = )
3
2
7 3 3
( 2 ) n+ ( 2 ) = (2 )
2 2 2
7 n+3=3
−3−3
7n 0
=
7 7 19)
−5 5
= r−( )
8 4 2 2
3

n=0 −5 5 15
( 8 )=( 8 ) r− ( 8 )
8 4 8
13) −a−
5 −8
4 34( )
a+1 =
−19
44 3
−5=10 r−15
+15+15
10 5 −19 10 10 r
−a ( 12 ) + ( 12 ) a−( 12 ) = (12 ) =
3 4 4 10 10
−12 a+ 40 a−15=−57 1=r
28 a−15=−57
+15+15
28 a −42
=
21)
−11 3
3
+ b= b−
2
2 ( )
3
5
2
5
3
3
28 28 −11 3 5 25
−3 ( 6 ) + ( 6 ) b=( 6 ) b− (6)
a= 3 2 2 6
2 −22+9 b=15 b−25
−9 b−9 b
15)
55 −5 3
6 2=
2 2
p−
3 (5
3 ) 2
−22=6 b−25
+25+25
55 15 25
( 12 ) =( 12 )− p+ (12 )
6 4 6
18
 3 6b
=
( )
6 6 3 3 −7 19
27) v+ = v−
1 62 2 34 6 3 2
=b
2 3 9 −7 19
( 12 ) v + ( 12 ) = v ( 12 ) − (12 )
2 4 4 6
23) − ( −52 x− 32 )= −32 + x 18 v +27=−21 v −38
+21 v +21 v
5 3 −3 39 v +27=−38
(2) x +( 2) = (2)+(2) x
2 2 2 −27−27
5 x+ 3=−3+ 2 x 39 v −65
=
−2 x −2 x 39 39
3 x+ 3=−3 −5
v=
−3−3 3
3 x −6
=
( )
3 3 47 3 5 5
29) + x= 9 x+1 3
x=−2 92 2 3 2 6
47 3 25 5
45 8 3 4
7 19 ( 18 ) + ( 18 ) x= (18 ) x + ( 18 )
25) ( 16 ) + ( 16 ) n=( 16 ) n− ( 16 ) 9 2 6 3
16 2 4 16 94 +27 x=75 x+30
45+ 24 n=28 n−19 −27 x−27 x
−24 n−24 n 94=48 x +30
45=4 n−19 −30−30
+19 +19 64 48 x
64 4 n =
= 48 48
4 4 4
16=n =x
3

1.5

ab c
1) = for b
a a a
5) ( b ) 3 x= ( b ) for x
c b
b=
a 3 bx a
=
3b 3b
f a
3) ( g ) x=b ( g ) for x x=
g 3b
fx bg
=
f f E m c2
bg 7) = for m
x= c2 c2
f

19
 E L
=m =L o
c
2
1+ at

23) 2 m+ p=4 m+ q for m

4 3 −2 m=2 m
9) ( 3 ) V =( 3 ) π r for π
3 p=2m+q
3v 4 π r
3 −q−q
3
= 3 p−q 2 m
4r 4r =
3v 2 2
3
=π p−q
4r =m
2
11) a+ c=b for c
−a−a
c=b−a

k−m
4y 25) ( r ) =q ( r ) for k
13) c ( m+ n )= ( m+n ) for y r
m+ n
k −m=qr
c ( m+n ) 4 y
= +m+m
4 4
k =qr +m
c ( m+n )
=y
4
27) h=vt −16 t 2 for v
πDn
15) ( 12 ) V = ( 12 ) for D 2
+16 t + 16 t
2
12
2
12 v πDn h+16 t vt
= =
πn πn t t
2
12 v h+16 t
=D =v
πn 2

p n ( p−c ) 29) Q1=P ( Q2−Q 1 ) for Q2

17) = for n
p−c p−c Q1=P Q2−P Q1
p + P Q 1+ P Q 1
=n
p−c Q 1+ P Q 1 P Q 2
=
P P
D−d
19) ( L ) T = ( L ) for D Q 1+ P Q 1
L =Q2
P
¿=D−d
+d + d
kA ( T 1 +T 2 )
¿+ d=D 31) ( d ) R= ( d ) for T 1
d
L ( 1+ at ) dR=kA (T 1+ T 2 )
L
21) = 0 dR=kA T 1 +kA T 2
1+ at 1+ at

20
 −kA T 2 −kA T 2 41) ax +bx=c for a
dR−kA T 2 kA T 1 −bx−bx
= ax c−bx
kA kA =
dR−kA T 2 x x
=T 1 c−bx
kA a=
x
33) ax +b=c for a
−b−b 43) x +5 y=3 for y
ax c−b −x−x
= 5 y 3−x
x x =
c−b 5 5
a= 3−x
x y=
5
lwh V
35) = for w 1) 3 x+ 2 y =7 for y
lh lh
V −3 x−3 x
w= 2 y 7−3 x
lh =
2 2
1 c 7−3 x
37) ( a ) +b ( a ) = ( a ) for a y=
a a 2
1+ba=c
−1−1 1) 5 a−7 b=4 for b
ba c−1 −5 a−5 a
= −7 b 4−5 a
b b =
c−1 −7 −7
a= 4−5 a
b b=
−7
39) at−bw=5 for t
+bw + bw 1) 4 x−5 y=8 for y
at 5+bw −4 x−4 x
= −5 y 8−4 x
a a =
5+bw −5 −5
t= 8−4 x
a y=
−5

1.6

1) |m|=−6 3) |n|=4
false n=4 ,−4
No Solution ∅
5) |b|=7

21
 b=7 ,−7
19) |v+ 10|=2
¿ v+10=2 ,−2
7) ( 7 ) ¿ x∨ 7 =5 ( 7 ) ¿
−10−10−10
|x|=35 v=−8 ,−12
x=35 ,−35
21) −4−|a−5|=−13
9) −10+|k|=−15 + 4+ 4
+10+10 −|a−5| −9
|k|=−5 =
−1 −1
false |a−5|=9
No Solution ∅ a−5=9 ,−9
+5+5+5
a=14 ,−4

11) 10|x|+7=57 10|−6 x| 60

−7−7 23) =
10 10
10| x| 50 |−6 x|=6
=
10 10 −6 x 6 6
|x|=5 = ,−
−6 −6 −6
x=5 ,−5 x=−1 , 1

13) 10−5|m|=70
−10−10 25)
−7 |7n|=−2
−5|m| 60 −7 −7
=

||
−5 −5 n 2
|m|=−12 =
7 7
false n 2 2
No Solution ∅ ( 7 ) = ( 7 ) ,− ( 7 )
7 7 7
n=2 ,−2
15) 9|x|−4=5
+ 4+ 4 27) −8|−7 + p|−6=−14
9|x| 9 +6+ 6
=
9 9 −8|−7+ p| −8
|x|=1 =
−8 −8
x=1 ,−1 |−7+ p|=1
−7+ p=1 ,−1
+7+7 +7
17) |10n |=1 ( 10) 10n =1 ( 10) ,−1 ( 10) p=8 ,6

n=10 ,−10

22
 −1
x= ,−3
3

29) −3|7+ x|−7=−1 39) −3+|6+6 k|=−45

+7+7 +3 +3
−3|7+ x| 6 |6+ 6 k|=−42
=
−3 −3 false
|7+ x|=−2 No Solution ∅
false
No Solution ∅
41) |2 n+5|+ 5=0
31) |−7−5 r|=32 −5−5
−7−5 r=32 ,−32 |2 n+5|=−5
+7+7 +7 false No Solution ∅
−5 r 39 −25
= ,
−5 −5 −5 43) 3−2|5−m|=9
−39 −3−3
r= ,5
5 −2|5−m| 6
=
−2 −2
33) |8 n−6|=66 |5−m|=−3
8 n−6=66 ,−66 false No Solution ∅
+6+ 6+6
8 n 72 60 45) |−10 x−4|−10=66
= ,−
8 8 8 +10+10
15 |−10 x−4|=76
n=9 ,−
2
−10 x−4=76 ,−76
+ 4+ 4+ 4
35) |2 v +7|=11
−10 x 80 −72
2 v +7=11 ,−11 = ,
−10 −10 −10
−7−7−7 36
2 v 4 18 x=−8 ,
= ,− 5
2 2 2
v=2 ,−9

9|10+6 x| 72 47) |2+3 x|=¿ 4−2 x∨¿

37) =
9 9 2+3 x=4−2 x ,2+3 x=−(4−2 x)
|10+6 x|=8 +2 x+ 2 x 2+3 x=−4+2 x
10+6 x=8 ,−8 2+5 x=4 −2 x−2 x
−10−10−10 −2−2 2+ x=−4
6 x −2 18 5x 2
= ,− = −2−2
6 6 6 5 5

23
 2 −4 x−4 x 4 x−10=−9 x −12
x= x=−6
5 −10=5 x +12+9 x +9 x
2 −12−12 13 x−10=−12
x= ,−6
5 −22 5 x
= +10+10
5 5
49) |2 x3−5|=|3 x+2 4| −22
5
=x
13 x −2
13
=
13
2 x−5 3 x +4 2 x−5 −( 3 x + 4) −2
(6 ) = ( 6) , = x=
3 2 3 2 13
2 x−5 −3 x−4 −22 2
4 x−10=9 x +12 ( 6 ) = (6 ) x= ,−
3 2 5 13

1.7

1) c varies directly as a
c
=k
a

3) w varies inversely as x
wx=k

5) f varies jointly as x and y

f
=k
xy

7) h is directly proportional to b
h
=k
b

9) a is inversely proportional to b
ab=k

11) p is jointly proportional to q and r and p = 12 when q = 8 and r = 3

p
=k
qr
12 12 1
= =
( 8 ) ( 3 ) 24 2

13) t varies directly as the square of u and t = 6 when u = 3

24
 t
2
=k
u
(6) 6 2
= =
(3) 9 3
2

15) w is inversely proportional to the cube of x and w is 54 when x = 3

3
w x =k
( 54 )( 3 )3 =54 ( 27 )=1458

17) a is jointly proportional with the square of x and the square root of y and
a = 25 when x = 5 and y = 9
a
=k
x2
√y
( 25 ) 25 1
= =
( 5 ) √ ( 9 ) 25 ∙3 3
2

19) The electrical current, in amperes, in a circuit varies directly as the voltage. When 15 volts are
applied, the current is 5 amperes. What is the current when 18 volts are applied?
a
=k
v
( 5) 1
=
15 3
a 1
( 18 ) = (18 )
18 3
a=6 amperes

21) Hooke’s law states that the distance that a spring is stretched by hanging object varies directly as
the mass of the object. If the distance is 20 cm when the mass is 3 kg, what is the distance when
the mass is 5 kg?
d
=k
m
20 20
=
( 3) 3
x 20
=
5 3
100
x= =33.3 cm.
3

25
 23) The number of aluminum cans used each year varies directly as the number of people using the
cans. If 250 people use 60,000 cans in one year, how many cans are used each year in Dallas,
which has a population of 1,008,000?
c
=k
p
60000
=250
250
c
( 1,000,000 ) =240( 1,000,000)
1,000,000
c=241,920,000cans

25) According to Fidelity Investment Vision Magazine, the average weekly allowance of children varies
directly as their grade level. In a recent year, the average allowance of a 9th-grade student was
9.66 dollars per week. What was the average weekly allowance of a 4th-grade student?
a ( 9.66 )
=k =1.07
g ( 9)
x
( 4 ) =1.07 (4)
4
x=$ 4.28

27) The number of kilograms of water in a human body varies directly as the mass of the body. A 96-
kg person contains 64 kg of water. How many kilo grams of water are in a 60-kg person?
w ( 64 ) 2
=k =
m ( 96 ) 3
x 2
( 60 ) = ( 60 )
60 3
x=40 kg

29) The weight of an object on Mars varies directly as its weight on Earth. A person weighs 95lb on
Earth weighs 38 lb on Mars. How much would a 100-lb person weigh on Mars?
m 38 2
=k =
e 95 5
m 2
( 100 ) = ( 100 )
100 5
m=40 lbs

31) The time required to empty a tank varies inversely as the rate of pumping. If a pump can empty a
tank in 45 min at the rate of 600 kL/min, how long will it take the pump to empty the same tank at
the rate of 1000 kL/min?
tr=k ( 45 )( 600 )=27000

26
 t ( 1000 ) 27000
=
1000 1000
t=27 min

33) The stopping distance of a car after the brakes have been applied varies directly as the square of
the speed r. If a car, traveling 60 mph can stop in 200 ft, how fast can a car go and still stop in 72
ft?
d ( 200 ) 200 1
=k = =
r2 ( 60 )2 600 18
( r 2 ) 722 = 1 r 2
r 18
2
( 18 ) ( 72 )= r ( 18 )
18
√ 1296= √r 2
36 mph=r

35) The intensity of a light from a light bulb varies inversely as the square of the distance from the
bulb. Suppose intensity is 90 W/m2 (watts per square meter) when the distance is 5 m. How much
further would it be to a point where the intensity is 40 W/ m2?
2
I d =k ( 90 )( 5 )2=k
90 ( 25 ) =2250
2
40 d 2250
=
40 40
√ d =√ 56.25
2

d=7.5
7.5−5=2.5 m further

37) The intensity of a television signal varies inversely as the square of the distance from the
transmitter. If the intensity is 25 W/m 2 at a distance of 2 km, how far from the transmitter are you
when the intensity is 2.56 W/m 2?
2
I d =k ( 25 ) ( 2 )2=k
25 ( 4 )=100
( 2.56 ) d 2 100
=
2.56 2.56
√ d =√ 39.0625
2

d=6.25 m

27
1.8

1) When five is added to three more than a certain number, the result is 19. What is the number?
x +3+5=19
x +8=19
−8−8
x=11

3) When 18 is subtracted from six times a certain number, the result is − 42. What is the number?
6 x−18=−42
+18+18
6 x −24
=
6 6
x=−4

5) A number plus itself, plus twice itself, plus 4 times itself, is equal to − 104. What is the number?
x + x+ 2 x +4 x =−104
8 x −104
=
8 8
x=−13

7) Eleven less than seven times a number is five more than six times the number. Find the number.
7 x−11=6 x +5
−6 x−6 x
x−11=5
+11+11
x=16

9) The sum of three consecutive integers is 108. What are the integers?
F:x
S : x+1
T : x +2
3 x+ 3=108
−3−3
3 x 105
=
3 3
x=35 35 , 36 , 37

28
 11) Find three consecutive integers such that the sum of the first, twice the second, and three times
the third is − 76.
F: x →x
2 S :2 ( x +1 ) → 2 x +2
3 T :3 ( x+ 2 ) → 3 x+6
6 x +8=−76
−8−8
6 x −84
=
6 6
x=−14 −14 ,−13 ,−12

13) The sum of three consecutive odd integers is 189. What are the integers?
F:x
S : x+ 2
T : x +4
3 x+ 6=189
−6−6
3 x 183
=
3 3
x=61 61 , 63 ,65

15) Find three consecutive odd integers such that the sum of the first, two times the second, and
three times the third is 70.
F: x →x
2 S :2 ( x +2 ) → 2 x + 4
3 T :3 ( x+ 4 ) → 3 x+12
6 x +16=70
−16−16
6 x 54
=
6 6
x=9 9 , 11 ,13

17) Two angles of a triangle are the same size. The third angle is 12 degrees smaller than the first
angle. Find the measure the angles.
F:x (64)
S: x (64)
T : x−12 (64−12=52)

29
 3 x−12=180
+12+12
3 x 192
=
3 3
x=64 64 ° , 64 ° ,52 °

19) The third angle of a triangle is the same size as the first. The second angle is 4 times the third. Find
the measure of the angles.
F:x (30)
S :4 x (4 ∙30=120)
T:x (30)
6 x 180
=
6 6
x=30 30 ° ,120 ° ,30 °

21) The second angle of a triangle is twice as large as the first. The measure of the third angle is 20
degrees greater than the first. How large are the angles?
F:x (40)
S :2 x (2 ∙ 40=80)
T : x +20 (40+20=60)
4 x+20=180
−20−20
4 x 160
=
4 4
x=40 40 ° , 80 °, 60 °

23) The second angle of a triangle is five times as large as the first. The measure of the third angle is
12 degrees greater than that of the first angle. How large are the angles?
F:x (24)
S :5 x (5 ∙ 24=120)
T : x +12 (24 +12=36)
7 x +12=180
−12−12
7 x 168
=
7 7
x=24 24 ° , 120° , 36 °

30
 25) The second angle of a triangle is four times the first and the third is 5 degrees more than twice the
first. Find the measures of the angles.
F:x (25)
S :4 x ( 4 ∙25=100)
T :2 x+ 5 (2 ∙25+ 4=50+5=55)
7 x +5=180
−5−5
7 x 175
=
7 7
x=25 25 ° ,100 ° ,55 °

27) The perimeter of a rectangle is 304 cm. The length is 40 cm longer than the width. Find the length
and width.
L : x+ 40 (56+40=96)
W :x (56)
2 ( 2 x +40 )=304
4 x+ 80=304
−80−80
4 x 224
=
4 4
x=56 56 x 96

29) The perimeter of a rectangle is 280 meters. The width is 26 meters less than the length. Find the
length and width.
L:x (83)
W : x−26 (83−26=57)
2 ( 2 x−26 )=280
4 x−52=280
+52+52
4 x 332
=
4 4
x=83 57 x 83

31) A mountain cabin on 1 acre of land costs S30,000. If the land cost 4 times as much as the cabin,
what was the cost of each?
C:x (6000)
L :4 x (4 ∙6000=24000)
5 x 30000
=
5 5
x=6000 Cabin :$ 6,000 , Land : $ 24,000

31
 33) A bicycle and a bicycle helmet cost S240. How much did each cost, if the bicycle cost 5 times as
much as the helmet?
B:5 x (5 ∙ 40=200)
H :x (40)
6 x 240
=
6 6
x=40 Bike: $ 200 , Helmet : $ 40

35) If Mr. Brown and his son together had S220, and Mr. Brown had 10 times as much as his son, how
much money had each?
B:10 x (10 ∙ 20=200)
S: x (20)
11 x 220
=
11 22
x=20 Mr . Brown : $ 200 , Son :$ 20

37) Aaron had 7 times as many sheep as Beth, and both together had 608. How many sheep had
each?
A :7 x (7 ∙ 76=532)
B: x (76)
8 x 608
=
8 8
x=76 Aaron :532 Sheeep , Beth :76 Sheep

39) Jamal and Moshe began a business with a capital of S7500. If Jamal furnished half as much capital
as Moshe, how much did each furnish?
J:x (2500)
M : 2x (2 ∙2500=5000)
3 x 7500
=
3 3
x=2500 Jamal :$ 2500 , Moshe :$ 5000

41) A 6 ft board is cut into two pieces, one twice as long as the other. How long are the pieces?
L :2 x (2 ∙2=4)
S: x (2)
3x 6
=
3 3
x=2 4 ft ∧2 ft

32
 43) An electrician cuts a 30 ft piece of wire into two pieces. One piece is 2 ft longer than the other.
How long are the pieces?
L : x+2 (14+ 2=16)
S: x (14)
2 x+2=30
−2−2
2 x 28
=
2 2
x=14 16 ft∧14 ft

45) The cost of a private pilot course is $1,275. The flight portion costs $625 more than the ground
school portion. What is the cost of each?
F : x +625 (325+625=950)
G:x (325)
2 x+625=1275
−625−625
2 x 650
=
2 2
x=325 Flight :$ 950 ,Ground :$ 325

1.9

1) rA boy is 10 years older than his brother. In 4 years he will be twice as old as his brother. Find the
present age of each.
Now +4 H=2 B
H-boy x+10 x+14 ( x +14 ) =2(x+ 4)
B- x x+4
Brother x +14=2 x +8
−x−x
14=x+ 8
−8−8
6=x Boy :16 , Brother :6
3) Pat is 20 years older than his son James. In two years Pat will be twice as old as James. How old
are they now?
Now +2 P=2 J
P x+20 x+22 x +22=2( x +2)
J x x+2
x +22=2 x+ 4
−x−x
22=x + 4
−4−4
18=x Pat :38 , James :18

33
 5) Fred is 4 years older than Barney. Five years ago the sum of their ages was 48. How old are they
now?
Now −¿ F+ B=48
5
F x+4 x-1
( x−1 ) + ( x−5 ) =48
B x x-5 2 x−6=48

+6+ 6
2 x 54
=
2 2
x=27 Fred :31 , Barney :27

7) Tim is 5 years older than JoAnn. Six years from now the sum of their ages will be 79. How old are
they now?
Now +6 T + J =79
T x+5 x+11 ( x +11 )+ ( x+6 )=79
J x x+6
2 x+17=79
−17−17
2 x 62
=
2 2
x=31 Tim :36 , JoAnn :31

9) The sum of the ages of John and Mary is 32. Four years ago, John was twice as old as Mary. Find
the present age of each.
Now -4 J=2m
J x x-4 ( x−4 )=2(28−x )
M 32-x 28-x
x−4=56−2 x
+2 x+ 2 x
3 x−4=56
+ 4+ 4
3 x 60
=
3 3
x=20 John: 20 , Mary :12

11) The sum of the ages of a china plate and a glass plate is 16 years. Four years ago the china plate
was three times the age of the glass plate. Find the present age of each plate.
Now -4 C=3 G
C x x-4 ( x−4 )=3(12−x )
G 16-x 12-x
x−4=36−3 x

34
 +3 x +3 x
4 x−4=36
+ 4+ 4
4 x 40
=
4 4
x=10 China :10 ,Glass :6

13) A is now 34 years old, and B is 4 years old. In how many years will A be twice as old as B?
Now +t A=2 B
A 34 34+t 34+ t=2(4 +t)
B 4 4+t
34+ t =8+2 t
−t −t
34=8+t
−8−8
26=t

15) An Oriental rug is 52 years old and a Persian rug is 16 years old. How many years ago was the
Oriental rug four times as old as the Persian Rug?
Now -t O=4 P
O 52 52-t 52−t =4( 16−t )
P 16 16-t
52−t=64−4 t
+ 4 t+ 4 t
52+3 t=64
−52−52
3t 12
=
3 3
t=4

17) The age of the older of two boys is twice that of the younger; 5 years ago it was three times that
of the younger. Find the age of each.
Now -5 O=3 Y
O 2x 2x-5 2 x−5=3 (x−5)
Y x x-5
2 x−5=3 x−15
−2 x−2 x
−5=x−15
+15+15
10=x Older :20 ,Younger :10

19) Marge is twice as old as Consuelo. The sum of their ages seven years ago was 13. How old are they
now?
Now -7 M +C=13
M 2x 2x-7
35C x x-7
( 2 x−7 ) + ( x−7 )=13
3 x−14=13
+14 +14
3 x 27
=
3 3
x=9 Marge :18 , Consuelo :9

21) A silver coin is 28 years older than a bronze coin. In 6 years, the silver coin will be twice as old as
the bronze coin. Find the present age of each coin.
Now +6 S=2 B
S x+28 x+34 ( x +34 ) =2(x+ 6)
B x x+6
x +34=2 x +12
−x−x
34=x +12
−12−12
22=x Silver :50 , bronze :22

23) A limestone statue is 56 years older than a marble statue. In 12 years, the limestone will be three
times as old as the marble statue. Find the present age of the statues.
Now +12 L=3 M
L x+56 x+68 ( x +68 )=3 ( x+12)
M x x+12
x +68=3 x +36
−x−x
68=2 x +36
−36−36
32 2 x
=
2 2
16=x Limestone :72, Marble :16

25) Brandon is 9 years older than Ronda. In four years the sum of their ages will be 91. How old are
they now?
Now +4 B+ R=91
B x+9 x+13 ( x +13 ) + ( x+ 4 )=91
R x x+4
2 x+17=91
−17−17
2 x 74
=
2 2
x=37 Brandon: 46 , Ronda :37

36
 27) A father is three times as old as his son, and his daughter is 3 years younger than the son. If the
sum of their ages 3 years ago was 63 years, find the present age of the father.
Now -3 F+ S+ D+63
F 3x 3x-3 ( 3 x−3 ) + ( x−3 )+ ( x−6 )=63
S x x-3
D x-3 x-6 5 x−12=63
+12+12
5 x 75
=
5 5
x=15
Father :45 , Son=15 , Daughter : 12

29) The sum of the ages of two ships is 12 years. Two years ago, the age of the older ship was three
times the age of the newer ship. Find the present age of each ship.
Now -2 O=3 Y
O x x-2 ( x−2 )=3(10−x )
Y 12-x 10-x
x−2=30−x
+x+x
2 x−2=30
+2+2
4 x 32
=
4 4
x=8 8∧4

31) Ann is eighteen years older than her son. One year ago, she was three times as old as her son.
How old are they now?
Now -1 A=3 S
A x+18 x+17 ( x +17 )=3 (x−1)
S x x-1
x +17=3 x−3
−x−x
17=2 x−3
+3+3
20 2 x
=
2 2
10=x Ann:28 , Son :10

37
 33) A mosaic is 74 years older than the engraving. Thirty years ago, the mosaic was three times as old
as the engraving. Find the present age of each.
Now -30 M =3 E
M x+74 x+44 ( x +44 )=3(x −30)
E x x-30
x +44=3 x−90
−x−x
44=2 x−90
+90+ 90
134 2 x
=
2 2
67=x Mosaic :141 , Engraving :67

35) A wool tapestry is 32 years older than a linen tapestry. Twenty years ago, the wool tapestry was
twice as old as the linen tapestry. Find the present age of each.
Now -20 W =2 L
W x+32 x+12 ( x +12 )=2(x−20)
L x x-20
x +12=2 x−20
−x−x
12=x−20
+20+20
32=x Wool :84 , Linen :52

37) Nicole is 26 years old. Emma is 2 years old. In how many years will Nicole be triple Emma’s age?
Now +t N=3 E
N 26 26+t ( 26+t )=3 (2+t)
E 2 2+t
26+t =6+3 t
−t−t
26=6+2 t
−6−6
20 2 t
=
2 2
10=t

39) Mike is 4 years older than Ron. In two years, the sum of their ages will be 84. How old are they
now?
Now +2 M + R=84
M x+4 x+6 ( x +6 ) + ( x +2 )=84
R x x+2
2 x+ 8=84

38
 −8−8
2 x 76
=
2 2
x=38 Mike :42 , Ron:38

1.10

1) A is 60 miles from B. An automobile at A starts for B at the rate of 20 miles an hour at the same
time that an automobile at B starts for A at the rate of 25 miles an hour. How long will it be before
the automobiles meet?
r t d 20 t+ 25t=60
A 20 t 20t 45 t 60
B 25 t 25t =
45 45
t=1.33 hr

3) Two trains travel toward each other from points which are 195 miles apart. They travel at rate of
25 and 40 miles an hour respectively. If they start at the same time, how soon will they meet?
r t d 25 t+ 40 t=195
25 t 25t 65 t 195
40 t 40t =
65 65
t=3 hr

5) A passenger and a freight train start toward each other at the same time from two points 300
miles apart. If the rate of the passenger train exceeds the rate of the freight train by 15 miles per
hour, and they meet after 4 hours, what must the rate of each be?
r t d 4 r +4 r +60=300
P r+15 4 4r+60 8 r +60=300
F r 4 4r
−60−60
8 r 240
=
8 8
r =30 Passenger :45 mph , Freight :30 mph

7) A man having ten hours at his disposal made an excursion, riding out at the rate of 10 miles an
hour and returning on foot, at the rate of 3 miles an hour. Find the distance he rode.
r t D 10 t=30−3 t
r 10 t 10t +3 t+ 3 t
w 3 10-t 30-3t
13t 30
=
13 13

39
 30
t=
13
d=10 ( 3013 )= 300
13
mi

9) A boy rides away from home in an automobile at the rate of 28 miles an hour and walks back at
the rate of 4 miles an hour. The round trip requires 2 hours. How far does he ride?
r t d 28 t=8−4 t
r 28 t 28t + 4 t+ 4 t
w 4 2-t 8-4t
32t 8
=
32 32
t=.25
d=28 ( .25 )=7 mi .

11) A family drove to a resort at an average speed of 30 mph and later returned over the same road at
an average speed of 50 mph. Find the distance to the resort if the total driving time was 8 hours.
r t d 30 t=400−50 t
T 30 t 30t +50 t+ 50t
R 50 8-t 400-50t
80 t 400
=
80 80
t=5
d=30 ( 5 )=150 mi .

13) A, who travels 4 miles an hour starts from a certain place 2 hours in advance of B, who travels 5
miles an hour in the same direction. How many hours must B travel to overtake A?
r t D 4 t+8=5 t
A 4 t+2 4t+8 −4 t−4 t
B 5 t 5t
8 hr =t

15) A motorboat leaves a harbor and travels at an average speed of 8 mph toward a small island. Two
hours later a cabin cruiser leaves the same harbor and travels at an average speed of 16 mph
toward the same island. In how many hours after the cabin cruiser leaves will the cabin cruiser be
alongside the motorboat?
r t d 8 t+ 16=16 t
M 8 t+2 8t+16 −8 t−8 t
C 16 t 16t
16 8 t
=
8 8
2 hr=t

40
 17) A car traveling at 48 mph overtakes a cyclist who, riding at 12 mph, has had a 3 hour head start.
How far from the starting point does the car overtake the cyclist?
r t d 48 t=12 t + 36
Ca 48 t 48t −12 t −12t
r
36 t 36
Cy 12 t+3 12t+36 =
36 36
t=1
d=48 ( 1 )=48 mi .

19) Two men are traveling in opposite directions at the rate of 20 and 30 miles an hour at the same
time and from the same place. In how many hours will they be 300 miles apart?
r t d 20 t+ 30t=300
20 t 20t 50t 300
30 t 30t =
50 50
300 t=6 hr

21) A motorboat leaves a harbor and travels at an average speed of 18 mph to an island. The average
speed on the return trip was 12 mph. How far was the island from the harbor if the total trip took
5 h?
r t d 18 t=60−12 t
T 18 t 18t +12 t+12 t
R 12 5-t 60-12t
30t 60
=
30 30
t=2
d=18 ( 2 ) =36 mi

23) A jet plane traveling at 570 mph overtakes a propeller-driven plane that has had a 2 h head start.
The propeller-driven plane is traveling at 190 mph. How far from the starting point does the jet
overtake the propeller-driven plane?
r t d 570 t=190 t+380
J 570 t 570t −190 t−190 t
P 190 t+2 190t+380
380t 380
=
380 380
t=1
d=570 ( 1 ) =570 mi .

25) As part of flight training, a student pilot was required to fly to an airport and then return. The
average speed on the way to the airport was 100 mph, and the average speed returning was 150
mph. Find the distance between the two airports if the total flight time was 5 h.

41
 r t d 100 t=750−150 t
T 100 t 100t +150 t+ 150t
R 150 5-t 750-150t 250t 750
=
250 250
t =3
d=100 ( 3 )=300 mi .

27) A car traveling at 56 mph overtakes a cyclist who, riding at 14 mph, has had a 3 h head start. How
far from the starting point does the car overtake the cyclist?
r t d 56 t=14 t +42
Ca 56 t 56t −14 t−14 t
r
42 t 42
Cy 14 t+3 14t+42 =
42 42
t=1
d=56 (1 ) =56 mi

29) A bus traveling at a rate of 60 mph overtakes a car traveling at a rate of 45 mph. If the car had a 1
h head start, how far from the starting point does the bus overtake the car?
r t d 60 t=45 t +45
B 60 t 60t −45t−45 t
C 45 t+1 45t+45
15t 45
=
15 15
t=3
d=60 (3 )=180 mi .

31) A truck leaves a depot at 11 A.M. and travels at a speed of 45 mph. At noon, a van leaves the
same place and travels the same route at a speed of 65 mph. At what time does the van overtake
the truck?
r t d 45 t +45=65 t
T 45 t+1 45t+45 −45t−45 t
V 65 t 65t
45 20 t
=
20 20
2.25=t
2.25=2hr 15 min .
12 :00 pm+2: 15=2 : 15 pm

42
 33) Three campers left their campsite by canoe and paddled downstream at an average rate of 10
mph. They then turned around and paddled back upstream at an average rate of 5 mph to return
to their campsite. How long did it take the campers to canoe downstream if the total trip took 1
hr?
r t d 10 t=5−5 t
d 10 t 10t +5 t + 5t
v 5 1-t 5-5t
15t 5
=
15 15
1
t= hr =20 min .
3

35) A student walks and jogs to college each day. The student averages 5 km/hr walking and 9 km/hr
jogging. The distance from home to college is 8 km, and the student makes the trip in one hour.
How far does the student jog?
r t d 5 t+ 9−9 t=8
W 5 t 5t −4 t+ 9=8
J 9 1-t 9-9t
8 −9−9
−4 t −1
=
−4 −4
t=.25
d=9−9 ( .25 )=9−2.25=6.75 mi

37) On a 220 mi trip, a car traveled at an average speed of 50 mph and then reduced its average
speed to 35 mph for the remainder of the trip. The trip took a total of 5 h. How long did the car
travel at each speed?
r t d 50 t+175−35 t=220
F 50 t 50t 15 t+175=220
S 35 5-t 175-35t
220 −175−175
15t 45
=
15 15
t=3
3 hr @50 mph ,2 hr @35 mph

43
44
 Chapter 2: Graphing

45
2.1

1)
B ( 4 ,−3 ) ,C ( 1, 2 ) , D (−1 , 4 ) , E (−5 , 0 ) , F ( 2 ,−3 ) , G ( 1 , 3 ) , H (−1 ,−4 ) , I (−2 ,−1 ) , J ( 0 ,2 ) , K (−4 , 3 )

−1
3) y= x−3
4

let x=−4
−1
y= (−4 )−3
4
¿ 1−3
¿−2 xy
let x=0 −4−2
−1 0−3
y= ( 0 )−3 4−4
4
¿ 0−3
¿−3
let x=4
−1
y= ( 4 ) −3
4
¿−1−3
¿−4

−5
5) y= x−4
4

let x=−4
−5
y= (−4 )−4
4
¿ 5−4
¿1 xy
let x=0 −4 1
−5 0−4
y= ( 0 )−4 4−9
4
¿ 0−4
¿−4
let x=4
−5
y= ( 4 )−4
4
¿−5−4
¿−9

46
 7) y=−4 x +2

let x=−1
y=−4 (−1)+2
¿ 4 +2
¿6
let x=0 xy
y=−4 (0)+ 2 −1 6
¿ 0+2 02
¿2 1−2
let x=1
y=−4 (1)+2
¿−4 +2
¿−2

3
9) y= x −5
2

let x=−2
3
y= (−2)−5
2 xy
¿−3−5 −2−8
¿−8 0−5
let x=0 2−2
3
y= (0)−5
2
¿ 0−5
¿−5
let x=2
3
y= (2)−5
2
¿ 3−5
¿−2

−4
11) y= x −3
5

47
 let x=−5
−4
y= (−5)−3
5
¿ 4−3 xy
¿1 −5 1
let x=0 0−3
−4 5−7
y= (0)−3
5
¿ 0−3
¿−3
let x=5
−4
y= (5)−3
5
¿−4−3
¿−7

13) x +5 y=−15
−x −x
5 y −x 15
= −
5 5 5
−1
y= x−3
5

let x=−5 xy
−1 −5−2
y= (−5)−3
5 0−3
¿ 1−3 5−4
¿−2
let x=0
−1
y= (0)−3
5
¿ 0−3
¿−3
let x=5
−1
y= (5)−3
5
¿−1−3
−4

15) 4 x+ y=5
−4 x−4 x

48
 y=−4 x +5

let x=−1 xy
y=−4 (−1)+5 −1 9
¿ 4 +5 05
¿9 11
let x=0
y=−4 (0)+ 5
¿ 0+5
¿5
let x=1
y=−4 (1)+5
¿−4 +5
¿1

17) 2 x− y=2
−2 x−2 x
− y −2 x 2
= +
−1 −1 −1
y=2 x−2

let x=−1 xy
y=2(−1)−2 −1−4
¿−2−2 0−2
¿−4 10
let x=0
y=2(0)−2
¿ 0−2
¿−2
let x=1
y=2(1)−2
¿ 2−2
¿0

49
 19) x + y=−1
−x −x
y=−x−1

let x=−1
y=−(−1)−1 xy
¿ 1−1 −1−0
¿0 0−1
let x=0 1−2
y=−(0)−1
¿ 0−1
¿−1
let x=1
y=−(1)−1
¿−1−1
¿−2

21) x− y =−3
−x−x
− y −x 3
= −
−1 −1 −1
y=x +3

let x=−1
y=(−1)+ 3 xy
¿−1+ 3 −1 2
¿2 03
let x=0 14
y=(0)+3
¿3
let x=1
y=(1)+3
¿4
2.2

1) 4 6 3
m= =
4 2
6
3) 1
m= =undefined
0

5)

6
50
 −1 undefined
m= =−1
1
5
25) (−17 , 19 ) ,(10 ,−7)
11) (−2 , 10 ) ,(−2 ,−15) −7−19 −26
m= =
10− (−17 ) 27
−15−10 −25
m= = =¿
5 −2− (−2 ) 0 27) ( 7 ,−14 ) ,(−8 ,−9)
m=
6 undefined
−9−(−14 ) 5 −1
m= = =
13) (−15 , 10 ) ,16 ,−7 ¿ −8−7 −15 3
−7−10 −17
m= =
16−(−15 ) 31 29) (−5 , 7 ) ,(−18 , 14)
14−7 7
m= =
15) ( 10 , 18 ) ,(−11 ,−10) −18−(−5 ) −13
7)
−10−18 −28 4
m= = =4 / 3 31) ( 2 , 6 )∧( x ,2 ) ; slope
−11−10 −21 7
4 2−6
=
2 17) (−16 ,−14 ) ,(11 ,−14 ) 7 x−2
2 ( x−2 ) 4 −4 ( x−2 )
=
−14−(−14 ) 0 1 7 x−2 1
m= = =0
11−(−16) 27 4
( x−2 )=−4
7

m=
−2
2
=−1 ( 4
7
8
(7) x− =−4 (7)
7 )
19) (−4 , 14 ) , (−16 , 8 ) 4 x−8=−28
+8+ 8
9)
8−14 −6 1 4 x −20
m= = = =
1 −16−(−4 ) −12 2 4 4
1 x=−5
21) ( 12 ,−19 ) , ( 6 , 14 )

14−(−19 ) 33 11
m= = =
6−12 −6 −2

23) (−5 ,−10 ) ,(−5 , 20)

20 — 10 30
m= = =¿
−5 — 5 0

−8 −8 6−(−2 )
33) (−3 ,−2 )∧( x ,6 ) ; slope= =
5 5 x−(−3 )

51
 −8 8 2 −9−(−7 )
( x +3 ) = ( x +3 ) =
5 x +3 5 −9−x
−8 2 −2
( x +3 ) =8 (−9−x ) = (−9−x )
5 5 −9−x
5(−8
5
x−
24
5 )
=8(5)
2
5
(−9−x )=−2

−8 x−24=40
+24 +24
5 (
−18 2
5 )
− x =(−2 ) 5
5
−8 x 64 −18−2 x=−10
=
−8 −8 +18+18
x=−8 −2 x 8
=
−2 −2
6 x=−4
35) (−8 , y )∧(−1 , 1 ) ; slope=
7
6 1− y −5
= 39) ( x ,5 ) ∧( 8 , 0 ) ; slope=
7 −1−(−8 ) 6
6 1− y −5 0−5
( 7) = (7) =
7 7 6 8−x
6=1− y 5 −5
( 8−x )− = ( 8−x )
−1−1 6 8−x
5 −y −5
= ( 8−x )=−5
−1 −1 6
−5= y 6¿
−40+5 x =−30
+ 40+40
5 x 10
=
2 5 5
37) ( x ,−7 ) ∧(−9 ,−9 ) ; slope=
5 x=2

2.3

1) slope=2 y−intercept =5 y=mx+b

y=mx+b −3
y= x−1
y=2 x +5 4

3) slope=1 y−intercept =−4 1

7) slope= y −intercept=1
y=mx+b 3
y=x −4 1
y= x +1
3
−3
5) slope= y −intercept=−1
4

52
 9) b=5
y=mx+b
−5 y=−4 x
−5 m= =−1
5
15) x +10 y=−37
5 −x−x
10 y −x 37
= −
10 10 10
−1 37
y= x−
10 10
y=mx+b
y=−x+5 17) 2 x+ y =−1
−2 x−2 x
y=−2 x−1

19) 7 x−3 y=24

−7 x−7 x
−3 y −7 x 24
= +
−3 −3 −3
11) 7
y= x−8
3

1
1 21) x=−8
1
m= =1
1 23) y−4=−( x +5 )
b=−1
y−4=−x−5
+ 4+ 4
y=mx+b y=−x−1
y=x −1
25) y−4=4 ( x −1 )
13) y−4=4 x−4
+ 4+ 4
y=4 x
4
−4 27) y +5=−4 (x−2)
m= =−4
1 y +5=−4 x +8
1
b=0 −5−5
y=−4 x +3

53
 −1
29) y +1= (x−4 ) b=−5
2
−1
y +1= x +2
2 3
35) y= x
−1−1 2
−1 3
y= x +1 m= ,b=0
2 2

1
31) y= x + 4 2
3
1
m= ,b=4 3 b=0
3

b=4
1
3

37) x− y +3=0
−x−3−x−3
− y −x 3
= −
−1 −1 −1
y=x +3
m=1 , b=3
b=3
1
1

6
33) y= x−5
5
6
m= , b=−5
5

39) − y−4+ 3 x=0

+ 4−3 x −3 x + 4
5 − y −3 x 4
= +
−1 −1 −1
y=3 x−4
6 m=3 , b=−4

54
 b=−3

b=−4

−3 y −5 x 9
41) = +
−3 −3 −3
5
y= x −3
3
5
m= ,b=−3
3

5
2.4

1) Through ( 2 , 3 ) , slope=undefined
x=2 9) Through ( 0 ,−2 ) , slope=−3
y− y1 =m( x−x 1)
1 y +2=−3( x−0)
3) Through ( 2 , 2 ) , slope=
2 y +2=−3 x
y− y1 =m( x−x 1)
1 −1
y−2= ( x−2) 11) Through ( 0 ,−5 ) , slope=
2 4
y− y1 =m( x−x 1)
5) Through (−1 ,−5 ) , slope=9 −1
y +5= (x−0)
y− y1 =m( x−x 1) 4
y +5=9(x +1) −1
y +5= x
4
3
7) Through (−4 , 1 ) , slope=
4 1
13) Through (−5 ,−3 ) , slope=
y− y1 =m(x−x 1) 5
3 y− y1 =m(x−x 1)
y−1= (x +4 )
4

55
 1 1
y +3= ( x +5) y= x +3
5 2

−5 −3
15) Through (−1,4 ) , slope= 23) Through ( 4 ,−2 ) , slope=
4 2
y− y1 =m(x−x 1) y− y1 =m(x−x 1)
−5 −3
y−4= (x +1) y +2= (x−4)
4 2
−3
y +2= x+6
2
−2−2
−3
y= x+4
2

−2
25) Through (−5 ,−3 ) , slope=
17) Through (−1 ,−5 ) , slope=2 5
y− y1 =m( x−x 1) y− y1 =m(x−x 1)
y +5=2(x+1) −2
y +3= (x +5)
y +5=2 x +2 5
−5−5 −2
y +3= x−2
y=2 x−3 5
−3−3
−3 −2
y= x−5
19) Through ( 5 ,−1 ) , slope= 5
5
y− y1 =m(x−x 1)
−3
y +1= (x−5)
5
−3
y +1= x +3 27) Through ( 2 ,−2 ) , slope=1
5
−1−1 y− y1 =m( x−x 1)
−3 y +2=1( x−2)
y= x+2
5 y +2=x −2
−2−2
1 y=x −4
21) Through (−4,1 ) , slope=
2
y− y1 =m(x−x 1) 29) Through (−3 , 4 ) , slope=undefined
1 x=−3
y−1= (x +4 )
2
1 −1
y−1= x+2 31) Through (−4 , 2 ) , slope=
2 2
+1+1 y− y1 =m(x−x 1)

56
 −1 y− y1 =m( x−x 1)
y−2= (x +4 )
2 −8
y +3= (x −3)
−1 7
y−2= x−2
2
+2+2 43) Through (−5 , 1 )∧(−1 ,−2 )
−1 −2−1 −3
y= x m= =
2 −1−(−5 ) 4
y− y1 =m( x−x 1)
33) Through (−4 , 3 )∧(−3 , 1 )
−3
1−3 −2 y−1= (x +5)
m= = =−2 4
−3−(−4 ) 1 −3 15
y− y1 =m( x−x 1) y−1= x−
4 4
y−3=−2(x + 4) 4 −3 15
y− = x−
4 4 4
35) Through ( 5 , 1 )∧(−3 , 0 ) +4 4
+
0−1 −1 1 4 4
m= = =
−3−5 −8 8 −3 11
y= x−
y− y1 =m( x−x 1) 4 4
1
y−1= ( x −5) 45) Through (−5 , 5 )∧( 2 ,−3 )
8
−3−5 −8
m= =
37) Through (−4 ,−2 )∧( 0 , 4 ) 2−(−5 ) 7
4− (−2 ) 6 3 y− y1 =m( x−x 1)
m= = =
0−(−4 ) 4 2 −8
y−5= (x+ 5)
y− y1 =m( x−x 1) 7
3 −8 40
y +2= ( x +4) y−5= x−
2 7 7
35 −8 40
y− = x−
7 7 7
39) Through ( 3 , 5 )∧(−5 , 3 )
+ 35 35
3−5 −2 1 +
m= = = 7 7
−5−3 −8 4
−8 5
y− y1 =m( x−x 1) y= x−
7 7
1
y−5= ( x−3)
2
47) Through ( 4 , 1 )∧( 1 , 4 )
4−1 3
m= = =−1
1−4 −3
y− y1 =m( x−x 1)
y−1=−1( x−4)
41) Through ( 3 ,−3 )∧(−4 , 5 )
y−1=−x+ 4
5− (−3 ) 8
m= = +1+1
−4−3 −7

57
 y=−x+ 4 −1−3 −4
m= = =4
−1−0 −1
49) Through ( 0 , 2 )∧( 5 ,−3 ) y− y1 =m( x−x 1)
−3−2 −5 y−3=4(x−0)
m= = =−1
5−0 5 y−3=4 x
y− y1 =m( x−x 1) +3+3
y−2=−1(x−0) y=4 x +3
y−2=−x
+2+2
y=−x+2

51) Through ( 0 , 3 )∧ (−1,−1 )

2.5

1) y=2 x +4 ⊥ m=0
m=2
∥ m=2 −1
11) y= x
3
3) y=4 x−5 −1
m=
m=4 3
∥ m=4 ⊥ m=3

5) x− y =4
−x−x
(− y ) −x 4
= +
−1 −1 −1
y=x −4
m=1 13) x−3 y=−6
∥m=1 −x −x
−3 y −x 6
= −
7) 7 x + y=−2 −3 −3 −3
−7 x−7 x 1
y= x +2
y=−7 x −2 3
m=−7 1
m=
∥ m=−7 3
⊥ m=3
9) x=3
m=undefined 15) x +2 y =8

58
 −x −x 27) Through ( 5 , 2 ) perp ¿ y =−5 x−3
2 y −x 8 m=−5
= +
2 2 2 1
⊥ m=
−1 5
y= x+4
2 1
y−2= ( x−5)
−1 5
m=
2
⊥ m=2 29) Through ( 4 , 2 ) perp ¿ y=4 x
m=4
2) Through ( 2 , 5 ) , par ¿ x =4 −1
⊥ m=
m=undefined 4
∥m=undefined −1
y−2= (x−4)
x=2 4

9 1
19) Through ( 3 , 4 ) , par ¿ y= x−5 31) Through ( 2 ,−2 ) , perp ¿ y= x
2 3
9 1
m= m=
2 3
9 ⊥ m=−3
∥m=
2 y +2=−3( x−2)
9
y−4= (x−3)
2 33) Through ( 4 ,−3 ) , par ¿ y =−2 x
m=−2
21) Through ( 2,3 ) , par ¿ x=0 ∥ m=−2
7 y +3=−2( x−4)
m=
5 y +3=−2 x +8
7 −3−3
∥ m=
5 y=−2 x +5
7
y−3= ( x−2 )
5

23) Through ( 4 , 2 ) , par ¿ x=0

m=undefined
∥ m=underfined
x=4
−4
25) Through ( 1 ,−5 ) , perp ¿ y=x +1 35) Through (−3 , 1 ) , par ¿ y= x−1
3
m=1 −4
m=
⊥ m=−1 3
y +5=−1( x−1) −4
∥m=
3
59
 −4 41) Through ( 4 , 3 ) , perp ¿ y=−x−1
y−1= (x +3)
3 m=−1
−4 ⊥ m=1
y−1= x−4
3 y−3=1 ( x−4 )
+1+1 y−3=x−4
−4 +3+3
y= x −3
3 y=x −1

−1 43) Through ( 5 , 2 ) , perp ¿ x=0

37) Through (−4 ,−1 ) par y= x+1
2
m=undefined
−1
m= ⊥ m=0
2
y=2
−1
∥m=
2
45) Through (−2 , 5 ) , perp ¿ y =x−2
−1
y +1= ( x+ 4) m=1
2
⊥ m=−1
−1
y +1= x−2 y−5=−1(x +2)
2
−1−1 y−5=−x−2
−1 +5+5
y= x−3 y=−x+3
2

−1
39) Through (−2 ,−1 ) par y= x−2
2
−1
m= 1
2 47) Through ( 4 ,−3 ) , perp ¿ y= x−3
−1 2
∥m= 1
2 m=
−1 2
y +1= ( x+ 2) ⊥ m=−2
2
−1 y +3=−2( x−4)
y +1= x−1
2 y +3=−2 x +8
−1−1 −3−3
−1 y=−2 x +5
y= x−2
2

60
61
 Chapter 3: Inequalities

62
3.1

1) n>−5
( l
−5 0 n
17) 8+ ≥6
(−5 , 0) 3
−8−8
3) −2 ≥ k n
( 3 ) ≥−2(3)
3 25) 18←2(−8+ p)
] l
−2 0 n ≥−6 18<16−2 p
¿ [ l −16 −16
−6 0 2 −2 p
¿ <
5) 5 ≥ x −2 −2
l ] −1> p
05 a−2
19) ( 5 ) 2> (5 ) ) l
¿ 5 −1 0
10> a−2 (−∞,−1)
+2+2
7) ) l
−2 0 12>a 27) 24 ≥−6(m−6)
x ←2 l ) 24 ≥−6 m+ 36
0 12 −36 −36
9) l [ (−∞ , 12) −12
≥−
6m
05 −6 −6
x≥5 21) −47≥ 8−5 x 2≤m
−8−8 l [
11) ( l −55 5x 02
≥−
−2 0 −5 −5 ¿
x >−2 11 ≤ x
l [ 29) −r −5 ( r−6 )←18
x 0 11 −r −5 r +30←18
13) ( 11 ) ≥ 10 ( 11 ) ¿
11 −6 r +30←18
x ≥ 110 −30−30
l [ 23) −2 ( 3+k ) ← 44 −6 r 48
−6−2 k ←44 ←
0 110 −6 −6
¿ +6+ 6 r >8
−2 k 38
← l (
15) 2+r <3 −2 −2 0 8
−2−2 k > 19 (8 , ∞ )
r <1 l (
l ) 0 19 31) 24+ 4 b <4 (1+6 b)
01 (19 , ∞) 24+ 4 b <4 +24 b
(−∞, 1) −4 b −4 b

63
 24< 4+ 20 b 1<b (1 , ∞)
−4 −4 l (
20 20 b 0 1
<
20 20

33) −5 v −5←5(4 v +1)

−5 v −5←20 v−5 35) 4 +2 ( a+5 ) ←2(−a−4) 37) −( k −2 ) >−k −20
+20 v+ 20 v 4 +2 a+10<2 a+ 8 −k + 2>−k −20
15 v −5←5 14+ 2a <2 a+8 + k+ k
+5+5 −2 a−2 a 2>−20
15 v <0 14< 8 true
v< 0 false Allreal numbers R
) No solution ∅
0
(−∞, 0)

3.2

n −5 n −10 (−∞ ,−7)

1) ( 3 ) ≤−3 ( 3 ) ∨ ≤
3 −5 −5
n ≤−9∨n ≥ 2
] l [
−9 02
(−∞ ,−9 ] ∪ ¿

9 x 45
3) x +7 ≥12∨ ←
9 9 v
7) ( 8 ) >−1 ( 8 )∧v −2<1
−7−7∨x ←5 8
x≥5 +2+2
) l [ v>−8∧v <3
)
−5 05 (
(−∞ ,−5 ) ∪¿ ( l )
−8 03
6 x −60 (−8 , 3)
5) x−6 ←13∨ ≤
6 6
+6+ 6 3∧4 b 20
9) −8+ b← <
x ←7∨x ≤−10 4 4
) +8+ 8
]
l ) l b< 5∧b< 5
)
−10−7 0 )
[ l )
64
 ]
05 [ l ]
(−∞ , 5) −7 0 6
[−7 , 6]
3∧8 a 48
11) a+ 10≥ ≤
8 8
−10−10
a ≥−7∧a≤ 6
[
13) 3 ≤ 9+ x ≤ 7 No solution ∅
−9−9−9
−6 ≤ x ≤−2 23) −5 b+10 ≤ 30∧7 b +2≤−40
[ ] l −10−10 −2−2
−6−2 0 20
∧7 b
[−6 ,−2] −5 b −5 −42
≤ ≤
−5 7 7
15) 11<8+ k ≤ 12 b ≥−4∧b ≤−6
−8−8−8 ] [
3< k ≤ 4 l l l
l ( ] −6−4 0
034 No Solution ∅
¿ 25) 3 x−9<2 x +10∧5+7 x ≤10 x−10
−2 x−2 x −7 x−7 x
17) −3< x−1<1 x−9< 10∧5 ≤ 3 x−10
+1+1+1 +9+ 9 +10+10
−2< x <2 15 3 x
x <19 ≤
( l ) ) 3 3
−2 0 2 [
5≤x
(−2 , 2) l [ )
0 5 19
19) −4<8−3 m≤ 11 ¿
−8−8−8
−12 −3 m 3 27) −8−6 v ≤ 8−8 v∧7 v+ 9 ≤6+ 10 v
< ≤ +8 v+ 8 v −7 v −7 v
−3 −3 −3
4 >m ≥−1 −8+2 v ≤ 8∧¿ 9 ≤ 6+3 v
−1 ≤m<4 +8+ 8 −6−6
[ l ) 2 v 16
≤ ¿
3 3v
≤
−1 0 4 2 2 3 3
¿ v≤8 ¿ 1≤v
[
]
21) −16 ≤ 2n−10 ≤−22 l [ ]
−16 ≤−22 018

65
 [1, 8]
31) 2 x+ 9≥ 10 x+ 1∧3 x−2<7 x+ 2
29) 1+5 k ≤7 k−3∨k −10>2 k +10 −2 x−2 x −3 x−3 x
−5 k −5 k −k −k 9 ≥ 8 x+1∧−2<4 x+2
1 ≤2 k −3∨−10> k +10 8 8x
−1−1 −2−2 ≥
+3+3 −10−10 8 8
4 2k −4 4 x
≤ ∨−20> k ¿ <
2 2 4 4
2≤k 1≥x ¿ −1< x
) l [ (
]
−20 0 2 ( l ]
(−∞ ,−20 ) ∪¿ −1 0 1 ¿

3.3

1) |n|≤−11 No Solution ∅
false
No Solution ∅ 11) |n|+4 >−5
−4−4
3) |b|≤−10 |n|>−9
false true
No Solution ∅ All Real Numbers R

5) |x|>5 13) 10−8|p|≥18

x >5∨x ←5 −10−10
) l ( −8| p| 8
≥
−5 0 5 −8 −8
(−∞,−5) ∪(5 , ∞ ) | p|≥−1
false
10|n| 30 No solutoin ∅
7) >
10 10
|n|>3
n>3∨n←3 15) 9|n|−3 ≥ 42
) l ( +3+3
−3 0 3 45
9∨n∨ ¿ ≥ ¿
(−∞,−3) ∪(3 ,∞ ) 9 9
|n|≥ 5
−3|x| 36 n ≥ 5∨n ≤−5
9) <
−3 −3 ] l [
x >−12 −5 0 5
false (−∞,−5) ∪(5 , ∞)

66
 k ≤−7∨k ≥ 7

17) |m9 |≥−5 ]

−7 0 7
l [

true (−∞,−7)∪( 7 , ∞)
All Real Numbers R

19) |9+ x|>−2

27) 8−4 | x9|>12
true −8−8
All Real Numbers R
−4 | x9|> 4
21) | x+73|≥ 5 −4 −4

v +7
( 3) ≥ 5 ( 3 )∨ ( 3 )
v +7
≤−5(3)
||
9
x
←1
3 3 false
v+7 ≥ 15∨v +7 ≤−15 No Solution ∅
−7−7 −7−7
v ≥ 8∨v ≤−22 29) 7|−9+m|+3 ≥66
] l [ −3−3
−22 0 8 7|−9+m| 63
(−∞ ,−22 ] ∪ ¿ ≥
7 7
|−9+m|≥ 9
7|−7 x| 98 −9+ m≥ 9∨−9+m≤−9
23) ≥
7 7 +9+ 9 +9+ 9
|−7 x|≥14 m ≥18∨m≤ 0
−7 x 14 −7 x −14
≥ ∨ ≤ ] [
−7 −7 −7 −7 0 18
x ≤−2∨x ≥2 (−∞, 0)∪(18 , ∞)
] l [
−2 0 2 31) |3 n+10|≤−26
(−∞,−2) ∪(2 , ∞) false
No Solution ∅

33) |10 b+10|>70

10 b+10>70∨10 b+10←70
−10−10 −10−10
10 b 60 10 b −80
25) −5+|−8 k|≥51 > ∨ <
10 10 10 10
+5+5 b> 6∨b ←8
|−8 k|≥56 ) l (
|−8 k| 56 |−8 k| −56 −8 0 6
≥ ∨ ≤
−8 −8 −8 −8 (−∞,−8)∪( 6 , ∞)

67
 35) |−10+ x|≥ 8
−10+ x ≥8∨−10+ x ≤−8
+10+10+10+ 10
x ≥ 18∨x ≤ 2
l ] [ 41) −8|8 n−1|+ 4 ≥−116
0 2 18 −4−4
(−∞, 2) ∪(18 , ∞ ) −8|8 n−1| −120
≥
−8 −8
37) |−10+ a|−3≥ 7 |8 n−1|≥15
+3+3 −15 ≤ 8 n−1 ≤15
|−10+ a|≥10 +1+1+1
−10+ a≥ 10∨−10+a ≤−10 −14 8 n 16
≤ ≤
+10+10 +10 +10 8 8 8
a ≥ 20∨a ≥0 −7
≤n≤2
] [ 4
[ l ]
0 20
(−∞, 0)∪ (20 , ∞) −7
02
4
39) |3 x−1|−9 ≤−8 −7
[ , 2]
+9+ 9 4
|3 x−1|≤ 1
−1 ≤3 x−1 ≤1
+1 +1 +1
0 3x 2
≤ ≤
3 3 3
2
0≤ x≤
3
[ ] l 43) −10+9|3 p−9|←37
2 +10+10
0 1 9|3 p−9| −27
3 <
2 9 9
[0 , ] |3 p−9|←3
3
false
No Solution ∅

45) 9∨2−10 n∨−8>100

+8+ 8
9|2−10 n| 108
>
9 9
|2−10 n|>12

68
 2−10 n> 12∨2−10 n←12
−2 −2 −2 −2 7
−1 0
−10 n 10 −10 n −14 5
> ∨¿ <
−10 −10 −10 −10 7
(−∞,−1)∪( , ∞)
7 5
n←1∨n>
5
) l (

69
 Chapter 4: Systems of Equations

70
4.1

1) y=−x+1
y=−5 x−3 1
7) y= x +2
3
−5
y= x−4
3

(−1 , 2)

(−3 , 1)

3) y=−3
y=−x−4

5
9) y= x + 4
3
−2
y= x−3
3
(−1 ,−3)

(−3 ,−1)

−3
5) y= x+1
4
−3
y= x+2 No Solution
4

11) x +3 y=−9 5 x+ 3 y=3

−x−x−5 x−5 x
3 y −x 9 3 y −5 x 3
= − = +
3 3 3 3 3 3
−1 −5
y= x−3 y = x+ 1
3 3

71
 y=x −4

(3 ,−4)

13) x− y =4 2 x+ y=−1
−x−x−2 x−2 x
− y −x 4 (−2 ,−2)
= + y=−2 x−1
−1 −1 −1 19) 2 x+ y =2 x +3 y=9
y=x −4 −2 x−2 x −x−x
3 y −x 9
y=−2 x +2 = +
3 3 3
−1
y= x +3
3
(1 ,−3)

(−3,4)

15) 2 x+3 y =−6 2 x + y =2

−2 x−2 x −2 x−2 x
3 y −2 x 6
= − y=−2 x +2
3 3 3
−2 21) 0=−6 x−9 y +36 12=6 x −3 y
y= x−2
3 +9 y +9 y −6 x−6 x
9 y −6 x 36 6 x 12 −3 y
= + − + =
9 9 9 −3 −3 −3
−2
y= x + 4 2 x −4= y
3

(3 ,−4)
(3 , 2)

17) 2 x+ y =2 x − y=4
−2 x−2 x −x−x
y −x 4
y=−2 x +2− = +
−1 −1 −1

72
 23) 2 x− y=−1 0=−2 x − y−3
−2 x−2 x + y + y
− y −2 x 1
= − y=−2 x−3
−1 −1 −1
y=2 x +1

−12 x 4 y 12 5 x 4 y
29) + = − =
4 4 4 4 4 4
1 5
−3+ x= y 3− x= y
4 4

(−1 ,−1) 4 6 x − y
25) 3+ y =−x− − =
−1 −1 −1
−3−3 4+ 6 x= y (4 ,−2)
y=−x−3

(−1 ,−2)

27) − y +7 x=4− y−3+7 x=0

−7 x−7 x + y + y
− y −7 x 4
= + −3+7 x= y
−1 −1 −1
y=7 x + 4 No Solution

4.2

1) y=−3 x −9 x −9 (1 ,−3)
=
y=6 x −9 −9 −9
−3 x=6 x−9 x=1
−6 x−6 x y=−3 (1 ) =−3

73
 3) y=−2 x−9 y=−2 x +9 3 x+ 4 (−5 )=−17
y=2 x−1 2 x−3=−2 x +9 3 x−20=−17
−2 x−9=2 x−1 +2 x+ 2 x +20+20
+2 x+ 2 x 4 x−3=9 3x 3
=
−9=4 x −1 +3+3 3 3
+1+1 4 x 12 x=1
=
−8 4 x 4 4 ( 1 ,−5 )
=
4 4 x=3
−2=x y=2 ( 3 ) −3 17) −2 x+2 y=18
y=−2 (−2 ) −9 y=6−3 y=7 x +15
y=4−9 y=3 −2 x+2 ( 7 x +15 )=18
y=−5 (3 , 3) −2 x+14 x+30=18
(−2 ,−5) 12 x+30=18
5) y=6 x + 4 11) y=6 x −6 −30−30
y=−3 x −5 −3 x−3 y=−24 12 x −12
=
6 x +4=−3 x−5 −3 x−3 ( 6 x−6 )=−24 12 12
+3 x +3 x −3 x−18 x+ 18=−24 x=−1
9 x +4=−5 −21 x+18=−24 y=7 (−1 )+15
−4−4 −18−18 y=−7+15
9 x −9 −21 x −42 y=8
= =
9 9 −21 −21 (−1 , 8)
x=−1 x=2
y=6 (−1 )+ 4 y=6 ( 2 )−6
y=−6+4 y=12−6
y=−2 y=6
(−1 ,−2) (2 , 6)
7) y=3 x +2
y=−3 x +8
3 x+ 2=−3 x +8
+3 x +3 x 13) y=−6
6 x +2=8 3 x−6 y=30
−2−2 3 x−6 (−6 )=30
6x 6 3 x+ 36=30
=
6 6 −36−36 19) y=−8 x+19
x=1 3 x −6 −x +6 y=16
=
y=3 ( 1 ) +2 3 3 −x +6 (−8 x+ 19 )=16
y=3+ 2 x=−2 −x−48 x +114=16
y=5 (−2 ,−6) −49 x +114=16
(1 , 5) −114−114
15) y=−5 −49 x −98
=
9) y=2 x−3 3 x+ 4 y =−17 −49 −49

74
 x=2 −2 ( 8 y−23 ) − y=−5 2 x+ 8 y =−16
y=−8 ( 2 )+19 −16 y +46− y =−5 3 x+ y=9
y=−16+19 −17 y +46=−5 −3 x−3 x
y=3 −46−46 y=−3 x +9
(2 , 3) −17 y −51 2 x+ 8 (−3 x +9 )=−16
=
−17 −17 2 x−24 x +72=−16
21) 7 x−2 y=−7 y=3 −22 x+72=−16
y=7 x−8 ( 3 ) =−23 −72−72
7 x−2 ( 7 )=−7 x−24=−23 −22 x −88
=
7 x−14=−7 +24 +24 −22 −22
+14 +14 x=1 x=4
7x 7 (1 , 3) y=−3 ( 4 )+ 9
=
7 7 y=−12+ 9
x=1 27) −6 x + y=20 y=−3
(1 , 7) −3 x−3 y=−18 ( 4 ,−3 )
−6 x + y=20
23) x−5 y=7 +6 x +6 x 2) 2 x+ y =2
2 x+7 y =−20 y=6 x +20 3 x+ 7 y=14
x−5 y=7 −3 x−3 ( 6 x+ 20 )=−18 2 x+ y =2
+5 y +5 y −3 x−18 x−60=−18 −2 x−2 x
x=5 y +7 −21 x−60=−18 y=2−2 x
2 ( 5 y+7 ) +7 y=−20 +60+ 60 3 x+ 7 ( 2−2 x ) =14
10 y +14+7 y =−20 −21 x 42 3 x+ 14−14 x=14
=
17 y +14=−20 −21 −21 −11 x+14=14
−14−14 x=−2 −14−14
17 y −34 y=20+ 6(−2) −11 x 0
= =
17 17 y=20−12 −11 −11
y=−2 y=8 x=0
x−5 (−2 )=7 (−2 , 8) y=2−2(0)
x +10=7 y=2−0
−10−10 y=2
x=−3 (0 , 2)
(−3 ,−2)

25) −2 x− y=−5
x−8 y =−23
+8 y +8 y
x=8 y −23 29) 3 x+ y=9

75
 (0 , 3) +6 x +6 x
2) x +5 y=15 6 y 6 x 12
= −
−3 x+ 2 y =6 2) −2 x+ 4 y=−16 6 6 6
x +5 y=15 y=−2 y=x −2
−5 y−5 y −2 x+ 4 (−2 ) =−16 8 x−3 ( x−2 )=16
x=15−5 y −2 x−8=−16 8 x−3 x +6=16
−3 ( 15−5 y ) +2 y=6 +8+ 8 5 x+ 6=16
−45+15 y+ 2 y=6 −2 x −8 −6−6
=
−45+17 y=6 −2 −2 5 x 10
=
+ 45+45 x=4 5 5
17 y 51 (4 ,−2) x=2
=
17 17 y= (2 )−2
y=3 2) −6 x +6 y=−12 y=0
x=15−5(3) 8 x−3 y=16 (2 , 0)
x=15−15 −6 x +6 y=−12
x=0

39) 2 x+3 y =16

−7 x− y =20
+7 x +7 x
−y 7x
= +20/−1
−1 −1
y=−7 x −20
2 x+3 (−7 x−20 )=16
2 x−21 x −60=16
−19 x−60=16
+60+ 60
−19 x 76
=
−19 −19
x=−4
y=−7 (−4 )−20
y=28−20
y=8
(−4 , 8)

4.3

1) 4 x+2 y=0 y=4 4 x −8

=
−4 x−9 y=−28 4 x+2 ( 4 )=0 4 4
−7 y −28 4 x+ 8=0 x=−2
=
−7 −7 −8−8 (−2 , 4)

76
 x=−2 −28+ 4 y=−4
3) −9 x +5 y=−22 2 (−2 )− y =5 +28+28
9 x−5 y=13 −4− y=5 4 y 24
=
0=−9 + 4+ 4 4 4
false −y 9 y=6
=
No Solution ∅ −1 −1 (4 , 6)
y=−9
5) −6 x +9 y=3 (−2 ,−9) 19) 5 x+ 10 y =20
6 x−9 y =−9 2 (−6 x−5 y )=(−3 ) 2
0=−6 13) 10 x+ 6 y=24 5 x+ 10 y =20
false −6 (−6 x + y )=( 4 )(−6) −12 x−10 y=−6
No Solution ∅
7) −1 ( 4 x−6 y )=(−10 )−1
10 x+ 6 y=24
36 x−6 y =−24 ( )
−7 x
7
=14 /−7
4 x−6 y=−14 46 x 0 x=−2
=
−4 x+ 6 y=10 46 46 5 (−2 ) +10 y=20
0=10 x=0 −10+10 y=20
false 10 ( 0 ) +6 y=24 +10+10
No Solution ∅ 6 y 24 10 y 30
= =
6 6 10 10
9) −1 (−x−5 y )=28(−1) y=4 (0 , 4 ) y=3
−x +4 y=−17 15) 3 ( 2 x + 4 y )=( 24 ) 3 (−2 , 3)
x +5 y=−28 4 x−12 y =8
9 y −45 6 x +12 y =72
=
9 9 10 x 80
y=−5 =
10 10
−x−5 (−5 ) =28 x=8
−x +25=28 2 ( 8 ) +4 y=24 21) 5 (−7 x−3 y )=12(5)
−25−25 16+ 4 y=24 −3 (−6 x−5 y )=20 (−3)
−x 3 −16−16 −35 x−15 y=60
=
−1 −1 4y 8 18 x+15 y =−60
x=−3 =
4 4 −17 x 0
(−3 ,−5) y=2 =
−17 −17
(8 , 2) x=0
−7 ( 0 ) −3 y=12
17) 2 (−7 x+ 4 y )= (−4 ) 2 −3 y 12
=
10 x−8 y=−8 −3 −3
11) 2 ( 2 x− y )=( 5 ) 2 −14 x +8 y=8 y=−4
5 x+ 2 y =−28
4 x−2 y=10 ( 4 )
−4 x −16
=
−4
(0 ,−4)

9 x −18 x=4 23) 7 ( 9 x−2 y )=(−18 ) 7

=
9 9
−7 ( 4 ) +4 y=−4 −2 ( 5 x −7 y )=(−10 ) (−2)

77
 63 x−14 y =−126 y=9
−10 x+ 14 y=20 −8 x−8 ( 9 )=−8
53 x −106 −8 x−72=−8
=
53 53 +72+72
x=−2 −8 x 64
=
9 (−2 )−2 y =−18 27) 3 (−7 x+ 5 y )=(−8 ) 3 8 8
−18−2 y =−18 5 (−3 x−3 y )=12(5) x=8
+18+18 −21 x+15=−24 (8 , 9)
−2 y 0 −15 x−15=60
=
−2 −2 −36 x 36 31) 9 y=7−x
=
y=0 36 −36 −18 y +4 x =−26
(−2 , 0) x=−1 9 y=7−x
−7 (−1 ) +5 y=−8 +x+x
25) 3 ( 9 x+ 6 y )=(−21 ) 3 7+5 y=−8 2 ( 9 y+ x )=( 7 ) 2
2 (−10 x −9 y )=28(2) −7−7 −18 y +4 x =−26
27 x +18 y=−63 5 y −15 18 y +2 x =14
=
−20 x−18 y=56 5 5 6 x −12
=
7 x −7 y=−3 6 6
=
7 7 (−1 ,−3) x=−2
x=−1 9 y=7−(−2)
9 (−1 ) +6 y=−21 29) 5 (−8 x−8 y )= (−8 ) 5 9y 9
=
−9+ 6 y=−21 4 ( 10 x +9 y )= ( 1 ) 4 9 9
+9+ 9 −40 x−40 y=−40 y=1
6 y −12 40 x +36 y=4 (−2 , 1)
=
6 6 −4 y −36
=
y=−2 −4 −4
(−1 ,−2)

33) 0=9 x+ 5 y
2
( 7 ) y= x (7)
7
7 y=2 x
−7 y−7 y
(−9 ) 0=( 2 x −7 y ) (−9)
2 ( 0 )=( 9 x +5 y ) 2
0=−18 x+ 63 y
0=18 x+10 y
0 73 y
=
73 73
0= y
0=9 x+ 5(0)

78
 0 9x
=
9 9
0=x
( 0,0 )

4.4

1) ( I ) a−2 b+c =5 ( I ) a−2 b+c =5 ( I ) 2 ( a−2 b+c )=( 5 ) 2

( II ) 2a+ b−c=−1 ( II ) 2a+ b−c=−1 ( III ) 3 a+3 b−2 c=−4
( III ) 3 a+3 b−2 c=−4 A :3 a−b=4 2 a−4 b +2 c=10
B:5 a−b=6
A :−1 ( 3 a−b )=4 (−1)
B:5 a−b=6 A :3 ( 1 )−b=4 ( I )( 1 )−2 (−1 ) +c=5
−3 a+ b=−4 3−b=4 1+2+c=5
2a 2
= −3−3 3+ c=5
2 2
−b 1
a=1 = −3−3
−1 −1
(1 ,−1 , 2) b=−1 c=2

3) ( I ) 3 x + y−z=11 ( I )−1 ( 3 x + y−z ) =11(−1) ( I )−3 ( 3 x+ y −z )=11(−3)

( II ) x +3 y=z +13 ( II ) x +3 y−z =13 ( III ) x+ y−3 z=11
( III ) x+ y−3 z=11 −3 x− y + z=−11 −9 x−3 y +3 z=−33
A : −2 x+2 y=2 B:−8 x−2 y=−22
( II ) x +3 y=z +13
−z−z
( II ) x +3 y−z =13
A :−2 x +2 y=2 A :−2 ( 2 ) +2 y=2 ( I ) 3 ( 2 ) +3−z=11
B:−8 x−2 y=−22 −4+2 y=2 6+3−z=11
−10 x −20
= + 4+ 4 9−z=11
−10 −10
2y 6
x=2 = −9−9
2 2
−z 2
(2 , 3 ,−2) y=3 =
−1 −1
z=−2

5) ( I ) x +6 y +3 z=4 ( I ) x +6 y +3 z=4 ( II ) 2 ( 2 x+ y+ 2 z )=( 3 ) 2

( II ) 2 x + y +2 z =3 ( III ) 3 ( 3 x −2 y + z )=( 0 ) 3 ( III ) 3 x−2 y+ z =0
( III ) 3 x−2 y+ z =0 x +6 y +3 z=4 4 x+2 y + 4 z=6
9 x−6 y +3 z=0 B:7 x +5 z=6

79
 A :10 x+6 z =4

A :−5 (10 x +6 z )=4(−5) A :10 (−2 ) +6 z=4 ( I )(−2 ) +6 y +3 ( 4 )=4

B: 6 ( 7 x +5 z )=6 (6) −20+6 z=4 −2+6 y +12=4
−50 x−30 z=−20 +20+20 10+6 y =4
6 z 24
42 x +30 z=36 = −10−10
6 6
−8 x 16 6 y −6
= z=4 =
−8 −8 6 6
x=−2 (−2 ,−1, 4 ) y=−1

7) ( I ) x + y + z=6 ( I ) x + y + z=6 ( II ) 2 ( 1 )− y−z=−3

( II ) 2 x− y −z=−3 ( II ) 2 x− y −z=−3 2− y−z=−3
3x 3
( III ) x−2 y+ 3 z =6 = −2 −2
3 3
x=1 A : − y−z =−5
A :3 (− y−z )= (−5 ) 3
B:−2 y +3 z=5 A :−( 2 )−z=−5 ( III ) 1−2 y +3 z=6
−3 y−3 z=−15 +2 +2 −1 −1
−5 y −10 −z −3
= = B:−2 y +3 z=5
−5 −5 −1 −1
y=2 z=3
(1 , 2, 3)

9) ( I ) x + y−z=0 ( I ) x + y−z=0 ( II ) x − y−z=0

( II ) x − y−z=0 ( II ) x − y−z=0 ( III ) x+ y+ 2 z=0
( III ) x+ y+ 2 x=0 A :2 x−2 z=0 B: 2 x + z=0

A : (−1 ) ( 2 x−2 z )=0(−1) A :2 x−2 ( 0 )=0 ( I ) 0+ y−0=0

2x 0
B: 2 x + z=0 = y=0
2 2
−2 x+2 z=0 x=0
3z
=0
0
x=0 (0 , 0 , 0)

80
 11) ( I )−2 x+ y −3 z=1 ( I )−2 x+ y −3 z=1 ( I ) 2 (−2 x+ y −3 z ) =( 1 ) 2
( II ) x −4 y + z=6 ( II ) 2 ( x−4 y + z )=6 ( 2 ) ( III ) 4 x +16 y + 4 z=24
( III ) 4 x +16 y + 4 z=24 −2 x+ y−3 z=1 −4 x+ 2 y−6 z=2
2 x−8 y +2 z =12 B:18 y −2 z=26
A :−7 y−z=13

A :−2 (−7 y −z )=13(−2) A :−7 ( 0 )−z=13 ( I )−2 x+ 0−3 (−13 ) =1

−z 13
B:18 y −2 z=26 = −2 x+39=1
−1 −1
14 y +2 z=−26 z=−13 −39−39
32 y 0 −2 x −38
= =
32 32 −2 −2
y=0 ( 19 , 0 ,−13 ) x=19

13) ( I ) 2 x+ y−3 z=0 ( I ) 4(2 x + y−3 z)=( 0 ) 4 ( II ) 4 ( x−4 y+ z )=( 0 ) 4

( II ) x −4 y + z=0 ( II ) x −4 y + z=0 ( III ) 4 x +16 y + 4 z=0
( III ) 4 x +16 y + 4 z=0 −8 x +4 y−12 z =0 4 x−16 y +4 z =0
A :9 x−11 z=0 B: 8 x +8 z=2
A :8 ( 9 x−11 z ) =0(8)
B:−9 ( 8 x +8 z )=2(−9) A :9 x−11 ( 0 )=0 ( I ) 2 ( 0 ) + y−3 ( 0 )=0
9x 0
72 x−88 z=0 = y=0
9 9
−72 x−72 z=0 x=0
−160 z
=0 (0 , 0 , 0)
−160
z=0

15) ( I ) 3 x +2 y +2 x=3 ( II ) x +2 y−z=5 ( I ) 3 x +2 y +2 x=3

( II ) x +2 y−z=5 ( III ) 2 x −4 y + z=0 ( II ) 2 ( x +2 y−z )=( 5 ) 2
( III ) 2 x −4 y + z=0 A :3 x−2 y=5 3 x+ 2 y +2 z=3
2 x+ 4 y−2 z=10
A :3(3 x−2 y )=( 5 ) 5 B:5 x +6 x=13
B:5 x +6 y=13

9 x−6 y =15 A :3 ( 2 )−2 y=5 ( I ) 3 ( 2 ) +2 ( 12 )+2 z=3

14 x 28
= 6−2 y=5 6+1+2 z=3
14 14
x=2 −6−6 7+2 z=3
−2 y −1
= −7−7
−2 −2

81
 1 2 z −4
y= =
2 2 2
1
(2 , ,−2) z=−2
2

17) ( I ) x−2 y +3 z=4 ( II ) 2 x− y + z=−1 ( I ) x−2 y +3 z=4

( II ) 2 x− y + z=−1 ( III ) 4 x + y + z=1 ( III ) 2 ( 4 x + y + z )=( 1 ) 2
( III ) 4 x + y + z=1 A :6 x+ 2 z=0 x−2 y +3 z=4
8 x +2 y +2 z=2
A :3(6 x +2 y)=( 0 ) 3 B: 9 x +5 z=6
B:−2 ( 9 x+ 5 z ) =6(−2)
18 x+ 6 z=0 A :6 x+ 2 ( 3 )=0 ( I )(−1 ) −2 y +3 ( 3 ) =4
−18 x−10 z=−12 6 x +6=0 8−2 y=4
−4 z −12
= −6−6 −8−8
−4 −4
6 x −6 −2 y −4
z=3 = =
6 6 −2 −2
x=−1 y=2
(−1 , 2 ,3)

19) ( I ) x− y +2 z=0 ( I )(−1 ) ( x− y +2 z ) =0(−1) ( I )(−2 ) ( x− y +2 z )=0(−2)

( II ) x −2 y +3 z=−1 ( II ) x −2 y +3 z=−1 ( III ) 2 x −2 y + z=−3
( III ) 2 x −2 y + z=−3 −x + y−2 z=0 −2 x+2 y−4 z=0
−3 z −3
A :− y + z=−1 =
−3 −3
− y + ( 1 )=−1 z=1
−1−1
− y −2
( I ) x−( 2 ) +2 ( 1 )=0 =
−1 −1
x−2+2=0 y=2
x=0 (0 , 2 ,1)

21) ( I ) 4 x−3 y +2 z =40 ( I ) 3( 4 x−3 y +2 z)=( 40 ) 3 ( I ) 8 (4 x−3 y +2 z)=( 40 ) 8

( II ) 5 x +9 y−7 z =47 ( II ) 5 x +9 y−7 z =47 ( III ) 3 ( 9 x+ 8 y −3 z ) =( 97 ) 3
( III ) 9 x+ 8 y−3 z=97 12 x−9 y +6 z=120 32 x−24 y +16 z=320
A :17 x−z=167 27 x +24 y−9 z =291
B:59 x +7 z=611

82
 A :7 ( 17 x−z )=( 167 ) 7 A :17 ( 10 )−z=167 ( I ) 4 ( 10 )−3 y +2 ( 3 )=40
B:59 x +7 z=611 170− z=167 46−3 y=40
119 x−7 z=1169 −170−170 −46−46
178 x 1780 −z −3 −3 y −6
= = =
178 178 −1 −1 −3 −3
x=10 z=3 y=2
(10 , 2 ,3)

23) ( I ) 3 x +3 y−2 z=13 ( II ) 6 x+2 y−5 z=13 ( I ) 2 ( 3 x+3 y −2 z )= (13 ) 2

( II ) 6 x+2 y−5 z=13 ( III ) 5 x−2 y −5 z=−1( III ) 3 ( 5 x−2 y −5 z ) =(−1 ) 3
( III ) 5 x−2 y −5 z=−1 A :11 x −10 z=12 6 x +6 y−4 z=26
15 x−6 y−15 z=−3
A :19 ( 11 x−10 z )=( 12 ) 19 B: 21 x−19 z=23
B: (−10 )( 21 x−19 z )=23(−10)
209 x−190 z=228 A :11 (2 )−10 z=12 ( I ) 3 ( 2 ) +3 y−2 ( 1 )=13
−210+190 z=−230 22−10 z=12 4 +3 y=13
−x −2
= −22−22 −4−4
−1 −1
−10 z −10 3y 9
x=2 = =
−10 −10 3 3
(2 , 3 ,1) z=1 y=3

25) ( I ) 3 x−4 y +2 z =1 ( I ) 3 x−4 y +2 z =1 ( II ) 2 x +3 y−3 z=−1

( II ) 2 x +3 y−3 z=−1 ( III ) (−3)( x +10 y−8 z )=7(−3)
( III ) (−2)( x +10 y−8 z )=7(−2)
( III ) x+ 10 y −8 z=7 3 x−4 y+ 2 z=1 2 x+3 y −3 z =−1
−3 x−30 y +24 z=−21 −2 x−20 y +16 z=−14
A :−34 y +26 z=−20 B:−17 y +13 z=−15
A :−34 y +26 z=−20
B:−2 (−17 y +13 z )=−15(−2)
−34 y +26 z=−20
34 y −26 z=30 false
0=10 No solutionθ

83
 27) ( I ) m+6 n+3 p=8 ( II ) (−5 )( 3 m+4 n )=(−3)(−5) ( II ) 3 m+ 4 ( 18 )=−3
( II ) 3 m+ 4 n=−3 ( III ) 3 ( 5 m+7 n )=(1)3 3 m+72=−3
( III ) 5 m+7 n=1 −15 m−20 n=15 −72−72
3 m −75
15 m+ 21n=3 =
3 3
n=18 m=−25
( I )(−25 )+ 6 (18 )+ 3 p=8
−25+108+3 p=8
83+3 p=8
−83−83 (−25 , 18 ,−25)
3 p −75
=
3 3
p=−25

29) (I ) −2 w+2 x +2 y−2 z =−10

( II ) w+ x + y + z=−5
( III ) 3 w+2 x +2 y + 4 z=−11
( IV ) w+ 3 x−2 y +2 z=−6

(I ) −2 w+2 x +2 y−2 z =−10 ( I) (−1)(−2 w+2 x +2 y −2 z )=(−10)(−1)

( II ) (−2)(w+ x+ y + z )=(−5)(−2) ( III ) 3 w+2 x +2 y + 4 z=−11
−2 w+2 x +2 y−2 z =−10 2 w−2 x −2 y +2 z=10
−2 w−2 x −2 y −2 z=10 B:5 w+6 z=−1
A :−4 w−4 z=0

A :3 (−4 w−4 z )=0(3) A :−4 ( 1 ) −4 z=0

B: 2 ( 5 w+ 6 z )=(−1 ) 2 −4−4 z=0
−12 w−12 z=0 + 4+ 4
−4 z 4
10 w+12 z=−2 =
−4 −4
−2 w −2
= z=−1
−2 −2
w=1

( III ) 3(1)+ 2 x +2 y+ 4 (−1)=−11 ( IV ) (1)+3 x−2 y+ 2(−1)=−6

84
 3+2 x+ 2 y −4=−11 1+3 x−2 y−2=−6
2 x+2 y−1=−11 3 x−2 y−1=−6
+1+1 +1+1
C :2 x+ 2 y =−10 D :3 x −2 y =−5

C :2 x+ 2 y =−10 C :2 (−3 ) +2 y=−10

D :3 x −2 y =−5 −6+ 2 y=−10
5 x −15
= +6+ 6
5 5
2 y −4
x=−3 =
2 2
y=−2
(1 ,−3 ,−2 ,−1)

31) ( I ) w+ x+ y+ z=2
( II ) w+2 x+ 2 y + 4 z=1
( III ) −w + x− y−z=−2
( IV ) −w+3 x + y−z=−2
( I ) w+ x+ y+ z=2 ( III ) (−1 ) (−w+ x− y −z )=(−6)(−1)
( III ) −w + x− y−z=−6 ( IV ) −w+3 x + y−z=−2
2 x −4
= w−x + y + z=6
2 2
x=−2 2 x+2 y=4
2 (−2 ) +2 y =4
−4+2 y=4
( II ) w+2 x+ 2 y + 4 z=1 + 4+ 4
2y 8
( IV ) −2+ 3 x + y −z=−2 =
2 2
5 x+ 3 y +3 z=−1 y=4
5 (−2 ) +3 ( 4 )+ 3 z =−1

85
 −10+12+3 z=−1 ( I ) w+ (−2 ) + ( 4 ) + (−1 )=2
2+3 z=−1 w +1=2
−2−2 −1−1
3 z −3
= w=1
3 3
z=−1 ( 1 ,−2 , 4 ,−1 )

4.5

1) A collection of dimes and quarters is worth S15.25. There are 103 coins in all. How many of each is
there?
N V T (−10 ) ( D+Q )=(103)(−10)
D 10 10D 10 D+25 Q=1525
Q 25 25Q
103 1525 −10 D−10 Q=−1030
15Q 495
=
15 15
D+33=103 Q=33
−33−33
D=70 70 dimes
33 Quarters

3) The attendance at a school concert was 578. Admission was $2.00 for adults and $1.50 for
children. The total receipts were S985.00. How many adults and how many children attended?
N V T −2 ( A +C )=( 578 ) (−2 )
A 2 2A 2 A +1.5 C=985
C 1.5 1.5C
578 985 −2 A−2 C=−1156 236 Adults
−0.5 C −1156
= 342 Children
−0.5 −0.5
A+342=578 C=342
−342−342
A=236

5) A boy has $2.25 in nickels and dimes. If there are twice as many dimes as nickels, how many of
each kind has he?
N V T 5 N +20 N=225
N 5 5N 25 N 225
D=2 10 20N = 9 Nickels
25 25
N
225
N=9 18 Dimes

D=2 ( 9 )=18

86
 7) A collection of 27 coins consisting of nickels and dimes amounts to $2.25. How many coins of each
kind are there?
N V T (−10 ) ( N + D )=(27)(−10)
N S SN 5 N +10 D=225
D 10 10D
27 225 −10 N−10 D=−270
−5 N −45
=
−5 −5
N=9
9+ D=27
−9−9 18 Dimes
D=18 9 Nickels
9) There were 429 people at a play. Admission was $1 each for adults and 75 cents each for children.
The receipts were $372.50. How many children and how many adults attended?
N V T (−1 ) ( A +C )=( 429)(−1)
A 1 A A+.75 C=372.5
C .75 .75C
429 372.50 − A−C=−429
−.25C −56.5
=
−.25 −.25
A+226=429 C=226
−226−226
A=203 203 Adults
226 Children

11) There were 203 tickets sold for a volleyball game. For activity-card holders, the price was $1.25
each and for non-card holders the price was $2 each. The total amount of money collected was
$310. How many of each type of ticket was sold?
N V T −2 ( A + N )=(203)(−2)
A 1.25 1.25A 1.25 A +2 N =310
N 2 2N
203 310 −2 A−2 N=−406
−.75 A −96
=
−.75 −.75
128+ N =203 A=128
−128−128
N=75 75 NonCard
128 Activity Card

13) At a recent Vikings game $445 in admission tickets was taken in. The cost of a student ticket was
$1.50 and the cost of a non-student ticket was $2.50. A total of 232 tickets were sold. How many
students and how many nonstudents attended the game?

87
 N V T −1.5 ( 5+ N )=(232)(−1.5)
5 1.5 1.55 1.55+2.5 N=445
N 2.5 2.5N
232 445
−1.55−1.5 N =348
N=97
S+97=232
−97−97 97 Non−Students
S=135 135 Students

15) A coin purse contains 18 coins in nickels and dimes. The coins have a total value of $1.15. Find the
number of nickels and dimes in the coin purse.
N V T −5 ( N + D )=(18)¿
N 5 5N 5 N +10 D=115
D 10 100
18 115 −5 N−5 D=−90
5 D 25
=
5 5
N +5=18 D=5 13 Nickels
−5−5 5 Dimes
N=13

17) ) A postal clerk sold some 15¢ stamps and some 25¢ stamps. Altogether, 15 stamps were sold for
a total cost of $3.15. How many of each type of stamps were sold?
N V T −15 ( F+T )=( 15 )(−15 ) F+ 9=15
F 15 15F 15 F+25 T =315 −9−9
T 25 25T
15 315 −15 F−15 T =−225 F=6
10T 90
=
10 10
T =9 6 Fifteen cents , 9 twenty−five cents

19) The total value of dimes and quarters in a bank is $6.05. There are six more quarters than dimes.
Find the number of each type of coin in the bank.
N V T 10 D+25 D+150 D=605 Q=13+ 6
D 10 10D 35 D+150=605 Q=19
Q=D+6 25 25D+150
605 −150−150
35 D 455
= 13 Dimes
35 35
D=13 19 Quarters

88
 21) A coin bank contains nickels and dimes. The number of dimes is 10 less than twice the number of
nickels. The total value of all the coins is $2.75. Find the number of each type of coin in the bank.
N V T 5 N +20 N−100=275 D=2 ( 15 ) −10
N 5 5N 25 N−100=275 D=30−20
D=2N−¿ 10 20N−¿ 1
10 00 +100+100 D=10
275
25 N 375
= 20 Dimes
25 25
N=15 15 Nickels

23) A bank teller cashed a check for $200 using twenty dollar bills and ten dollar bills. In all, twelve
bills were handed to the customer. Find the number of twenty dollar bills and the number of ten
dollar bills.
N V T −10 ( W +T )=( 12)(−10) 8+T =12
W 20 20W 20 W +10 T =200 −8−8
T 10 10T
12 200 −10 W −10 T =−120 T =4
10W 80
=
10 10
W =8 4 Tens
8 Twenties

25) A total of $27000 is invested, part of it at 12% and the rest at 13%. The total interest after one
year is $3385. How much was invested at each rate?
N V T −.12 ( x+ y ) =(27000)(−.12) x +14500=27000
x .12 .12x .12 x+.13 y=3385 −14500−14500
y .13 .13y
27000 3385
−.12 x−.12 y =−3240 x=12500
−.01 y −145
=
−.01 −.01
y=14500 $ 12,500@ 12 %
$ 14,500@ 13 %

27) A total of $9000 is invested, part of it at 10% and the rest at 12%. The total interest after one year
is $1030. How much was invested at each rate?
N V T −.1 ( x+ y ) =(9000)(−.1) x +6500=9000
x .10 .1x .1+.12 y=1030 −6500−6500
y .12 .12y
9000 1030 −.1 x−.1 y =−900 x=2500

89
 .02 y 130
=
.02 .02
y=6500 $ 2500 @10 %
$ 6500 @12 %

29) An inheritance of $10000 is invested in 2 ways, part at 9.5% and the remainder at 11%. The
combined annual interest was $1038.50. How much was invested at each rate?
N V T −.095 ( x+ y )=(10000)(−.095) x +5900=10000
x .095 .095x .095 x+.11 y=1038.50 −5900−5900
y .11 .11y
10000 1038.50 −.095 x−.095 y=−950 x=4100
0.015 y 88.5
=
.015 .015
y=5900 $ 4100 @ 9.5 %
$ 5900@ 11 %

31) Jason earned $256 interest last year on his investments. If $1600 was invested at a certain rate of
return and $2400 was invested in a fund with a rate that was double the rate of the first fund, find
the two rates of interest.
N V T 1600 x+ 4800 x=256
1600 x 1600x 6400 x 256
2400 2x 4800x =
6400 6400
256 x=0.04 $ 1600@ 4 %
2 x=0.08 $ 2400 @8 %

33) A total of $8500 is invested, part of it at 6% and the rest at 3.5%. The total interest after one year
is $385. How much was invested at each rate?
N V T −.035 ( x+ y )=(8500)(−.035) 3500+ y =8500
x .06 .06x .06 x+ .035 y =385 −3500−3500
y .035 .035y
8500 385 −.035 x−.035 y=−297.5 y=5000
.025 x 87.5
=
.025 .025
x=3500 $ 3500@ 6 %
$ 5000@ 3.5 %

35) A total of $15000 is invested, part of it at 8% and the rest at 11%. The total interest after one year
is $1455. How much was invested at each rate?

90
 N V T −.08 ( x+ y )=(15000)(−.08) x +8500=15000
x .08 .08x .08 x+.11 y=1455 −8500−8500
y .11 .11y
15000 1455
−.08 x−.08 y=−1200 x=6500
.03 y 255
=
.03 .03
y=8500 $ 6500 @8 %
$ 8500 @11 %

37) A total of $6000 is invested, part of it at 4.25% and the rest at 5.75%. The total interest after one
year is $300. How much was invested at each rate?
N V T −.0425 ( x+ y )=(6000)(−.0425) x +3000=6000
x .0425 .0425x .0425 x+.0575 y=300 −3000−3000
y .0575 .0575y
6000 300 −.0425 x−.0425 y=−255 x=3000
.015 y 45
=
.015 .014
y=3000 $ 3000@ 4.25 %
$ 3000@ 5.75 %

39) A total of $11000 is invested, part of it at 6.8% and the rest at 8.2%. The total interest after one
year is $797. How much was invested at each rate?
N V T −.068 ( x+ y )=(11000)(−.068) x +3500=11000
x .068 .068x .068 x+.082 y=797 −3500−3500
y .082 .082y
1100 797 −.068 x−.068 y=−748 x=7500
0
.014 y 49
=
.014 .014
y=3500 $ 7500@ 6.8 %
$ 3500@ 8.2 %

2) Samantha earned $1480 in interest last year on her investments. If $5000 was invested at a
certain rate of return and $11000 was invested in a fund with a rate that was two-thirds the rate
of the first fund, find the two rates of interest.

91
 N
5000
V
x
T
5000x (
3 5000 x +
22000
3 )
x =( 1480 ) 3
1100 2 22000 15000 x+ 22000 x=4440 $ 5000@ 12 %
x
0 3 3
x 37000 x 4440
= $ 11000@ 8 %
1480 37000 37000
x=.12
2
( .12 )=.08
3

2) 30 coins having a value of $3.30 consists of nickels, dimes and quarters. If there are twice as many
quarters as dimes, how many coins of each kind were there?
N V T N + D+2 D=30 (−5 ) ( N +3 D )=(30)(−5)
N 5 5N 5 N +10 D+ 50 D=330 5 N +60 D=330
D 10 10D
Q=2D 25 25D −5 N−15 D=−150
30 330
45 D 180
=
45 45
N +3 ( 4 )=30 D=4
N +12=30
−12−12 Q=2 ( 4 )=8
N=18
18 Nickels
4 Dimes
8 Quarters

4.6

1) A tank contains 8000 liters of a solution that is 40% acid. How much water should be added to
make a solution that is 30% acid?
A P T 3200=2400+.3 w
8000 .4 3200 −2400−2400
w 0 0
8000+ .3 2400+.3w 800 .3 w
=
w .3 .3
w=2,666.67 L .

3) Of 12 pounds of salt water 10% is salt; of another mixture 3% is salt. How many pounds of the
second should be added to the first in order to get a mixture of 5% salt?
A P T 1.2+.03 x=.6+.05 x
12 .1 1.2 −.03 x−.03 x
x .03 .03x
12+x .05 .6+.05x
92
 1.2=.6+ .02 x
−.6−.6
.6 .02 x
=
.02 .02
x=30 lbs

5) How many pounds of a 4% solution of borax must be added to 24 pounds of a 12% solution of
borax to obtain a 10% solution of borax?
A P T .04 x +2.88=.1 x +2.4
x .04 .04x −.04 x −.04 x
24 .12 2.88
x+24 .10 .1x+.24 2.88=.06 x +2.4
−2.4−2.4
.48 .06 x
=
.06 .06
x=8 lbs

7) A 100 LB bag of animal feed is 40% oats. How many pounds of oats must be added to this feed to
produce a mixture which is 50% oats?
A P T 40+ x=50+.5 x
100 .4 40 −.5 x−.5 x
x 1 X
100+ .5 50+.5x 40+ .5 x=50
x
−40−40
.5 x 10
=
.5 .5
x=20 lbs

9) How many pounds of tea that cost $4.20 per pound must be mixed with 12 lb of tea that cost
$2.25 per pound to make a mixture that costs $3.40 per pound?
A P T 4.2 x +27=3.4 x+ 40.8
x 4.2 4.2x −3.4 x−3.4 x
12 2.25 27
x+1 3.40 3.4x+40.8 0.8 x +27=40.8
2
−27−27

93
 0.8 x 13.8
=
0.8 .8
x=12.25 lbs

11) How many kilograms of hard candy that cost $7.50 per kilogram must be mixed with 24 kg of jelly
beans that cost $3.25 per kilogram to make a mixture that sells for $4.50 per kilogram?
A P T 7.5 x+78=4.5 x +108
x 7.5 7.5x −4.5 x−4.5 x
24 3.25 78
x+24 4.5 4.5x+108 3 x+ 78=108
−78−78
3 x 30
=
3 3
x=10 kg

13) How many pounds of lima beans that cost 90¢ per pound must be mixed with 16 lb of corn that
cost 50¢ per pound to make a mixture of vegetables that costs 65¢ per pound?
A P T .9 x+ 8=.65 x +10.4
x .9 .9x −.65 x−.65 x
16 .5 8
X+16 .65 .65x+10.4 .25 x+ 8=10.4
−8−8
.25 x 2.4
=
.25 .25
x=9.6 lbs

15) Solution A is 50% acid and solution B is 80% acid. How much of each should be used to make
100cc. of a solution that is 68% acid?
A P T −.5 ( A + B )=(100)(−.5) A+60=100
A .5 .5A .5 A +.8 B=68 −60−60
B .8 .8B
100 .68 68 −.5 A−.5 B=−50 A=40
.3 B 18
= 60 cc of 80 %
.3 .3
B=60 40 cc of 50 %

94
 17) A farmer has some cream which is 21% butterfat and some which is 15% butter fat. How many
gallons of each must be mixed to produce 60 gallons of cream which is 19% butterfat?
A P T −.15 ( A + B )=(60)(−.15) 40+ B=60
A .21 .21A .21 A +.15 B=11.4 −40−40
B .15 .15B
60 .19 11.4 −.15 A−.15 B=−9 B=20
.06 A 2.4
=
.06 .06
A=40 40 gal 21%
20 gal 15 %

19) A chemist wants to make 50ml of a 16% acid solution by mixing a 13% acid solution and an 18%
acid solution. How many milliliters of each solution should the chemist use?
A P T −.13 ( x+ y )=(50)(−.13) x +30=50
x .13 .13x .13 x+.18 y =8 −30−30
y .18 .18y
50 .16 8 −.13 x−.13 y=−6.5 x=20
.05 y 1.5
=
.05 .05
y=30 20 mL 13 %
30 mL 18 %

21) A paint that contains 21% green dye is mixed with a paint that contains 15% green dye. How many
gallons of each must be used to make 60 gal of paint that is 19% green dye?
A P T −.15 ( x+ y )=(60)(−.15) 40+ y=60
x .21 .21x .21 x+.15 y=11.4 −40−40
y .15 .15y
60 .19 11.4 −.15 x−.15 y=−9 y=20
.06 x 2.5
=
.06 .06
x=40 40 gal 21%
20 gal 15 %

23) To make a weed and feed mixture, the Green Thumb Garden Shop mixes fertilizer worth $4.00/lb.
with a weed killer worth $8.00/lb. The mixture will cost $6.00/lb. How much of each should be
used to prepare 500 lb. of the mixture?
A P T −4 ( x+ y )=(500)(−4) x +250=500
x 4 4x 4 x+ 8 y =3000 −250−250
y 8 8y
50 6 3000 −4 x−4 y=−2000 x=250
0

95
 4 y 1000
=
4 4
y=250 250 lbs@ $ 4
250 lbs@ $ 8

25) A grocer wishes to mix sugar at 9 cents per pound with sugar at 6 cents per pound to make 60
pounds at 7 cents per pound. What quantity of each must he take?
A P T −6 ( x + y )=(60)(−6) 20+ y =60
x 9 9x 9 x +6 y=420 −20−20
y 6 6y
60 7 420 −6 x−6 y =−360 y=40
3 x 60
=
3 3
x=20 20 lbs@ 9 ¢
40 lbs @6 ¢

27) A goldsmith combined an alloy that costs S4.30 per ounce with an alloy that costs $1.80 per
ounce. How many ounces of each were used to make a mixture of 200 oz costing $2.50 per
ounce?
A P T −1.8 ( x+ y )=(200)(−1.8) 56+ y =200
x 4.30 4.3x 4.3 x +1.8 y=500 −56−56
y 1.80 1.80y
200 2.50 500 −1.8 x−1.8 y=−360 y=144
2.5 x 140
=
2.5 2.5
x=56 56 oz .@ $ 4.30
144 oz . @ $ 1.80

29) The manager of a garden shop mixes grass seed that is 60% rye grass with 70 lb of grass seed that
is 80% rye grass to make a mixture that is 74% rye grass. How much of the 60% mixture is used?
A P T .6 x+ 56=.74 x +51.8
x .6 .6x −.6 x−.6 x
70 .8 56
x+7 .74 .74x+51.8 56=.45 x +51.8
0
−51.8−51.8
4.2 .14 x
=
.14 .14

96
 30 lbs=x

31) A caterer made an ice cream punch by combining fruit juice that cost $2.25 per gallon with ice
cream that costs $3.25 per gallon. How many gallons of each were used to make 100 gal of punch
costing $2.50 per pound?
A P T −2.25 ( x+ y )=(100)(−2.25) x +25=100
x 2.25 2.25x 2.25 x+ 3.25 y =250 −25−25
y 3.25 3.25y
100 2.5 250 −2.25 x−2.25 y=−225 x=75
y=25 75 gal @ $ 2.25
25 gal @ $ 3.25

33) A carpet manufacturer blends two fibers, one 20% wool and the second 50% wool. How many
pounds of each fiber should be woven together to produce 600 lb of a fabric that is 28% wool?
A P T −.2 ( x+ y ) =(600)(−.2) x +160=600
x .2 .2x .2 x+.5 y=168 −160−160
y .5 .5y
600 .28 168 −2. x−.2 y=−120 x=440
.3 y 48
=
.3 .3
y=160 440 lbs @20 %
160 lbs@ 50 %

35) The manager of a specialty food store combined almonds that cost $4.50 per pound with walnuts
that cost S2.50 per pound. How many pounds of each were used to make a 100 lb mixture that
cost $3.24 per pound?
A P T −2.5 ( x+ y )=(100)(−2.5) 37+ y =100
x 4.50 4.5x 4.5 x +2.5 y=324 −37−37
y 2.50 2.5y
100 3.24 324 −2.5 x−2.5 y=−250 y=63
2 x 74
=
2 2
x=37 37 lbs @$ 4.50
63 lbs@ $ 2.50

37) How many ounces of dried apricots must be added to 18 oz of a snack mix that contains 20% dried
apricots to make a mixture that is 25% dried apricots?
A P T x +3.6=.25 x +4.5
x 1 x −.25 x−.25 x
18 .2 3.6
x+18
97 .25 .25x+4.5
 .75 x+3.6=4.5
−3.6−3.6
.75 x 0.9
=
.75 .75
x=1.2 oz

39) How many ounces of pure bran flakes must be added to 50 oz. of cereal that is 40% bran flakes to
produce a mixture that is 50% bran flakes?
A P T x +20=.5 x +25
x 1 x −.5 x−.5 x
50 .4 20
x+50 .5 .5x+25 .5 x+ 20=25
−20−20
.5 x 5
=
.5 .5
x=10 oz

41) How many grams of pure water must be added to 50 g of pure acid to make a solution that is 40%
acid?
A P T 50=.4 w+20
w 0 0 −20−20
50 1 50
w+5 .4 .4w+20 30 .4 w
=
0 .4 .4
75 g=w

43) How many ounces of pure water must be added to 50 oz of a 15% saline solution to make a saline
solution that is 10% salt?
A P T 7.5=.1 x +5
x 0 0 −5−5
50 .15 7.5
x+5 .10 .1x+5 2.5 .1 x
=
0 .1 .1
25 oz=x

98
 Chapter 5: Polynomials

99
5.1
16 16
1) 4 ∙ 4 4 ∙ 4 4 =4 9 2 x( x y )
17 16
2x y
3) 4 ∙22=22 ∙ 22=24
7 5 7 5 2
2x y 2x y x y
29) = =
5) 3 m∙ 4 mn=12 m2 n 3 2 3 5 4
3 x y ∙ 4 x y 12 x y 6

( ) ( ) ( )
7) 2 m4 n2 ∙ 4 n m 2=8 m6 n 3 ( 2 x )3
22 2
23 x 3 8 x3 2
31) 3
= 3
= 3
=8 =64
x x x
3 4
9) ( 3 ) =3 12

33)
2
11) ( 44 ) =4 8

(( )( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
2 y 17 2 y 17 2 y 17 y 3 y3
4
= = = = =
2 2 2x y )
2 4
24 x8 y 16 16 x 8 y 16 8 x8 8 3 x 24 51
13) ( 2 u v 3
) =4 u v 6 4

4
35)
15) ( 2 a 4 ) =24 a16=16 a16

( ) ( )
4 4 4 3 5 8 3
2 mn ∙ 2 m n 4m n 3
=( 4 m n ) =4 m n =64 m
4 4 3 12 12 12
4
= 4
mn mn
45 2
17) 3 =4
4 5 2 3 3 8
2x y ∙2x y 4 x y 2
37) 4 3
= 7
=2 x y
3
2 2x y ∙ y 2x y
19) =3
3
39)
2 2 3 2
q r ∙(2 p q r ) q r (2 p q r )
3 2 2 3 2 2 4 4 2
21)
3nm
=m
2 q3 r 2 ∙ 4 p 4 p 4 r 6 4 p
rr = = =
3n 2p
3
2p
3
2p
3
2

4 x3 y4 4 x2 y 41)
23) 3
=
3x y 3
( ) ( )
3 3 4 4 4 4 7 4 4
z y ∙z x y z y x 4
3 3 3
= 3 3 3
=( x y 4 z ) =x 4 y 16 z 4
2 x y z x y z
25) ( x 3 y 4 ∙ 2 x 2 y 3 )
2
(2 x5 y7) 2
2x y z ∙2 z x y
2 6 2 2
4x y z
4 4 7
2 10 14 43) = =4 y 4 z
2 x y ( x 2 z3 )
2 4 6
x z
10 14
4x y

4
27) 2 x ( x 4 y 4 )

100
 5.2

1) ( 2mn )4 24 m4 n 4 4 4 4 2 4 6
3 4 = 0 −2 =2 m n n =16 m n
823)10
2 x y ( 2 x y ) =2 x y ( 2 x y )=2 x y =32 x y m n
4 −2 4 −2 4 4 12 5 8 10 0 −2
m n

3) 25)
15
y 3 ∙ x−3 y 2 y 3 x−3 y 2 y3 y2 y5
( a 4 b−3 ) 2 a3 b−2=a12 b9 ∙ 2 a3 b−2=2 a15 b−11= 2a11 1
3
3
= 12 6
= 3 12 6
= 15 6
= 15
b ( x4 y2 ) x y x x y x y x y

4
5) ( 2 x 2 y 2 ) x−4 =24 x 8 y 8 x−4 =16 x 4 y 8 27)
7) ( x 3 y 4 )∧3 x− 4 y 4=x 9 y 12 x 04 y 4 =x 5 y 16 2u−2 v 3 ( 2 u v 4 )
−1 −2 3
2u v ∙2 u v 2 v ∙u
−1 −1 −4
2v u
3 4 3
= = 2 = 3
2 u−4 v 0 −4 0
2u v 4 0
u 2uv ∙2v 4u
9)
2 x−3 y 2 2 y 2 x3 2 y 3 x3 2
( )
0 4 3
= = = 2x y 3
3 x −3 y 3 ∙ 3 x 0 x 3 ∙3 y 3 ∙3 x 0 9 x 3 y 3 9 y 29) =( 2 ) =8
y4

4 x y−3 ∙ x−4 y 0 4 x y 0 y 4 xy 1 2 2
11) −1
= 3 4
= 3 4= 3 2 y (2 x y )
4
y (2 x y )
2 8 4
4x y
8 5
4y 4y x 4y x x y 31) 4 0
= 4 0
= 4 0
=2 x 4 y5
2x y 2x y 2x y
13)
33)
u2 v−1 u2 u2 u
= = = 6 2 2 3 2
0 4 0 4 6
2u v ∙2 uv v ∙ 2u v ∙2 uv 4 u v 4 v 2 yz x 2 yz x 2 yz x 1
4
= 4 4 −2 4 8
= 4 12 4 = 2 11
2 x 4 y 4 z−2 ( z y 2 ) 2 x y z z y 2x y z x y z
u2 u2
15) 0 3 2
= 5
4 u v ∙ 3 v 12 v 35)
0 −3 0 0 −3 0
2k h ∙2h k 2 k h ∙2 h k 2k∙2 4k 1
2y 2y 2 2
= 2 2 6
= 3 2 6
= 2 3 6= 3
17) 2 4
= 0 8
= 7 ( 2 k j3 ) 2 k j h ∙4k j 4 k h j k h
( x0 y ) x y y
37)
19) 2
( c b3 ) ∙ 2 a−3 b2 c 2 b 6 ∙ 2 a−3 b2 c 2 b 6 2 b 2 b 6 2 b14 c 2 2b 1
( )
2a b 2 3 4
3 4 3 3 4
= = 3 9 9 = 12 9 = 12
=( 2 a a b ) =( 2 a b ) =2 a b =16 a b ( a3 b−2 c 3 )
3
−1
2 4 12 12 12 12
a9 b−6 c9 a a c a c a c
a
39)
4 4
2n m
2nm 1 1
21) = 4 8 8= 3 4 7= ( y x −4 z 2 )
y x z
−1
x z x z
−1
x
4 −2 4 4 2
2 2 4 4 7
(2 m n ) 2 m n 2 m n 8 m n 3 2 3 −1
= 3 2 3 −1 = 2 3 2 3 = 2 4 5 = 4 4
z x y z x x y z yz x x y x y z y z

5.3

101
 1) 885 21)
2
8.85 x 10 5.33 x 10
−6
−4 −1 −4 −5
−2
=0.554 x 10 =5.54 x 10 x 10 =5.54 x 10
9.62 x 10
3) 0.081
−2
8.1 x 10 23) ( 5.5 x 10−5 )
2

30.25 x 10−10
5) 0.039 1 −10
−2 3.025 x 10 x 10
3.9 x 10 −9
3.025 x 10
7) 8.7 x 10 5 5
870,000 25) ( 7.8 x 10−2 )
−10
28.872 x 10
2.8872 x 101 x 10−10
9) 9 x 10−4 2.8872 x 10
−9

0.0009

11) 2 x 100
−4
2 27) ( 8.03 x 10 4 )
0.000241 x 10−16
13) ( 7 x 10 −1
)( 2 x 10 ) −3
−4
2.41 x 10 x 10
−16
−4
14 x 10 2.41 x 10
−20

1.4 x 10 1 x 10−4
−3
1.4 x 10 6.1 x 10
−6
−2
29) −4
=1.196 x 10
5.1 x 10

31) ( 3.6 x 10 0 )( 6.1 x 10−3 )

−5 −2
15) (5.26 x 10 )(3.16 x 10 ) −3
−7
21.96 x 10
16.6216 x 10 2.196 x 101 x 10−3
1 −7
1.66216 x 10 x 10 2.196 x 10
−2
−6
1.66216 x 10
−3
33) ( 1.8 x 10−5 )
17) ( 2.6 x 10 −2
) ( 6 x 10 ) −2

−4
0.1715 x 1015
15.6 x 10 −1 15
1 −4
1.715 x 10 x 10
1.56 x 10 x 10
−3
1.715 x 1014
1.56 x 10
9 x 10 4 6
4.9 x 10
1
4
35) −2
=1.149 x 10
19) −3
=1.81 x 10 7.83 x 10
2.7 x 10

102
 37) 39)
2 2.4 x 106−6 =0.3692 x 10−6=3.692 x 10−1 x 10−6=3.692 x 1
−3
3.22 x 10 3 −1 3
=0.46 x 10 =4.6 x 10 x 10 =4.6 x 10 0
7 x 10
−6
6.5 x 10

3
6 x 10 6
41) −3
=1.034 x 10
5.8 x 10

5.4

1) −a 3 a 2+ 6 a−21 at a=−4 11) ( 5 p−5 p4 )−(8 p−8 p4 )

3 2
−(−4 ) − (−4 ) + 6 (−4 )−21 5 p−5 p −8 p+8 p
5 4

−(−64 )−( 16 )+6 (−4 )−21 3 p4 −3 p

64−16−24−21
3 13) ( 3 n2 +n 3 )−( 2n 3−7 n2 )
2 3 3 2
3 2
3 n +n −2 n −7 n
3) n −7 n +15 n−20 whenn=2
−n3 +10 n2
( 2 )3−7 ( 2 )2 +15 ( 2 )−20
8−7 ( 4 ) +15 (2 )−20 15) ( 8 n+ n4 ) −(3 n−4 n4 )
8−28+30−20 4 4
8 n+ n −3 n+4 n
−10 4
5 n +5 n
5) −5 n −11 n3−9 n 2−n−5 whenn=−1
4

4 3 2
−5 (−1 ) −11 (−1 ) −9 (−1 ) −(−1 )−5 17) ( 1+5 p3 )−(1−8 p3 )
−5 ( 1 )−11 (−1 )−9 ( 1 )−1 (−1 )−5 3 3
1+5 p −1+8 p
−5+11−9+1−5 3
13 p
−7

19) ( 5 n 4 +6 n3 ) +(8−3 n3−5 n4 )

7) x 2+ 9 x+23 when x=−3
3
(−3 )2 +9 (−3 )+23 3 n +8
9+ 9 (−3 ) +23
21) ( 3+ b4 ) +(7+2 b+ b4 )
9−27+23
5 2 b4 + 2b+ 10

9) x 4 −6 x3 + x 2−24 when x=6 23) ( 8 x 3 +1 )−(5 x 4−6 x 3 +2)

3 4 3
( 6 )4−6 ( 6 )3+ ( 6 )2−24 8 x + 1−5 x +6 x −2
1296−6 ¿ −5 x 4 +14 x 3−1
1296−1296+36−24
12 25) ( 2 a+2 a 4 )−(3 a2−5 a4 + 4 a)
4 2 4
2 a+2 a −3 a +5 a −4 a

103
 4 2 3 2
7 a −3 a −2 a n −5 n + 3

27) ( 4 p2−3−2 p ) −(3 p2 −6 p+ 3) 33) ( n−5 n4 +7 ) +(n2−7 n 4−n)

2 2 4 2
4 p −3−2 p−3 p +6 p−3 −12 n + n + 7
2
p +4 p−6
35) ( 8 r 4−5 r 3 +5 r 2 ) +(2r 2+2 r 3−7 r 4 +1)
29) ( 4 b3 +7 b 2−3 ) +(8+5 b2 +b 3) r 4−3 r 3 +7 r 2 +1
3 2
5 b +12 b +5
37) ( 2 n2 +7 n 4−2 ) +(2+2 n3 +4 n2+ 2n 4 )
31) ( 3+2 n2 + 4 n4 ) +(n3−7 n2−4 n 4 ) 4
9 n +2 n +6 n
3 2

39) ( 8−b+7 b3 )−( 3 b 4 +7 b−8−7 b2 ) + ( 3−3 b+6 b 3 )

3 4 2 3
8−b+7 b −3 b −7 b+ 8+7 b +3−3 b+6 b
−3 b 4 +13 b3−7 b 2−11 b+19

41) ( 8 x 4 +2 x 3+ 2 x ) +(2 x +2−2 x 3−x 4 )−(x3 +5 x 4 +8 x )

4 3 3 4 3 4
8 x +2 x +2 x +2 x +2−2 x −x −x −5 x −8 x
4 3
2 x −x −4 x+ 2

5.5

1) 6( p−7)
6 p−42 9) (8 b+ 3)(7 b−5)
2
56 b −40 b+21 b−15
3) 2(6 x +3) 2
56 b −19 b−15
12 x+6
11) (4 x+5)(2 x +3)
5) 5 m 4 ( 4 m+4) 2
8 x + 12 x +10 x+15
5 4
20 m + 20 m 2
8 x + 22 x +15

7) ( 4 n+6)(8 n+8) 13) (3 v −4)(5 v−2)

2
32 n +32 n+48 n+ 48 2
15 v −6 v−20 v+ 8
2
32 n +80 n+ 48
104
 2
15 v −26 v +8
15) (6 x−7)( 4 x +1) 21) (7 x +5 y)(8 x +3 y)
2 2
2
24 x +6 x−28 x−7 56 x + 21 xy + 40 xy +15 y
2 2 2
24 x −22 x−7 56 x + 61 xy +15 y

17) (5 x+ y)(6 x−4 y ) 23) (r −7)(6 r 2−4+5)

2 2 3 2 2
30 x −20 xy+ 6 xy−4 y 6 r −r + 5 r−42r +7 r −35
2
30 x −14 xy−4 y
2
6 r 3 −43 r 2 +12 r−35

19) (x +3 y)(3 x +4 y) 25) ( 6 n−4 ) (2 n2−2 n+5)

2 2 3 2 2
3 x −4 xy + 9 xy +12 y 12 n −12 n +30 n−8 n +8 n−20
2 2 3 2
3 x +13 xy +12 y 12 n −20 n +38 n−20

27) (6 x +3 y)( 6 x 2−7 xy + 4 y 2 )

3 2 2 2 2 3
36 x −42 x y +24 x y +18 x y−21 x y +12 y
36 x 3−24 x 2 y+3 x y 2+12 y 3

29) (8 n2 + 4 n+6)(6 n2−6 n+ 6)

4 3 2 3 2 2
48 n −40 n +48 n +24 n −20 n +24 n+36 n −30 n+ 36
4 3 2
48 n −16 n + 64 n −6 n+36

31) (5 k 2 +3 k + 3)(3 k 2+ 3 k +6)

4 3 2 3 2 2
15 k + 15 k +30 k +9 k + 9 k + 18 k +9 k +9 k + 18
15 k 4+ 24 k 3 + 48 k 2 +27 k +18

33) 3(3 x−4)(2 x+1) 37) 7(x −5)(x −2)

2
3(6 x +3 x−8 x−4) 7(x 2−2 x−5 x +10)
2 2
3(6 x −5 x−5) 7(x −7 x +10)
18 x 2−15 x −12 7 x 2−49 x +70
35) 3(2 x +1)( 4 x−5)
3(8 x 2−10 x +4 x −5) 39) 6(4 x−1)(4 x+1)
3( 8 x 2−6 x−5) 6(16 x 2 + 4 x−4 x−1)
2
24 x −18 x−15 6(16 x 2−1)
96 x 2−6

5.6

105
1) (x +8)(x−8) 17) ( a+5 )2 2
25 x +70 xy + 49 y
2

2
x −64 2 ( 5 a )=10 a 29) ( 2 x+2 y )2
2
a +10 a+ 25 2 ( 4 xy ) =8 xy
3) (1+3 p)( 1−3 p) 2
4 x +8 xy + 4 x= y
2
2
1−9 p 19) ( x−8 )2
2 (−8 x )=−16 x 31) ( 5+2 r )2
5) (1−7 n)(1+7 n) 2 ( 10 r )=20 r
2
x 2−16 x+ 64
1−49 n 25+20 r + 4 r
2

21) ( p+7 )2
7) (5 n−8)(5 n+8)
2 ( 7 p )=14 p 33) ( 2+5 x )2
2
25 n −64 2
2 ( 10 x )=20 x
p +14 p+49
2
4 +20 x+ 25 x
9) (4 x+ 8)( 4 x−8)
2
23) ( 7−5 n )2
16 x −64 35) (4 v −7)(4 v +7)
2 (−35 n )=−70 n
2
49−70 n+25 n 2
16 v −49
11) (4 y−x )(4 y + x )
16 y 2−x 2 37) (n−5)(n+5)
25) ( 5 m−8 )2
2
2 (−40 m )=−80 m n −25
13) ( 4 m−8 n)( 4 m+ 8 n)
2
2
16 n −64 n
2 25 m −80 m+64
39) ( 4 k +2 )2
27) ( 5 x+7 y )2 2 ( 8 k )=16 k
15) (6 x−2 y )(6 x+2 y ) 2
2 ( 35 xy ) =70 xy 16 k +16 k + 4
36 x 2−4 y 2

5.7
4 3 2 4 3 2
20 x + x +2 x 20 x x 2x 1 1
1) = + 3 + 3 =5 x+ +
4x 3
4x 3
4x 4x 4 2x

20 n4 +n 3+ 40 n2 20 n4 n3 40 n2 3 n
2
3) = + + =2 n + + 4 n
10 n 10 n 10 n 10 n 10

12 x 4 +24 x 3 +3 x 2 12 x 4 24 x 3 3 x 2 x
5) = + + =2 x 3+ 4 x 2 +
6x 6x 6x 6x 2

4 3 2 4 3 2
10 n +50 n +2 n 10 n 50 n 2n 2 1
7) = + + =n + 5 n+
10 n2 2 2
10 n 10 n 10 n 2
5

106
 2
x −2 x−71 9
9) x−10+
x+ 8 x+ 8
2
x +8 x −2 x−71
−x 2+(−8 x )
−10 x−71
+10 x+ 80
9

n2 +13 n+32 n+ 8−
8
11)
n+5 n+5
n+5 n 2+13 n+32
2
−n −5 n
8 n+32
−8 n−40
−8

v 2−2 v −89 v+ 8−
9
13)
v −10 v −10
v−10 v 2−2 v−89
2
−v +10 v
8 v−89
−8 v+ 80
9

a2−4 a−38 a+ 4−
6
15)
a−8 a−8
2
a−8 a −4 a−38
2
−a + 8 a
4 a−38
−4 a+32
−6

45 p2 +56 p+ 19 5 p+4 +
3
17)
9 p+ 4 9 p+ 4
2
9 p+ 4 45 p +56 p +19
2
−45 p −20 p
36 p+19
−36 p−16
3

107
 2
10 x −32 x+ 9 3
19) x−3+
10 x−2 10 x−2
2
10 x−2 10 x −32 x+ 9
2
−10 x +2 x
−30 x+ 9
+30 x−6
3

2
4 r −r−1 2
21) r −1+
4 r +3 4 r +3
2
4 r +3 4 r −r−1
2
−4 r −3 r
−4 r−1
+ 4 r +3
2

2
n −4
23) n+2
n−2
2
n−2 n −0 n−4
2
−n −2 n
−2 n−4
+2 n+ 4
0

2
27 b +87 b+35 5
25) 9 b+5−
3 b+8 3 b+8
2
3 b+8 27 b + 87 b+35
2
−27 b −72b
15 b+35
−15 b−40
−5

2
4 x −33 x +28 7
27) x−7−
4 x −5 4 x−5
4 x−5 4 x 2−33 x +28
2
−4 x +5 x
28 x+ 28
−28 x−35

108
 −7

3 2
a +15 a + 49 a−55 2 6
29) a + 8 a−7−
a+ 7 a+7
3 2
a+ 7 a +15 a +49 a−55
3 2
−a −7 a
2
8 a + 49 a
2
−8 a −56 a
−7 a−55
+7 a+ 55
0

3
x −26 x−41 2 1
31) x −4 x−10−
x +4 x+ 4
3 2
x +4 x −0 x −26 x −41
3 2
−x −4 x
2
−4 x −26 x
2
+ 4 x +16 x
−10 x−41
+10 x+ 40
1

3 n3 +9 n2−64 n−68 8
33) 3 n2−9 n−10−
n+ 6 n+6
3 2
n+6 3 n + 9 n −64 n−68
3 2
−3 n −18 n
2
−9 n −64 n
+9 n 2+54 n
−10 n−68
+10 n+60
−8

x3 −46 x +22 1
35) x 2−7 x+ 3+
x +7 x +7
3 2
x +7 x + 0 x −46 x+22

109
 3
−x −7 x
−7 x−46 x
+7 x +49 x
3 x+ 22
−3 x−21
1

3 2
9 p + 45 p + 27 p−5 2 4
37) p +4 p−1+
9 p +9 9 p+ 9
3 2
9 p+9 9 p +45 p +27 p−5
−9 p3−9 p
2
36 p +27 p
2
−36 p −36 p
−9 p−5
+9 p+9
4

3 2
r −r −16 r +8 2 8
39) r +3 r−4−
r−4 r−4
3 2
r −4 r −r −16 r + 8
3 2
−r + 4 r
2
3 r −16 r
2
−3 r +12 r
−4 r +8
+ 4 r−16
−8

3 2
12n +12 n −15 n−4 6 n2 −3 n−3+ 5
41)
2 n+3 2 n+3
2 n+3 12 n +12 n −15 n−4
3 2

3 2
−12 n −18 n
2
−6 n −15 n
2
+6 n + 9 n
−6 n−4
+6 n+ 9
5

110
 4 v 3−21 v 2 +6 v+19 1
43) v 2−6 v +6+
4 v +3 4 v +3
3 2
4 v +3 4 v −21 v +6 v +19
3 2
−4 v −3 v
2
−24 v + 6 v
+24 v 2+ 18 v
24 v+ 19
−24 v−18
1

111
 Chapter 6: Factoring

112
6.1

1) 9+ 8 x 17) 30 b9 +5 ab−15 a2
1(9+ 8 x ) 5(6 b9 +ab−3 a2 )

3) 45 x 2−25 19) −48 a2 b 2−56 a3 b−56 a5 b

5( 9 x 2−5) −8 a b ( 6 b +7 a+7 a )
2 3

5) 56−35 p 21) 20 x 8 y 2 z 2+15 x 5 y 2 z+ 35 x 3 y 3 z

7( 8−5 p)
5 x 3 y 2 z(4 x 5 z +3 x 2+ 7 y)

7) 7 ab−36 a 2 b
23) 50 x 2 y +10 y 2+ 70 x z 2
7 ab (1−5 a)
10(5 x 2 y + y 2 +7 x z 2 )
9) −3 a2 b+6 a3 b2
2
25) 30 qpr−5 qp+5 q
−3 a b(1−2 ab) 5 q (6 pr − p+1)

11) −5 x 2−5 x3 −15 x 4 27) −18 n5 +3 n3 −21n+ 3

2 2
−5 x ( 1+ x +3 x ) 5 3
−3(6 n −n +7 n−1)

13) 20 x 4−30 x +30 29) −40 x 11−20 x 12 +50 x 13−50 x14

4
10(2 x −3 x +3) −10 x 11 (4+22 x−5 x 2+5 x 3 )

15) 28 m 4 + 40 m3 +8 31) −32 mn 8+ 4 m6 n+12 mn 4 +16 mn

4 3
4 (7 m +10 m +2) 7 5
−4 mn(8 n −m −3 n −4)
3

6.2

1) 40 r 3−8 r 2−25 r +5 (5 b+7)(3 b 2−7)

2
8 r ( 5 r−1 )−5 (5 r−1)
2
(5 r−1)(8 r −5)

3) 3 n2−2n 2−9 n+6 7) 3 x 3+15 x 2 +2 x +10

n2 ( 3 n−2 )−3(3 n−2) 3 x 2 ( x +5 ) +2( x +5)

(3 n−2)(n2−3) (x +5)(3 x 2 +2)

5) 15 b3 +21 b2−35b−49 9) 35 x 3−28 x 2−20 x+16

2
3 b2 ( 5 b+7 ) −7(5 b+7) 7 x ( 5 x−4 )−4 (5 x −4)

113
 2
(5 x−4)(7 x −4) 21) 32 uv−20 u+24 v−15
4 u ( 8 v−5 )+3 (8 v −5)
11) 7 xy−49 x+5 y−35 (8 v−5)(4 u+ 3)
7 x ( y −7 ) +5( y −7)
( y−7)(7 x +5) 1) 10 xy +30+25 x+12 y
10 ( xy +3 ) +1(25 x+12 y )
No!
10 xy +25 x+12 y +30
13) 32 xy+ 40 x 2+12 y +15 x 5 x ( 2 y +5 ) +6(2 y +5)
8 x (4 y+ 5 x )+ 3(4 y+ 5 x ) (2 y +5)(5 x +6)
(4 y +5 x)(8 x +3)
1) 3 uv+ 14 u−6u 2−7 v
15) 16 xy−56 x +2 y−7 u ( 3 v +14 )−1(6 u2 +7 v)
8 x ( 2 y−7 )+ 1(2 y −7) No !
(2 y−7)(8 x +1) 2
3 uv−6 u −7 v +14 u
3 u ( v−2u ) −7(v−2 u)
17) 2 xy−8 x 2+ 7 y 3−28 y 2 x (v−2 u)( 3u−7)
2 x ( y−4 x ) +7 y 2 ( y−4 x)
( y−4 x )(2 x +7 y 2) 1) 16 xy−3 x−6 x 2 +8 y
2
x ( 16 y −3 )−1(6 x −8 y )
19) 40 xy +35 x−8 y 2−7 y No!
2
5 x ( 8 y +7 )− y (8 y +7) 16 xy−6 x +8 y−3 x
(8 y +7)(5 x− y ) 2 x ( 8 y−3 x ) +1(8 y−3 x )
(8 y−3 x )(2 x +1)

6.3
2 72
1) p +17 p+72 8 9 9) x 2+ 3 x −70 -70
17 10 -7
( p+8)( p+9) (x +10)( x−7) 3

8
3) n2 −9 n+8 -8 -1 11) n2 −8 n+15 15
-3 -5
(n−8)(n−1) -9 (n−3)(n−5) -8

5) x 2−9 x−10 -10

-10 1
(x−10)( x +1) -9
13) p2 +15 p+ 54 54
9 6
( p+9 )( p+ 6) 15
7) b 2+12 b+32 32
4 8
(b+ 4)(b +8) 12
15) n2 −15 n+56 56
-7 -8
(n−7)(n−8) -15

114
 2
5( a + 12 a+20)
17) u2−8uv +15 v 2 15
5( a+10)(a+2)
-5 -3
(u−5 v )(u−3 v) -8

29) 6 a 2+24 a−192 -32

2 2 8 -4
19) m −2 mn−8 n -8 2
6( a +4 a−32) 3
4 -2
(m+4 n)(m−2 n) 2 6( a+8)(a−4)

21) x 2−11 xy−12 y 2 18 31) 6 x 2+ 18 xy +12 y 2 2

-9 -2
( x−9 y ) (x−2 y ) -11
2
6( x +3 xy +2 y )
2 1 2
3
6( x+ y )( x +2 y )
2) x 2+ xy−12 y 2 -12
4 -3
(x +4 y)( x−3 y ) 1 3) 6 x 2+ 96 xy +378 y 2 63
9 7
2 2 16
6( x +16 xy +63 y )
6( x+ 9 y )( x +7 y)
2) x 2+ 4 xy −12 y 2 -12
6 -2
(x +6 y )( x−2 y ) 4

27) 5 a2 +60 a+ 100 20

10 2
12

6.4

1) 7 x 2−48 x +36 7) 2 x2 −5 x +2
2 252 2
7 x −6 x−42 x +36 -6 -42 2 x −4 x−x +2 4
-4 -1
x ( 7 x−6 )−6 (7 x−6) -48 2 x ( x−2 )−1( x−2) -5
(7 x−6)( x−6) ( x−2)(2 x−1)

3) 7 b2 +15 b+ 2 9) 2 x2 +19 x+ 35
14 70
2 2
7 b +b +14 b+2 1 14 2 x +14 x +5 x+ 35 14 5
19
b ( 7 b+1 )+2( 7 b+1) 15 2 x ( x +7 ) +5( x +7)
(7 b+1)(b+ 2) (x +7)(2 x +5)

5) 5 a2 −13 a−28
2 -140
5 a +7 a−20 a−28 7 -20
a ( 5 a+7 )−4(5 a+ 7) -13 11) 2 b2−b−3
2 -3
(5 a+7)( a−4) 2 b +2 b−3 b−3 2 -3
2 b ( b+1 )−3(b+1) -1

(b+ 1)(2 b−3)

115
 13) 5 k 2 +13 k +6 2 ( 7 x−2 )( x−4 )
2 30
5 k +10 k +3 k + 6 10 3
5 k ( k +2 ) +3 (k +2) 13 2) 6 x 2+ 29 x +20
2 120
(k + 2)(5 k + 3) 6 x + 5 x +24 x +20 5 24
29
x ( 6 x +5 ) + 4( 6 x +5)
15) 3 x 2−17 x+ 20 (6 x +5)( x+ 4)
3 x 2−12 x−5 x +20 -12
60
-5
3 x ( x−4 ) −5(x−4) -17 2) 4 k 2−17 k +4
16
(x−4)(3 x−5) 4 k 2−16 k−k+ 4 -16 -1
-17
4 k ( k −4 )−1(k −4 )
17) 3 x 2+17 xy +10 y 2 (k −4 )(4 k−1)
2 230
3 x +15 xy +2 xy +10 y15 2
3 x ( x +5 y )+ 2 y ( x +5 y 17
) 3) 4 x2 +9 xy +2 y 2
8
2 2
(x +5 y)(3 x +2 y) 4 x +8 xy + xy +2 y 8 1
9
4 x ( x +2 y ) + y ( x +2 y )
19) 5 x 2+28 xy −49 y 2 (x +2 y)( 4+ y )
2 2 -245
5 x +35 xy−7 xy −49 y 35 -7
5 x ( x +7 y )−7 y (x +7 y ) 28 33) 4 m2−9 mn−9 n 2
2 -36 2
(x +7 y)(5 x−7 y ) 4 m −12 mn+3 mn−9n -12 3
4 m ( m−3 n )+ 3 n(m−3 -9 n)

(m−3 n)( 4 m+3 n)

21) 6 x 2−39 x−21 3) 4 x2 +13 xy +3 y 2

12
3(2 x 2−13 x−7) -14
2
4 x +12 xy + xy+ 3 y
2
12 1
-14 1
3(2 x 2−14 x + x−7) -13 4 x ( x +3 y )+ y (x+3 y ) 13

3(2 x ( x−7 ) +1 ( x−7 )) (x +3 y)( 4 x + y)

3( x−7)(2 x +1)
210
3) 12 x2 +62 xy +70 y 2 21 10
2 2
23) 21 k 2−87 k−90 2(6 x +31 xy +35 y ) 31
-210
3(7 k 2−29 k −30) 6 -35
2
2(6 x +21 xy +10 xy +35 y )
2

3(7 k 2+ 6 k−35 k−30) -29

2 ( 3 x ( 2 x+7 y ) +5 y ( 2 x +7 y ) )
3( k (7 k +6 ) −5 (7 k +6 ) ) 2(2 x+ 7 y)(3 x +5 y)
3(7 k +6)(k −5)
12
2) 24 x 2−52 xy +8 y 2 -12 -1
25) 14 x 2−60 x +16 4 ( 6 x 2−13 xy+ 2 y 2 )
-13
2
56
2(7 x −30 x+ 8) -2 -28 4 (6 x 2−12 xy−xy +2 y 2)
2 -30
2(7 x −2 x−28 x+ 8) 4 ( 6 x ( x−2 y )− y ( x−2 y ) )
2 ( x ( 7 x−2 ) −4 ( 7 x−2 ) ) 4 ( x−2 y )(6 x− y )

116
6.5

1) r 2−16
( r ) ( 4) 19) x 2−6 x +9 9
2 -3 -3
(r + 4)(r −4) ( x +3 ) -3

3) v 2−25 21) 25 p2−10 p+1

( v )( 5) ( 5 p−1 )2 25
-5 -5
(v+ 5)( v−5) -10

23) 25 a2 +30 ab+ 9 b2 225

2
15 15
5) p −4 ( 5 a+3 b )2 30
( p) ( 2)
100
( p+2)( p−2) 25) 4 a2−20 ab+25 b2 -10 -10
-20
( 2 a−5 b )2
2
7) 9 k −4
( 3 k ) (2) 27) 8 x 2−24 xy +18 y 2 36
(3 k +2)(3 k −2) -6 -6
2 ( 4 x −12 xy +9 y )
2 2
-12
2
2 ( 2 x−3 y )
9) 3 x 2−27
2
3( x −9) 29) 8−m3
( x ) (3)
( 2 ) (m)
3( x +3)(x−3) 2
(2−m)(4+2 m+ m )

11) 16 x 2−36
2
31) x 3−64
4 (4 x −9)
( x ) (4 )
( 2 x ) (3) 2
(x−4)(x + 4 x +16)
4 (2 x+ 3)(2 x−3)
13) 18 a2−50b 2
33) 216−u3
2 ( 9 a2 −25 b2 ) ( 6 )( u)
( 3 a) ( 5 b) (6−u)¿
2(3 a+5 b)(3 a−5 b)
35) 125 a3 −64
2 1
15) a −2 a+1 1 1 ( 5 a ) (4)
( a−1 )2 2
(5 a−4 )( 25 a2 +20 a+16)

17) x 2+ 6 x+ 9 9
37) 64 x 3 +27 y 3
2 3 3
( x +3 ) 6 ( 4 x) ( 3 y )

117
 ( 4 x+3 y ) ( 16 x 2−12 xy + 9 y 2 ) ( 2 ) (z )
2
(4+ z )(2+ z )(2−z )
39) 54 x 3 +250 y 3
2 ( 27 x 3+125 y 3 ) 45) x 4 − y 4
( 3 x ) (5 y) ( x2 ) ( y2 )
2(3 x +5 y)¿ ( x 2 + y 2 )( x2− y 2)
( x )( y )
4
41) a −81 2 2
(x + y )(x + y )(x− y)
( a ) (9)
2

(a 2+ 9)(a2−9) 47) m4 −81 b4

( a )(3) ( m2 ) ( 9 b2 )
2
(a + 9)( a+3)(a−3) ( m2 +9 b2 ) ( m2−9b 2 )
( m ) (3 b )
4
43) 16−z (m 2 +9 b2 )(m+3 b)(m−3 b)
(4 ) ( z ) 2

2 2
(4+ z )( 4−z )

6.6

1) 24 az−18 ah+60 yz−45 yh 7) 5 n3 +7 n2 −6 n

3( 8 az−6 ah+20 yz −15 yh) n(5 n2+7 n−6)
-30
3¿ n(5 n2+10 n−3 n−6) 10 -3
3( 4 z−3 h)(2 a+5 y ) 7
n ( 5 n ( n+2 ) −3 ( n+2 ) )
n ( n+2 ) ( 5 n−3 )
3) 5 u2−9uv + 4 v 2
2 2 20
5 u −4 uv−5 uv +4 v -4 -5
9) 54 u3 −16
-9
u ( 5 u−4 v ) −v (5 u−4 v) 3
2(27 u −8)
(5 u−4 v)(u−v )
( 3 u ) (2)
5) −2 x3 +128 y 3 2 ( 3u−2 ) ( 9 u2 +6 u+ 4 )
−2 ( x −64 y )
3 3
11) n2 −n
( x )( 4 y )
n(n−1)
−2 ( x−4 y ) ( x 2 +4 xy +16 y 2 )
13) x 2−4 xy+ 3 y 2 3
-1 -3
x 2−xy−3 xy +3 y 2 -4

118
 x ( x− y )−3 y ( x− y ) x (5 x+2)
(x− y )( x−3 y )
31) 3 k 3 −27 k 2 +60 k 20
2 2 2 -4 -5
15) 9 x −25 y 3 k ( k −9 k+ 20) -9
( 3 x ) (5 y) 3 k (k−4)(k −5)
(3 x+ 5 y)(3 x−5 y )
33) mn−12 x+ 3 m−4 xn
2
17) m −4 n 2
1 ( mn−12 x ) +1(3 m−4 xn)
( m ) (2 n) mn+3 m−4 xn−12 x
(m+2 n)(m−2 n) m ( n+3 )−4 x (n+3)
19) 36 b2 c−16 xd−24 b2 d +24 xc ( n+3 )( m−4 x )
2 2
4 (9 b c −4 xd−6 b d+ 6 xc)
16
4¿ 35) 16 x 2−8 xy + y 2
-4 -4
4 (9 b 2 c −6 b2 d+ 6 xc−4 xd) ( 4 x− y )2 -8

4¿
2
4 (3 c−sd )(3 b +2 x ) 37) 27 m2−48 n2
3 ( 9 m −16 n )
2 2

21) 128+54 x 3 ( 3 m ) (4 n)
2(64 +27 x 3) 3(3 m+ 4 n)(3 m−4 n)
( 4 ) (3 x) -60
2 ( 4+ 3 x ) ( 16−12 x +9 x 2 ) 39) 9 x 3+ 21 x 2 y−60 y 2 x 12 -5
7
3 x ( 3 x +7 xy−20 y )
2 2

23) 2 x3 +6 x 2 y−20 y 2 x -10 3 x (3 x2 +12 xy−5 xy−20 y 2 )

2 x ( x +3 xy−10 y )
2 2 5 -2 3 x ( 3 x ( x + 4 y )−5 y ( x+ 4 y ) )
3
2 x ( x +5 y )( x−2 y ) 3 x ( x +4 y )( 3 x−5 y )

25) n3 +7 n 2+10 n 41) 2 m 2+6 mn−20 n2 -10

10
2 2 2 5 -2
n( n +7 n+10) 5 2 2(m +3 mn−10 n ) 3
7
n( n+5)(n+2) 2 ( m+5 n )( m−2n )

27) 27 x 3−64
( 3 x ) (4)
(3 x−4)(9 x 2+12 x+ 16)

29) 5 x 2+2 x

6.7

119
 1) ( k −7 ) ( k +2 ) =0 2
5 n −10 n+ n−2=0
k −7=0 k +2=0 5 n ( n−2 )+1 ( n−2 )=0
+7+7−2−2 ( n−2 )( 5 n+1 )=0
k =7 k =−2 n−2=0 5 n+1=0
+2+2−1−1
3) ( x−1 ) ( x+ 4 )=0 5 n −1
n=2 =
x−1=0 x + 4=0 5 5
+1+1−4−4 −1
n=
x=1 x=−4 5

5) 6 x 2−150=0 13) x 2−4 x−8=−8

6 ( x −25 )=0
2 +8+ 8
2
6 ( x +5 ) ( x −5 )=0 x −4 x=0
x +5=0 x−5=0 x ( x−4 )=0
−5−5+5+5 x=0 x−4=0
x=−5 x=5 + 4+ 4
x=4
7) 2 n2 +10 n−28=0
-14
2 ( n2 +5 n−14 ) =0 7 -2
15) x 2−4 x−1=−5
2 ( n+7 ) ( n−2 )=0 5
4
n+7=0 n−2=0 +5+5 -4 -1
2 -5
−7−7+2+2 x −4 x+ 4=0
n=−7 n=2 ( x−4 ) ( x−1 )=0
x−4=0 x−1=0
+ 4+ 4+1+1
x=4 x=1

17) 49 p2 +371 p−241=0 168

-3 56
7 ( 7 p +53 p−24 )=0
2
9) 7 x 2+ 26 x +15=0 53

7 ( 7 p2−3 p+56 p−24 ) =0

2
7 x + 5 x +21 x+15=0 105
x ( 7 x +5 ) +3 ( 7 x+ 5 )=0 5 21 7¿
26
( 7 x+ 5 ) ( x +3 ) =0 7 ( 7 p−3 )( p+8 )=0
7 x +5=0 x +3=0 7 p−3=0 p+8=0
−5−5−3−3 +3+3−8−8
7 x −5 7p 3
= x=−3 = p=−8
7 7 7 7
−5 3
x= p=
7 7

11) 5 n2−9 n−2=0 19) 7 x 2+ 17 x −20=−8 -84

-10 -4 21
-10 1 17
-9
120
 +8+ 8 3v 8
v=−5 =
2
7 x + 17 x −12=0 3 3
2
7 x −4 x+21 x−12=0 8
v=
x ( 7 x−4 )+3 ( 7 x−4 ) =0 3
( 7 x−4 ) ( x+3 )=0
7 x−4=0 x +3=0
27) 35 x 2+120 x=−45
+ 4+ 4−3−3 63
7x 4 + 45+45 3 21
= x=−3 2
35 x +120 x +45=0 24
7 7
5 ( 7 x + 24 x+ 9 )=0
2
4
x=
7 5 ( 7 x +3 x +21 x+ 9 )=0
2

5 ( x ( 7 x +3 ) +3 ( 7 x+ 3 ) )=0
21) 7 r 2 +84=−49 r
5 ( 7 x+3 )( x +3 )=0
+ 49 r+ 49 r
2
7 x +3=0 x +3=0
7 r +49 r + 84=0 12 −3−3−3−3
7 ( r +7 r +12 ) =0
2 4 3
7 7 x −3
= x =−3
7 ( r +7 r +12 ) =0 7 7
2

7 ( r + 4 ) ( r +3 )=0 −3
x=
r + 4=0 r +3=0 7
−4−4−3−3
r =−4 r=−3 29) 4 k 2 +18 k −23=6 k−7
−6 k + 7−6 k +7
-4
2
4 k +12 k−16=0 4 -1
3
4 ( k +3 k −4 )=0
2

23) x 2−6 x=16 4 ( k + 4 ) ( k −1 )=0

-16
−16−16 -8 2 k + 4=0 k −1=0
2 -6
x −6 x−16=0 −4−4+ 1+1
( x−8 )( x +2 )=0 k =−4 k =1
x−8=0 x+ 2=0
+8+ 8−2−2 31) 9 x 2−46 +7 x=7 x+ 8 x 2 +3
x=8 x=−2 2
−8 x −3−7 x−7 x−8 x −3
2

2
x −49=0
25) 3 v 2 +7 v=40 -120 ( x +7 ) ( x−7 )=0
15 -8
−40−40 7 x +7=0 x −7=0
2
3 v +7 v−40=0 −7−7+7+7
2
3 v +15 v −8 v−40=0 x=−7 x=7
3 v ( v +5 )−8 ( v +5 ) =0
( v+5 )( 3 v−8 )=0 33) 2 m 2+19 m+40=−2 m
v+5=0 3 v −8=0 +2 m+2 m
−5−5+8+8 2
2 m +21 m+40=0

121
 2
2 m + 4 m+16 m+ 40=0 7 ( p ( 5 p−4 ) +6 ( 5 p−4 ) ) =0
m¿ 7 ( 5 p−4 ) ( p +6 ) =0
( 2 m+5 )( m+8 )=0 80 5 p−4=0 p+ 6=0
5 16
2 m+ 5=0 m+8=0 21 + 4+ 4−6−6
−5−5−8−8 5p 4
= p=−6
2m −5 5 5
= m=−8
2 2 4
p=
−5 5
m=
2

35) 40 p2 +183 p−168= p+5 p 2

2 2
−5 p − p− p−5 p
-120
35 p2+ 182 p−168=0 -4 30
7 ( 5 p +26 p−24 )=0
2 26

7 ( 5 p −4 p+30 p−24 )=0

2

122
 Chapter 7: Rational Expressions

123
7.1
2
3 k +30 k
1)
k +10 24 a 3
13) =
40 a 5 a
2
k +10 ≠ 0
−10−10
k ≠−10 32 x 4
3
15) =
8 x4 x
15 n2
3)
10 n+25 18 m−24 6 ( 3 m−4 ) 3 m−4
10 n+25 ≠ 0 17) = =
60 60 10
−25−25
10 n 25 20 20 10
≠− 19) = =
10 10 4+ 2 p 2 ( 2+ p ) 2+ p
5
n ≠−
2 x +1 x+1 1
21) = =
x +8 x +7 ( x+7 )( x +1 ) x+7
2

10 m2 +8 m
5)
10 m 2 2
32 x 32 x 8x
10 m 0 23) = =
≠ 28 x +28 x 28 x x +1 7 x +1 )
2
( ) (
10 10
m≠ 0
n2 +4 n−12 ( n+6 )( n−2 ) n+6
25) 2 = =
n −7 n+10 ( n−5 )( n−2 ) n−5
r 2+ 3 r +12
7)
5 r +10
5 r +10 ≠ 0 9 v +54 9 ( v +6 ) 9
27) = =
v −4 v −60 ( v−10 )( v+ 6 ) v−10
2
−10−10
5r 10
≠−
12 x −42 x 6 x ( 2 x−7 ) 2 x−7
2
5 5
29) = =
30 x −42 x 6 x ( 5 x−7 ) 5 x−7
2
r ≠−2

2
b +12 b+32 6 a−10 2 ( 3 a−5 ) 3 a−5
9) 31) = =
b2 + 4 b−32 10 a+4 2 ( 5 a+ 2 ) 5 a+2
b 2+ 4 b−32≠ 0
(b+ 8)(b−4)≠ 0 2n 2+19 n−10 ( 2n−1 ) ( n+10 ) 2n−1
33) = =
b+ 8≠ 0 b−4 ≠ 0 9 n+90 9 ( n+10 ) 9
−8−8+4+ 4
b ≠−8 b ≠ 4 8 m+16 8 ( m+ 2 ) 2 ( m+2 )
35) = =
20 m−12 4 ( 5 m−3 ) 5 m−3
2
21 x 7 x
11) =
18 x 6

124
 2 x −10 x +8 2 ( x−4 )( x−1 ) 2 ( x −4 )
2 2
n2−2 n+1 ( n−1 )
37) = = 41) =
3 x −7 x+ 4 ( 3 x −4 )( x−1 ) 3 x−4
2
6 n+6 6 ( n+1 )

7 n2−32 n+16 ( 7 n−4 )( n−4 ) 7 n−4 43)

39) = =
4 n−16 4 ( n−4 ) 4 7 a2−26 a−45 ( 7 a+ 9 ) ( a−5 ) 7 a+9
= =
6 a −34 a+20 2 ( 3 a−2 )( a−5 ) 2 ( 3 a−2 )
2

7.2
4 2
8x 9 2
1) ∙ =4 x
9 2

9n 7 63
3) ∙ =
2 n 5 n 10 n

2 3 2
5x 6 3 x
5) 2
∙ =
4 5 2

7 ( m−6 ) 5 m ( 7 m−5 )
7) ∙ =5 m
m−6 7 ( 7 m−5 )

2
7r r−6 7r ( r −6 ) r −6
9) ÷ = ∙ =
7 r ( r + 10 ) ( r −6 ) 7 r ( r+ 10 ) r−6 r +10
2

2
25 n+25 4 25 ( n+1 ) 4 2
11) ∙ = 3 ∙ =
5 30 n+ 30 5 30 ( n+1 ) 3

x−10 7 x −10 35 x +21 x −10 7 ( 5 x +3 ) x−10

13) ÷ = ∙ = ∙ =
35 x +21 3 x +21 35 x+21 7 7 ( 5 x +3 ) 7 7

x −6 x−7 x+5 ( x −7 ) ( x+1 ) x+ 5

2
15) ∙ = ∙ =x +1
x +5 x −7 x +5 x−7

8k 1 8k 15 k −25 8k 5 ( 3 k−5 )
17) ÷ = ∙ = ∙ =5
24 k −40 k 15 k−25 24 k −40 k
2 2
1 8 k ( 3 k−5 ) 1

125
 6 n−8 6 3
19) ( n−8 ) ∙ = 5 ∙ =
10 n−80 1 10 ( n−8 ) 5

4 m+36 m−5 4 ( m+ 9 ) m−5 4 ( m−5 )

21) ∙ = ∙ =
m+9 5 m2 m+9 5 m2 5 m2

3 x−6 3 ( x−2 ) x+3 x +3

23) ∙ ( x+3 )= ∙ =
12 x−24 4
12 ( x−2 ) 1 4

b+2 b+ 2 5 b−3 b+2

25) ∙ ( 5 b−3 )= ∙ =
2
40 b −24 b 8 b ( 5 b−3 ) 1 8b

n−7 12−6 n n−7 −6 ( n−2 ) −1

27) ∙ 2 = ∙ =
6 n−12 n +13 n+ 42 6 ( n−2 ) ( n−7 ) ( n−6 ) n−6

27 a+36 6 a+ 8 27 a+36 2 9 ( 3 a+ 4 ) 2 1
29) ÷ = ∙ = ∙ =
9 a+63 2 9 a+63 6 a+8 9 ( a+7 ) 2 ( 3 a+4 ) a+7

x −12 x +32 7 x +14 x ( x−8 )( x−4 ) 7 x ( x +2 ) x −4

2 2
31) ∙ = ∙ =
x −6 x−16 7 x +21 x ( x−8 ) ( x+ 2 ) 7 x ( x +3 ) x +3
2 2

9
2
18 m −36 m 10 m ( m+10 ) 18 m ( m−2 )
3 2
33) ( 10 m + 100 m ) ∙
2 2
= ∙ =9 m ( m+ 10 )
2
20 m −40 m 1 (
20 m m−2 )

2
7 p +25 p+12 3 p−8 ( 7 p+4 ) ( p+ 3 ) 3 p−8 p+3
35) ∙ = ∙ =
6 p+ 48 2
21 p −44 p−32 6 ( p +8 ) ( 7 p+ 4 ) ( 3 p−8 ) 6 ( p+8 )

5
10 b2 30 b+20 10 b2 10 ( 3 b+ 2 ) 5 b
37) ∙ 2 = ∙ =
30 b+20 2b +10 b 10 ( 3 b+2 ) 2b ( b+ 5 ) b +5

7 r −53 r−24 49 r +21 7 r −53 r −24 49 r +14 (7 r + 3 )( r −8 ) 7 ( 7 r +2 )

2 2
39) ÷ = ∙ = ∙ =r−8
7 r +2 49 r +14 7 r +2 49 r+ 21 7 r +2 7 ( 7 r +3 )

41)
x2−1 x 2−4 x 2 + x−2 x 2−1 x2 −4 3 x−6 ( x+ 1 )( x−1 ) ( x +2 ) ( x−2 ) 3 ( x−2 ) 3
∙ 2 ÷ = ∙ 2 ∙ 2 = ∙ ∙ =
2 x−4 x −x−2 3 x −6 2 x −4 x −x−2 x + x−2 (
2 x−2 ) ( )( ) (
x−2 x +1 x +2 x−1 2) ( )

126
 43)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x +3 x +9 x +2 x−8 x −4 x +3 x +9 x +2 x−8 x −6 x+ 9 x + 3 x +9 ( x+ 4 )( x−2 ) (
2
∙ 3
÷ 2
= 2
∙ 3
∙ 2
= ∙ ∙
x + x−12 x −27 x −6 x+ 9 x + x−12 x −27 x −4 ( x + 4 ) (x−3) ( x−3 ) ( x2 +3 x +9 ) ( x−
1
x+2

7.3

( 6) 3 ? 13) x 3−3 x , x−3 , x

1) =
( 6 ) 8 48 2
x (x −3)
18 x ( x−3)
48
15) x +2 , x−4
( y) a ? (x +2)( x−4)
3) =
( y ) x xy
ay 17) x 2−25 , x+5
xy (x +5)(x−5)
(x +5)(x−5)
( 3 a2 c 3 ) 2 ?
5) = 3 2 4
(3 a c ) 3 a b c 9 a b c
2 3 3 2
19) x 2+ 3 x +2 , x2 +5 x +6
2 3
6a c ( x +1 )( x +2 ) (x +2)(x +3)
9 a3 b2 c 4 (x +1)( x +2)( x+ 3)

( x−4 ) 2 ? ( 2 a3 ) 3 a 2 (b)
7) = 2 21) ,
( x−4 ) x + 4
( x +4 )(xx−4
−16) ( 2 a ) 5 b 10 a3 b ( b )
3 2

3 2
LCD=10 a b
2 x−8 4
6a 2b
( x+ 4 ) ( x−4 ) 3 2
, 3 2
10 a b 10 a b
( x+3 ) ( x−4 ) ?
9) = 2 ( x+2 ) x +2 ( x−3 ) ( x−3 )
( x+3 ) ( x+ 2( )x +2x )(+x5+3
x +6 23) ,
) ( x+2 ) x−3 ( x +2 ) ( x−3 )
2 2
LCD=(x −3)( x+2)
x −4 x +3 x−12 x −x −12
= x 2 +4 x+ 4 x 2−6 x +9
( x+2 ) ( x+ 3 ) ( x +2 ) ( x+3 ) ,
( x−3 ) ( x +2 ) ( x−3 ) ( x+ 2 )

( x−4 ) x 3x ( x +4 )
11) 2 a3 , 6 a4 b 2 , 4 a3 b5 25) , 2
4 5 ( x−4 ) x −16 x −8 x +16 ( x +4 )
2
12 a b
( x−4 ) ( x+ 4 ) ( x−4)(x −4)

127
 2 2
LCD=( x−4 ) ( x +4 ) 4x x + 4 x+ 4
,
( x−3 ) ( x +2 ) ( x−3 ) ( x+ 2 )

4x x +2 ( x+ 2 )
27) ,
x −x−6 x−3 ( x+ 2 )
2

(x−3)(x +2)
LCD : ( x−3 )( x +2 )

7.4

2 4 6 LCD : 4 x
1) + =
a+3 a+3 a+3 x−1 −8 x−12 −7 x−13
+ =
4x 4x 4x
3)
t 2 + 4 t 2t−7 t 2+ 6 t−7 ( t+7 )( t−1 )
+ = = =t+ 7
t −1 t −1 t−1 t−1 ( y ) 5 x +3 y −3 x−4 y (2 x )
15) +
( y ) 2 x2 y x y2 (2 x )
5) 2
LCD :2 x y
2
2
2
2 x +3 −x +5 x + ( −9 ) 2
x + 5 x−6 ( x +6 )( x−1 ) x+ 6
+ = 2 = =
2
x −6 x+5
2
x −6 x+5 x −6 x +5 ( x+5 )( x−1 ) 5 xyx++35 y 2 −6 x 2−8 xy −6 x 2−3 xy +3 y 2
2 2
+ 2 2
= 2 2
2x y 2x y 2x y
( 4 ) 5 −5 ( 3 )
7) +
( 4 ) 6 r 8r ( 3 ) ( z+1 ) 2 z −3 z ( z−1 )
17) +
LCD :24 r ( z+1 ) z−1 z+ 1 ( z−1 )
20 −15 5 LCD :(z−1)( z+1)
+ =
24 r 24 r 24 r 2 z2 +2 z −3 z 2 +3 z −a2 +5 z
+ =
( z−1 )( z +1 ) ( z−1 ) ( z+ 1 ) ( z−1 ) ( z+ 1 )
( 2) 8 5 (3 t )
9) +
( 2 ) 9t 3 6 t 2 (3 t )
8 −3 ( x−2 )
LCD :18 t 3 19) 2 +
x −4 x+ 2 ( x−2 )
16 15t 16+15 t LCD : ( x +2 ) ( x −2 )
3
+ 3
= 3
18t 18 t 18 t
8 −3 x+ 6 −3 x+14
( 2 ) a+2 −a+ 4 + =
11) + ( x+2 ) ( x−2 ) ( x +2 ) ( x −2 ) ( x +2 ) ( x −2 )
( 2) 2 4
LCD : 4 (4 ) t −5
2 a+4 −a+ 4 a+8 21) +
+ = ( 4 ) t−3 4 t−12
4 4 4
LCD : 4(t−3)
4t −5 4 t−5
x−1 −2 x−3 ( 4 ) + =
13) + 4 (t−3) 4 (t −3) 4(t−3)
4x x (4 )

128
 ( 3) 2 −4 ( 5 x ) ( y+ t ) t − y ( y−t )
23) + 25) +
( 3 ) 5 x +5 x 3 x +3 ( 5 x )
2 ( y+ t ) y−t y +t ( y−t )
5 x ( x +1 ) 3 (x+1) LCD :( y +t)( y−t)
LCD :15 x ( x +1 ) yt +t 2 − y 2 + yt t 2 +2 yt− y 2
+ =
6 −20 x 6−20 x ( y+ t ) ( y−t ) ( y +t )( y −t ) ( y +t ) ( y−t )
+ =
15 x ( x+1 ) 15 x ( x+1 ) 15 x ( x+ 1 )

( x+1 ) x −2 ( x+3 )
27) + 2
( x+1 ) x + 5 x +6 x +3 x +2 ( x+3 )
2

( x +2 )( x +3 ) ( x +1)(x+2)
LCD :( x+1)(x +2)(x +3)
x2+ x −2 x−6 x2 −x−6 ( x −3 ) ( x +2 ) x−3
+ = = =
( x+1 ) ( x+ 2 )( x +3 ) ( x +1 ) ( x +2 ) ( x+3 ) ( x +1 )( x +2 ) ( x+3 ) ( x +1 )( x +2 ) ( x+3 ) ( x +1 )( x +3 )

( x+6 ) x −7 ( x +8 )
29) + 2
( x+6 ) x +15 x+ 56 x + 13 x + 42 ( x +8 )
2

( x +7 ) ( x+8 ) ( x+7)(x +6)

LCD :( x+ 6)( x+7)( x +8)

2
x +6 x −7 x−56
2
x −x−56 ( x−8 ) ( x+7 ) x−8
+ = = =
( x+6 )( x +7 ) ( x+ 8 ) ( x +6 ) ( x+ 7 ) ( x +8 ) ( x +6 ) ( x+7 )( x +8 ) ( x +6 ) ( x+7 )( x +8 ) ( x+ 6 ) ( x+ 8 )

( x+3 ) 5 x −18 ( x +2 )
31) + 2
( x+3 ) x −x−6 x −9 ( x +2 )
2

( x−3 ) ( x+ 2 ) ( x+ 3)( x−3)

LCD :( x+2)(x−3)( x +3)

5 x 2 +15 x −18 x−36 5 x 2−3 x−36 ( 5 x+ 12 )( x−3 ) 5 x+12

+ = = =
( x+2 ) ( x−3 ) ( x+ 3 ) ( x+ 2 )( x−3 )( x +3 ) ( x +2 ) ( x−3 ) ( x+3 ) ( x +2 ) ( x −3 ) ( x +3 ) ( x+ 2 )( x +3 )

( x+3 ) 2 x −4 ( x+1 )
33) + 2
( x+3 ) x −1 x +2 x−3 ( x+1 )
2

( x +1 )( x−1 ) ( x+ 3 ) (x−1)
LCD :( x+3)(x +1)( x−1)

2
2x +6 x −4 x−4
2
2 x +2 x−4 2 ( x+2 )( x−1 ) 2 ( x +2 )
+ = = =
( x+3 )( x +1 )( x−1 ) ( x +3 )( x +1 )( x−1 ) ( x+ 3 )( x +1 ) ( x−1 ) ( x +3 ) ( x+1 ) ( x−1 ) ( x +3)( x+1)

129
 ( x+2 ) x+1 x +6 ( x−7 )
35) + 2
( x+2 ) x −2 x−35 x +7 x+10 ( x−7 )
2

( x−7 )( x +5 ) ( x +5)( x+2)

LCD :(x+2)(x +5)(x−7)

x 2 + x+ 2 x +2 x 2−7 x+ 6 x−42 2 x2 +2 x−40 2 ( x+5 )( x−4 ) 2 ( x−4 )

+ = = =
( x+2 ) ( x+ 5 )( x−7 ) ( x+ 2 )( x +5 ) ( x−7 ) ( x+2 )( x +5 ) ( x −7 ) ( x +2 ) ( x+5 )( x−7 ) ( x−7 )( x +2 )

(−1 ) 4−a2 −a+2 ( a+3 )

37) +
(−1 ) a2−9 3−a ( a+3 )
( a+ 3 )( a−3 ) (−1)( a−3)
LCD :(−1)(a+3)(a−3)
2 2
a −4 −a −3 a+2 a+6 −a+2
+ =
(−1 )( a+3 ) ( a−3 ) (−1 ) ( a+3 )( a−3 ) (−1 ) ( a+3 )( a−3 )

( 2 z +1 ) 2 z (−1 )( 2 z−1 ) 3 z −3 (−1 )

39) + + 2
( 2 z +1 ) 1−2 z (−1 )( 2 z−1 ) 2 z +1 4 z −1 (−1 )
(−1 ) ( 2 z−1 )( 2 z +1)( 2 z−1)
LCD :(−1)(2 z−1)(2 z+1)

2
4 z +2 z
2
−6 z +3 z 3
2
−2 z +5 z+3 (−1 ) ( 2 z +1 ) ( z −3 )
+ + = =
(−1 )( 2 z−1 ) ( 2 z +1 ) (−1 ) ( 2 z−1 )( 2 z+1 ) (−1 )( 2 z−1 ) (2 z +1 ) (−1 )( 2 z−1 )( 2 z +1 ) (−1 ) ( 2 z −1 )( 2 z+ 1

( x+3 ) 2 x−3 3 x−1 ( x+ 1 )

41) + 2
x+3 x +3 x+2 x +5 x+ 6 ( x+ 1 )
2

( x +1 )( x +2 ) ( x +3)(x+2)
LCD :( x+1)(x +2)(x +3)
2 x 2−3 x+ 6 x−9 3 x 2+ 3 x−x −1 ( 5 x 2+5 x−10 ) 5 ( x+2 ) ( x−1 ) 5 ( x−1 )
+ = = =
( x+1 ) ( x+ 2 )( x +3 ) ( x +1 ) ( x +2 ) ( x+3 ) ( x +1 )( x +2 ) ( x+3 ) ( x +1 )( x +2 ) ( x+3 ) ( x +1 )( x +3 )

( x +5 ) ( 2 x+ 7 ) −3 x +2 ( x−3 )
43) + 2
( x +5) ( x −2 x−3 ) x +6 x +5 ( x−3 )
2

( x−3 ) ( x+ 1 ) ( x+5)(x +1)

LCD :( x+1)( x−3)( x +5)

2 x +7 x+10 x +35 ( −3 x +9 x +2 x−6 )

2
2 2
−x + 28 x +29 −1 ( x−29 ) ( x+1 ) (−1 ) ( x −29 )
+ = = =
( x+ 1 )( x−3 )( x +5 ) ( x +1 ) ( x −3 )( x +5 ) ( x+1 ) ( x−3 ) ( x+ 5 ) ( x +1 ) ( x −3 ) ( x +5 ) ( x−3 ) ( x+ 5 )

130
7.5

( x 2 ) 1+ 1 ( x 2 )
2
x x +x x ( x+1 ) x
1) = = =
1 x−1
( x 2) 1− 2 ( x 2 ) x −1 ( x+ 1 )( x−1 )
2

( a ) a−2 ( a ) a2−2 a a ( a−2 ) (−1 ) −a

= = =
3) 4 2
( 2+ a )( 2−a ) a+ 2
( a ) −a ( a ) 4−a
a

( a2 ) 12 − 1 ( a2 )
a a 1−a
5) =
( a 2) 12 + 1 ( a 2) 1+ a
a a

4
( x+2 ) 2− ( x+ 2 )
x +2 2 x +4−4 2 x 2
7) 10
= = =
5 x +10−10 5 x 5
( x+2 ) 5− ( x +2 )
x +2

3
( 2 a−3 ) + 2 ( 2 a−3 )
( 2 a−3 ) 3+4 a−6 4 a−3 4 a−3 −1
9) −6
= = = =
−6−8 a+ 12 −8 a+6 −2 ( 4 a−3 ) 2
( 2 a−3 ) −4 ( 2 a−3 )
( 2a−3 )

x 1
x ( x+ 1 ) − x ( x +1 )
x+1 x x 2−x −1
11) x 1
= 2
x ( x +1 ) + x ( x +1 ) x + x +1
x +1 x

( x2 ) 3
x 3x x
13) = =
( x 2) 92 9 3
x

131
 2 2
( 16 a2 b 2 ) a −b
4 a b 4 b ( a −b ) 4 b ( a+b ) ( a−b ) 4 b ( a−b )
2 2 2
15) = = =
( 16 a2 b2 ) a+ b 2 a ( a+b ) a ( a+ b ) a
16 a b

( x 2 ) 1− 3 ( x 2 )− 102 ( x2 )
x x x 2−3 x−10 ( x−5 ) ( x +2 ) x−5
17) = =
11 2 18 2 x 2+ 11 x +18 ( x+ 9 )( x +2 ) x+ 9
=
( x ) 1+ ( x )+ 2 ( x )
2
x x

2x
( 3 x−4 ) 1− ( 3 x −4 )
(3 x−4 ) 3 x−4−2 x x −4 1
19) 32
= 2 = =
3 x+ 8
( 3 x−4 ) x− ( 3 x−4 ) 3 x −4 x−32 ( 3 x+8 )( x−4 )
( 3 x−4 )

21)
2
( x−4 ) x− ( x −4 ) 1+ ( x−4 ) 2 2
( x−4 ) x −4 x−x +4 +2 x −5 x+ 6 ( x−2 )( x +3 ) ( x−2 )
= 2 = 2 = =
6 x −4 x +3 x−12+6 x −x−6 ( x−3 ) ( x +2 ) x +2
( x−4 ) x + ( x−4 ) 3+ ( x−4 )
( x−4 )

9
( 2 x +3 ) x−( 2 x +3 ) 4 + ( 2 x +3 )
( 2 x +3 ) 2 x 2+ 3 x −8 x−12+ 9 ( 2 x +1 ) ( x −3 ) x−3
23) 5
= = =
x +4
( 2 x+3 ) 2 x + 3 x +6 x +9−5 (2 x +1 )( x +4 )
2
( 2 x+3 ) x + ( 2 x +3 ) 3−
( 2 x+ 3 )

2 5
b ( b+3 ) − b ( b+3 )
b b+3 2 b+6−5 b −3 b+6 (−3 ) ( b−2 ) (−1 ) ( b−2 )
25) = = = =
3 3 3 b+9+ 3 b 6 b+9 3 ( 2 b+3 ) 2 b+3
b ( b+3 ) + b ( b +3 )
b b+3

( a2 b2 ) 22 −( a2 b2 ) 5 − 32 ( a2 b2 )
b ab a 2a −5 ab−3 b (2 a+ b ) ( a−3 b ) a−3 b
2 2
27) = 2 = =
( a 2 b2 ) 22 −( a 2 b 2) 7 + 32 ( a2 b 2 ) 2 a +7 ab+3 b ( 2 a+b ) ( a+3 b ) a+3 b
2

b ab a

y y
( y+ 2 )( y −2 ) − ( y +2 ) ( y−2 ) 2 2
y +2 y−2 y −2 y− y −2 y −4 y −2
29) y y
= 2 2
= 2
=
y
( y +2 )( y −2 ) + ( y +2 ) ( y−2 ) y −2 y + y +2 y 2 y
y +2 y −2

132
 ( x2 y 2 ) 12 + 12 ( x 2 y 2 )
−2
x −y
−2
x y y −x ( y + x )( y −x ) y−x
2 2
31) = = 2 2 = =
−1
x +y
−1
2 2 1 1
( x y ) + (x y )
2 2 x y + x y xy ( y+ x ) xy
x y

( x 3 y 3 ) y3 − x3 ( x 3 y 3 )
−3
x y −x y −3
x y y 4−x 4 ( y 2+ x 2 ) ( y 2−x 2 ) y 2+ x 2
33) = = 3 3 = =
x−2− y−2 ( x 3 y 3 ) 12 − 12 ( x 3 y 3 ) x y −x y xy ( y 2−x 2 ) xy
x y

( x 2) 12 −( x 2 ) 6 +9 ( x 2 ) 2
35)
−2
x −6 x +9−1
x x 1−6 x+ 9 x 2 ( 1−3 x )
= = 2 2 = 2
2
x −9 ( x 2 ) x 2−9 x ( x −9 ) ( x ) ( x +3 ) ( x −3 )
7.6

10 6 m=21
1) =
a 8
80 6 a 2 10
= 9) =
6 6 9 p−4
13.3=a 2 ( p−4 )=90
2 p−8=90
7 2 +8+ 8
3) =
6 k 2 p 98
=
7 k 12 2 2
=
7 7 p=49
k =1.71
b−10 b
11) =
6 8 7 4
5) =
x 2 4 ( b−10 )=7 b
12 8 x 4 b−40=7 b
=
8 8 −4 b−4 b
1.5= x −40 3 b
=
3 3
m−1 8 −13.3=b
7) =
5 2
2 ( m−1 )=40
2 m−2=40
+2+2
2m 42 x x+ 2
= 13) =
2 2 5 9

133
 9 x=5 ( x+ 2 )
9 x=5 x +10
−5 x−5 x
4 x 10 x+5 6
= 21) =
4 4 5 x−2
x=2.5 ( x +5 ) ( x −2 )=30
2
x + 5 x−2 x−10=30
3 a 2
x + 3 x −10=30
15) =
10 a+2 −30−30
3 ( a+2 ) =10 a 2
x + 3 x −40=0
3 a+6=10 a ( x +8 ) ( x−5 )=0
−3 a−3 a x +8=0 x −5=0
6 7a −8−8+5+5
=
7 7 x=−8 x=5
0.86=a
m+3 11
v−5 4 23) =
17) = 4 m−4
v +6 9
( m+3 ) ( m−4 )=44
9 ( v−5 )=4(v +6)
m2−4 m+ 3 m−12=44
9 v−45=4 v +24 2
m −m−12=44
−4 v −4 v
−44−44
5 v −45=24 2
+ 45+45 m −m−56=0
5 v 69 ( m−8 )( m+7 ) =0
= m−8=0 m+7=0
5 5
v=13.8 +8+ 8−7−7
m=8 m=−7
7 4
19) = 2 p+5
x−1 x−6 25) =
7 ( x−6 )=4 ( x−1) p+4 3
7 x−42=4 x−4 6=( p+ 4)( p+5)
2
−4 x−4 x 6= p +5 p+ 4 p+20
2
3 x−42=−4 6= p +9 p +20
+ 42+ 42 −6−6
2
3 x 38 0= p + 9 p+ 14
=
3 3 0=( p +7 ) ( p+2)
x=12.67 p+7=0 p +2=0
−7−7−2−2
p=−7 ,−2

134
 n+4 −3 −15−15
27) =
3 n−2 2
0=x +6 x−7
( n+ 4 ) ( n−2 )=−9 0=( x +7)( x−1)
2
n −2n+ 4 n−8=−9 x +7=0 x −1=0
n2 +2 n−8=−9 −7−7+1+1
+9+ 9 x=−7 x=1
2
n +2 n+1=0
( n+1 )2=0
n+1=0
−1−1
n=−1

3 x +2
29) =
x+ 4 5
15=( x +4 )( x+2)
15=x2 +2 x+ 4 x +8
2
15=x +6 x +8

31) The currency in Western Samoa is the Tala. The exchange rate is approximately S0.70 to 1 Tala. At
this rate, how many dollars would you get if you exchanged 13.3 Tala?
T 1 13.3
= =
$ 0.70 x
x=$ 9.31

39) Kali reduced the size of a painting to a height of 1.3 in. What is the new width if it was originally
5.2 in. tall and 10 in. wide?
h 5.2 1.3
= =
w 10 x
x=2.5∈¿

41) A bird bath that is 5.3 ft tall casts a shadow that is 25.4 ft long. Find the length of the shadow that
a 8.2 ft adult elephant casts.
h 5.3 8.2
= =
s 25.4 x
x=39.3 ft

43) The Vikings led the Timberwolves by 19 points at the half. If the Vikings scored 3 points for every 2
points the Timberwolves scored, what was the half time score?

135
 V ( x +19 ) 3
= =
T x 2
2 ( x+19 )=3 x
2 x+38=3 x
−2 x−2 x
38=x
Timberwolves :38
Vikings :57

45) Computer Services Inc. charges S8 more for a repair than Low Cost Computer Repair. If the ratio of
the costs is 3 : 6, what will it cost for the repair at Low Cost Computer Repair?
CSI x+8 6
= =
LCCR x 3
3 ( x+ 8 )=6 x
3 x+ 24=6 x
−3 x−3 x
24 3 x
=
3 3
$ 8=x

7.7

1 1
1) ( 2 x ) 3 x−( 2 x ) − (2 x ) =0 ( 2 x )
2 x
LCD :2 x
2x 0
≠
2 2
¿ x ≠ 0∗¿
2
6 x −x−2=0
( 2 x+1 ) ( 3 x−2 )=0
2 x+1=0 3 x−2=0
136
 −1−1+2+2
2 x −1 3 x 2
= =
2 2 3 3
−1 2
x= x=
2 3

20 5x
3) x ( x−4 )+ ( x−4 )= ( x−4 )−2 ( x−4 )
( x−4 ) ( x −4 )
LCD : ( x−4 )
x−4 ≠ 0
+ 4+ 4
¿ x ≠ 4∗¿
2
x −4 x+20=5 x−2 x+8
2
x −4 x+20=3 x+ 8
−3 x−8−3 x−8
2
x −7 x+ 12=0
( x−4 ) ( x−3 )=0
x−4=0 x−3=0
+ 4+ 4+3+3
x=4 x=3

6 2x
5) x ( x−3 )+ ( x−3 )= ( x −3 )
( x−3 ) ( x−3 )
LCD=x−3
x−3 ≠ 0
+3+3
¿ x ≠ 3∗¿
2
x −3 x+ 6=2 x
−2 x−2 x
2
x −5 x+ 6=0
( x−2 ) ( x−3 )=0
x−2=0 x−3=0
+2+2+3+3
x=2 x=3

2x 4 x+ 5 3
7) ( 6 x−1 ) ( 3 x−4 )= ( 6 x−1 ) ( 3 x−4 )− ( 6 x−1 )( 3 x−4 )
3 x −4 6 x −1 3 x−4
LCD : ( 6 x−1 ) ( 3 x−4 )
6 x−1 ≠ 03 x−4 ≠ 0
+1+1+ 4+ 4

137
 6x 1 3x 4
≠ ≠
6 6 3 3
1 4
¿ x ≠ ∗¿ x ≠ ∗¿
6 3
12 x −2 x=12 x 2−16 x+15 x−20−18 x+ 3
2

2 2
12 x −2 x=12 x −19 x−17
−12 x2 −12 x 2
−2 x=−19 x−17
+19 x+ 19 x
17 x −17
=
17 17
x=−1

3m 7 3
9) ( 2 ) ( 2m−5 )( 3 m+1 )− ( 2 )( 2 m−5 ) ( 3 m+1 ) = ( 2 )( 2 m−5 ) ( 3 m+ 1 )
2m−5 3 m+1 2
LCD : ( 2 ) ( 2 m−5 ) (3 m+1 )
2 m−5 ≠ 03 m+1 ≠ 0
+5+5−1−1
2m 5 3 m 1
≠ ≠−
2 2 3 3
5 1
¿ x ≠ ∗¿ x ≠− ∗¿
2 3
2 2
18 m + 6 m−28 m+ 70=18 m −39 m−15
2 2
18 m −22 m+70=18 m −39 m−15
−18 m2−18 m2
−22 m+ 70=−39 m−15
+39 m+39 m
17 m+70=−15
−70−70
17 m −85
=
17 17
m=−5

138
 4−x 12
11) ( 1−x ) ( 3−x )= (1−x )( 3−x )
1−x 3− x
LCD : ( 1−x ) ( 3−x )
1−x ≠ 03−x ≠ 0
+ x + x+ x+ x
¿ 1≠ x∗¿3 ≠ x∗¿
2
12−4 x−3 x + x =12−12 x
2
x −7 x+ 12=12−12 x
+12 x−12−12+12 x
2
x + 5 x=0
x ( x +5 ) =0
x=0 x +5=0
−5−5
x=−5

7 1 y−2
13) (2 )( y−3 )( y −4 )− ( 2 ) ( y −3 ) ( y−4 )= ( 2 )( y −3 ) ( y−4 )
y−3 2 y−4
LCD : ( 2 ) ( y−3 ) ( y−4 )
y−3 ≠ 0 y−4 ≠ 0
+3+3+ 4+ 4
* y ≠3∗¿ y ≠ 4∗¿
2 2
14 y −56− y +3 y +4 y−12=2 y −6 y −4 y+12
2 2
− y +21 y−68=2 y −10 y +12
+ y 2−21 y +68+ y 2 −21 y +68
2
0=3 y −31 y+ 80
0=(3 y −16)( y−5)
3 y−16=0 y−5=0
+16+16 +5+5
3 y 16
= y=5
3 3

1 1 3 x +8
15) ( x +2 ) ( x−2 ) + ( x+ 2 )( x−2 ) = 2 ( x +2 ) ( x−2 )
x+2 2−x x −4
x−2 ( x−2)(x +2)
LCD : ( x +2 ) ( x −2 )
x +2≠ 0 x−2 ≠ 0
−2−2+ 2+ 2
x ≠−2 x ≠ 2
x−2+ x +2=3 x +8

139
 2 x=3 x+ 8
−3 x−3 x
−x 8
=
−1 −1
x=−8

( x+1 ) −x +1 5
17) (6 ) ( x−1 )( x +1 )+ ( 6 )( x−1 ) ( x+ 1 )= ( 6 )( x−1 ) ( x+1 )
x−1 x +1 6
LCD : ( 6 )( x−1 ) ( x+ 1 )
x−1 ≠ 0 x +1 ≠ 0
+1+1−1−1
¿ x ≠ 1∗¿ x ≠−1∗¿
2 2 2
6 x + 6 x+ 6 x +6−6 x + 6 x+ 6 x −6=5 x −5
2
24 x=5 x −5
−24 x−24 x
2
0=5 x −24 x−5
0=(5 x +1)(x −5)
5 x+ 1=0 x−5=0
−1−1+5+5
5 x −1
= x=5
5 5
−1
x=
5

19)
3 ( 2 x +1 ) ( 2 x−1 ) −2 x−1 ( 2 x+1 ) ( 2 x−1 ) ( 2 x +1 ) ( 2 x−1 ) 8 x 2 ( 2 x+ 1 )( 2 x−1 )
+ =1 − 2
2 x +1 1 2 x−1 1 1 4 x −1 1
LCD : ( 2 x+ 1 )( 2 x−1 )
2 x+1 ≠ 0 2 x−1 ≠ 0
−1−1+1+1
2 x −1 2 x 1
≠ ≠
2 2 2 2
1 1
* x ≠− ∗¿ x ≠ ∗¿
2 2
2 2 2
6 x−3−4 x −2 x−2 x−1=4 x −1−8 x
2 2
−4 x +2 x−4=−4 x −1
2 2
+4 x +4 x
2 x−4=−1
+ 4+ 4

140
 2x 3
=
2 2
3
x=
2

x−2 1 1
21) ( x+ 3 ) ( x −2 )− ( x+ 3 ) ( x−2 )= 2 ( x+ 3 )( x−2 )
x+3 x−2 x + x−6
(x−2)(x +3)
LCD : ( x +3 ) ( x−2 )
x +3 ≠0 x−2 ≠ 0
−3−3+2+2
¿ x ≠−3∗¿ x ≠ 2∗¿
2
x −4 x+ 4−x−3=1
x 2−5 x+ 1=1
−1−1
2
x −5 x=0
x ( x−5 )=0
x=0 x−5=0
+5+5
x=5

5(x + 4)
3 x −1 5 x +20
23) + =
x+2 x+5 6 x +24
6( x+ 4)
3 x−1 5
( 6 ) ( x +2 ) ( x+ 5 )+ ( 6 ) ( x +2 ) ( x+ 5 )= ( 6 )( x +2 ) ( x+5 )
x+2 x +5 6
LCD : ( 6 )( x +2 ) ( x +5 )
x +2≠ 0 x +5 ≠0
−2−2−5−5
* x ≠−2∗¿ x ≠−5∗¿

141
 2 2
18 x+ 90+6 x + 12 x−6 x−12=5 x +25 x+ 10 x +50
2 2
6 x + 24 x+ 78=5 x + 35 x +50
2 2
−5 x −35 x−50−5 x −35 x−50
2
x −11 x+28=0
( x−7 )( x−4 ) =0
x−7=0 x−4=0
+7+7 +4 +4
x=7 x=4

2
x ( 2 ( 4x (
25) x+ 1 )( x−1 ) − x +1 )( x−1 ) = 2 x +1 ) ( x−1 )
x−1 x +1 x −1
( x +1 )( x−1 )
LCD : ( x +1 ) ( x−1 )
x +1≠ 0 x−1 ≠ 0
−1−1+1+1
¿ x ≠−1∗¿ x ≠ 1*
2 2
x + x−2 x +2=4 x
2 2
x −x +2=4 x
2 2
−x + x−2−x + x−2
2
0=3 x + x−x
0=(3 x−2)(x +1)
3 x−2=0 x +1=0
+2+2−1−1
3x 2
= x=−1
3 3
2
x=
3

2
2x
27) ( x +1 ) ( x+5 )− 3 ( x+1 ) ( x+ 5 )= 2−8 x ( x +1 ) ( x+5 )
x+1 x+5 x +6 x +5

142
 ( x +1 )( x +5 )
LCD : ( x +1 ) ( x +5 )
x +1≠ 0 x +5≠ 0
−1−1−5−5
¿ x ≠−1∗¿ x ≠−5∗¿
2 2
2 x +10 x−3 x−3=−8 x
2 2
2 x +7 x−3=−8 x
2 2
+8 x +8 x
10 x 2+7 x−3=0
( 10 x−3 ) ( x+1 ) =0
10 x−3=0 x +1=0
+3+3−1−1
10 x 3
= x=−1
10 10
3
x=
10

x−5 ( x+3 ( −4 x 2
29) x−9 ) ( x −3 ) + x−9 )( x−3 ) = 2 ( x−9 )( x−3 )
x−9 x−3 x −12 x+ 27
( x−9 )( x−3 )
LCD : ( x−9 )( x−3 )
x−9 ≠ 0 x−3 ≠ 0
+9+ 9+3+3
¿ x ≠ 9∗¿ x ≠ 3∗¿
x −3 x−5 x+15+ x2 −9 x+3 x−27=−4 x 2
2

2 2
2 x −14 x−12=−4 x
+ 4 x2 + 4 x2
2
6 x −14 x−12=0
2 ( 3 x −7 x−6 ) =0
2

2 ( 3 x +2 ) ( x−3 )=0
3 x+ 2=0 x−3=0
−2−2+ 3+3

143
 3 x −2
= x=3
3 3
−2
x=
3

x−3 ( x +5 ( −2 x 2 (
31) x−6 ) ( x +3 )+ x−6 )( x +3 )= 2 x −6 ) ( x+3 )
x−6 x +3 x −3 x−18
( x−6 )( x +3 )
LCD : ( x−6 )( x +3 )
x−6 ≠ 0 x+ 3≠ 0
+6+ 6−3−3
* x ≠ 6∗¿ x ≠−3∗¿
x −9+ x 2−6 x +5 x−30=−2 x 2
2

2 2
2 x −x−90=−2 x
2 2
+2 x +2 x
2
4 x −x−90=0
( 4 x−13 ) ( x +3 )=0
4 x−13=0 x +3=0
+13+13−3−3
4 x 13
= x=−3
4 4
13
x=
4

2
4 x +1
33) ( x +3 ) ( x−1 )+ 5 x−3 ( x+3 )( x−1 )= 2 8 x ( x+ 3 )( x−1 )
x+ 3 x−1 x + 2 x−3
( x +3 ) ( x −1 )
LCD : ( x +3 ) ( x−1 )
x +3 ≠0 x−1 ≠ 0
−3−3+1+1
¿ x ≠−3∗¿ x ≠1∗¿
4 x −4 x + x−1+5 x 2+15 x−3 x−9=8 x 2
2

2 2
9 x + 9 x−10=8 x

144
 2 2
−8 x −8 x
2
x + 9 x−10=0
( x +10 ) ( x −1 )=0
x +10=0 x−1=0
−10−10+1+1
x=−10 x=1

7.8

1) 7 mi ¿ yd

1 mi ) ( ( 3 ft ) )
( 71mi )( 5280 ft 1 yd 36960 yd
=
3
=12,320 yd

3) 11.2 mg¿ g

( 11.21mg )( 10001 gmg )= 11.29

1000
=0.0112 g

5) 9,800,000 mm ¿ mi

( 9,800,000
1
mm
)( 1m
1000 mm )( 3.29 ft
1m )( 1mi
5280 ft )=
32,144,000 mi
5280000
=6.088 mi

7) 435,000 m2 ¿ k m2

( 435,000 m2
)( )
2
1 km
1 1,000 m

( 435,000 )( 1,000,000 )
2 2 2
m 1k m 435,000 k m 2
= =0.435 k m
1 m 1,000,000 2

9) 0.0065 k m 3 ¿ m3

( 0.0065 k m3
)( )
3
1000m
1 km

( 0.00651 k m )( (1,000,000,000m )
)=6,500,000 m
3 3
3
3
km

11) 5,500 c m3 ¿ y d3

( 5,500 c m3
1 )
¿¿

( 5,5001 c m )( 16.387064 c m )( 46656 in ) 764554.858

3 3 3 3
1i n 1yd 5,500 y d 3
= 3
=0.00719 y d
3

145
 13) 185 yd /min ¿ min/ hr

( 185 )(
yd 3 ft
)( 1 mi
min ❑ 1 yd 5280 ft )( 1 hr ) 5280 hr
60 min 33300 mi
= =6.307 mi /hr

15) 248 mi /hr ¿ m/sec

( 248hrmi )( 1.611 mikm )( 1000

1 km
m
)( 1 hr
)=
399.280 m
3600 sec❑ 3600 sec❑
=110.9 m/ sec

T 2
17) 7.5 2
¿ lbs/i n
yd

( )( )
7.5 T 2000 lbs
yd
2
1T
¿¿

( 7.5y dT )( 20001 Tlbs )( 1296 )

2
1 yd 15000lbs 2
2 2
= 2
=11.57 lbs/i n
in 1296 i n

19) On a recent trip, Jan traveled 260 miles using 8 gallons of gas. How many miles per 1-gallon did
she travel? How many yards per 1-ounce?
260 mi
=32.5 mi/ gal
8 gal

( gal )(
32.5 mi 5280 ft 1 yd
1 mi )( )( 14galqt )( 21 qtpt )( 12ptc )( 81ozc )= 171,600
3 ft 384 oz
yd
=446.875 yd /oz

21) A certain laser printer can print 12 pages per minute. Determine this printer’s output in pages per
day, and reams per month. (1 ream = 5000 pages)

( 112min❑ )( 1 hr )( 1day )=17280 pg /day

pg 60 min 24 hr

( 17280
day )( )(
pg 30 day 1 ream
mon 5000 pg )=
5184000 reams
5000months
=103.68 reams /month

23) Blood sugar levels are measured in miligrams of gluclose per deciliter of blood volume. If a
person’s blood sugar level measured 128 mg/dL, how much is this in grams per liter?

( 128dLmg )( 1001 gmg )( 101 dLL )= 1280 g

1000 L
=1.28 g/ L

25) A car travels 14 miles in 15 minutes. How fast is it going in miles per hour? in meters per second?

( 1514min❑
mi
)( 601 min
hr ) 15 hr
=
840 mi
=56 mi/hr

( 1514min❑
mi
)( 1.61km
1 mi )( 1000 m
1 km )( 1 min
60 sec❑ ) =
22540 m
900 sec
=25.04 m/sec

146
 27) A local zoning ordinance says that a house’s “footprint” (area of its ground floor) cannot occupy
1 1
more than of the lot it is built on. Suppose you own a acre lot, what is the maximum allowed
4 3
footprint for your house in square feet? in square inches? (1 acre = 43560 f t 2)

( )( )( )
2 2
1 acre 43560 f t 1 43560 f t 2
= =3,630 f t
3 1 acre 4 12

( )
3630 f t 2
1
¿¿

( 36301 f t )( 1441 f it n )=522,720i n

2 2
2
2

29) In April 1996, the Department of the Interior released a “spike flood” from the Glen Canyon Dam
on the Colorado River. Its purpose was to restore the river and the habitants along its bank. The
release from the dam lasted a week at a rate of 25,800 cubic feet of water per second. About how
much water was released during the 1-week flood

( )(
25,800 f t 3 3600 sec
1 sec❑ 1hr )( 241 dayhr )( 71day
wk )
3
=15,603,840,000 f t /week

147
 Chapter 8: Radicals

148
8.1

1) r √ 245 14 v
√ 5 ∙7 2
1) √ 252 x 2
7 √5 √ 22 ∙ 32 ∙ 7 x 2
2 ∙3 x √ 7 1) 6 √ 80 x y 2
2) √ 36 6 x √7 6√ 24 ∙5 x y 2
√ 22 ∙ 3 2 6∙ 22 y √5 x
2∙ 3 1) −√ 100 k 4 6 ∙ 4 y √5 x
6 −√ 2 ∙ 5 k
2 2 4 24 y √ 5 x
2
−2 ∙5 ∙ k
1) √ 12 −10 k
2 1) 5 √ 245 x 2 y 3
√ 22 ∙ 3 5 √ 5∙ 7 x y
2 2 3

2√ 3 1) −7 √ 64 x 4 5 ∙7 xy √ 5 y
−7 √ 26 x 4 35 xy √5 y
1) 3 √ 12
−7 ∙ 23 x 2
3√ 22 ∙ 3 2 1) −2 √180 u3 v
−7 ∙ 8 x
3 ∙2 √ 3 2 −2 √ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 5 u v
2 2 3
−56 x
6 √3 −2 ∙2 ∙ 3u √ 5 uv
1) −5 √ 36 m −12 u √5 uv
1) 6 √ 128
−5 √ 22 ∙ 32 m
6 √ 27 1) −8 √ 180 x 4 y 2 z 4
−5 ∙2 ∙ 3 √ m
6 ∙2 3
√2
−30 √ m
6 ∙ 8 √2 −8 √ 2 ∙ 3 ∙5 x y z
2 2 4 2 4

48√ 2
−8 ∙ 2∙ 3 x y z √ 5
2 2
1) √ 45 x 2 y 2
−48 x y z √ 5
2 2

1) −8 √ 392 √ 32 ∙ 5 ∙ x 2 y 2
3 xy √ 5
−8 √ 7 ∙2
2 3
1) 2 √ 80 h j 4 k
−8 ∙ 7 ∙2 √ 2
2 √2 ∙ 5 h j k
4 4

−112 √ 2
1) √ 16 x3 y 3
2 ∙2 j √ 5 hk
2 2
√ 24 x 3 y 3
2 ∙ 4 j √5 hk
2
2 xy √ xy
2
1) √ 192n
8 j √ 5 hk
2
√ 26 ∙ 3 n 4 xy √ xy
2 √3 n
3
1) −4 √ 54 mn p2
8 √3 n 1) √ 320 x 4 y 4
√ 26 ∙ 5 x 4 y 4 −4 √ 2∙ 32 mn p2
2 x y √5 −4 ∙3 p √ 2∙ 3 mn
1) √ 196 v 2 3 2 2

8 x 2 y 2 √5 −12 p √ 60 n
√ 22 ∙ 72 v 2
2 ∙7 ∙ v

149
150
8.2

√3 625 2 x y √2 x
2 23 2
1)
√3 54 4 x y 2 √3 4 x
5 √5
3

1) r √ 224 p5
5

1) r √
3
750 √5 25 ∙ 7 p5
2 p √7
5
1) 7 √
3 3 7
−81 x y
√3 2∙ 3 ∙5 3
7 √ −1 ∙ 3 x y
3 3 4 3 7
5 √ 2∙ 3
3

1) −3 √
7
896 r 7 ∙−1 ∙ 3 x y 2 √3 3 y
5 √6
3

−3 √ 2 ∙ 7 r
7 7
−21 x y √ 3 y
23

1) √3 875 −3 ∙ 2 √7 7 r
√3 53 ∙ 7 −6 √ 7 r
7
1) 2 √
3
375 u2 v 8
2 √3 ∙ 5 u v
3 3 2 8
5 √7
3

1) r −2 √−48 v 3 7
2 ∙5 v √ 3u 2 v 2
23

−2 √−13 ∙ 24 ∙3 v 7
3
1) −4 √ 10 v √ 3 u v
4 23 2 2
96
−2 ∙−1 ∙2 v √ 2∙ 3 v
23
−4 √ 25 ∙ 3
4

−4 ∙2 √4 2∙ 3 4 v 2 √3 6 v 1) −3 √ 192a b 2
3

−3 √ 26 ∙ 3 a b2
3
−8 √4 6
1) −7 √ 320 n3 6
−3 ∙ 22 √ 3 a b2
3

−7 √ 2 ∙ 5 n
3 6 6
1) 6 √
4
112 −3 ∙ 4 √ 3 a b2
3

6 √ 24 ∙7
4
−7 ∙ 22 n2 √3 5
−12 √ 3 a b
3 2

−7 ∙ 4 n √ 5
23
6 ∙ 2 4√7
−28 n √5
23
12 √4 7 1) 6 √
3 8 3 7
−54 m n p
6 √−1 ∙ 2 ∙3 m n p
3 3 3 8 3 7

1) −√ 112 4 1) √−135 x y
3 5 3

−√ 2 ∙7
4 4
√3 −13 ∙ 33 ∙5 x 5 y 3 6 ∙−1 ∙ 3 m n p
2
√ 2 m2 p
23

−1 ∙3 xy √ 5 x
3 2
−2 √4 7 −18 m n p
2 23
√2 m2 p
−3 xy √5 x
3 2

1) r √
4
648 a2 1) 6 √
4 5 7 2
648 x y z
√4 23 ∙ 34 a 2 1) √−32 x 4 y 4
3
6 √2 ∙ 3 x y z
4 3 4 5 7 2

3 √ 23 a 2
4
√3 −13 ∙ 25 x 4 y 4 6 ∙ 3 xy √ 23 x y 3 z 2
4

3 √8a −1 ∙2 xy √ 2 xy
4 2 3 2
18 xy √ 8 x y3 z 2
4

−2 xy √4 xy 3

1) √ 224 n
5 3
1) 7 √
4 6 8 8
128 h j k
√5 25 ∙ 7 n3 1) r √ 256 x 4 y 6
3
7 √2 h j k
4 7 6 8 8

2 √7 n
5 3
√2
3 8
x y
4 6
7 ∙ 2h j k
2 24
√ 23 h 2
151
 14 h j 2 k 2 √ 8 h2
4

8.3

1) 2 √ 5+ 2 √ 5+2 √5 3) −3 √ 6−3 √ 6−√ 3+3 √ 6

6 √5 −3 √ 6− √ 3

1) −3 √ 2+ 3 √ 5+3 √ 5 2) −2 √ 18−3 √ 8− √ 20+2 √ 20

−3 √ 2+ 6 √ 5 −2 √ 2∙ 32−3 √ 23−√ 22 ∙ 5+2 √22 ∙5
−2 ∙3 √ 2−3 ∙ 2 √2−2 √ 5+2 ∙2 √ 5
2) −2 √ 6−2 √ 6− √6 −6 √ 2−6 √2−2 √ 5+ 4 √ 5
−5 √ 6 −12 √ 2−2 √5

2) 3 √ 6+3 √ 5+2 √ 5 1) −2 √ 24−2 √ 6+2 √ 6+2 √ 20

3 √ 6+5 √ 5 −2 √ 23 ∙ 3−2 √ 6+2 √ 6+2 √22 ∙5
−2 ∙2 √ 2∙ 3−2 √ 6+2 √ 6+2 ∙2 √ 5
2) 2 √ 2−3 √ 18−√ 2
−4 √ 6−2 √ 6+2 √ 6+4 √ 5
2 √ 2−3 √ 3 ∙ 2−√ 2
2
−4 √ 6+4 √5
2 √ 2−3 ∙3 √ 2− √2
2 √ 2−9 √ 2−√ 2 1) 3 √ 24−3 √ 27+ 2 √ 6+2 √ 8
−8 √ 2 3 √ 23 ∙ 3−3 √ 33 +2 √ 6+2 √ 23
3 ∙2 √ 2∙ 3−3∙ 3 √ 3+2 √6 +2∙ 2 √2
2) −3 √ 6− √ 12+3 √ 3
6 √ 6−9 √ 3+ 2 √6+ 4 √ 2
−3 √ 6− √ 2 ∙3+ 3 √3
2
8 √ 6−9 √ 3+ 4 √ 2
−3 √ 6−2 √ 3+3 √ 3
−3 √ 6+ √ 3 1) −2 √
3
16 +2 √ 16+2 √ 2
3 3

−2 √ 2 +2 √ 2 + 2 √2
3 4 3 4 3

2) 3 √ 2+ 2 √ 8−3 √18
−2 ∙2 √ 2+2∙ 2 √2+2 √ 2
3 3 3

3 √ 2+ 2 √ 2 −3 √ 2 ∙3
3 2
−4 √ 2+ 4 √ 2+2 √ 2
3 3 3

3 √ 2+ 2∙ 2 √2−3∙ 3 √ 2
2 √3 2
3 √ 2+ 4 √2−9 √2
−2 √ 2
1) 2 √
4
243−2 √253−√ 3
4 4

2 √ 3 −2 √3 −√ 3
4 5 4 5 4
2) 3 √ 18−√ 2−3 √ 2
2 ∙3 √ 3−2∙ 3 √ 3−√ 3
4 4 4
3 √ 2∙ 32− √ 2−3 √ 2
3 ∙3 √ 2− √2−3 √2 6 √4 3−6 √4 3−√4 3
−√ 3
4
9 √ 2−2 √ 2−3 √ 2
5 √2
1) 3 √
4
2−2 √4 2−√4 243

152
 3 √4 2−2 √4 2−√ 35
4

3 √ 2−2 √ 2−3 √3
4 4 4

√4 2−3 √4 3
1) −√
4
324+3 √4 324−3 √4 4
−√ 35 +3 √ 35−3 √4 4
4 4

−3 √ 3+3 ∙3 √ 3−3 √ 4
4 4 4

−3 √ 3+9 √ 3−3 √ 4
4 4 4

6 √4 3−3 4√4

1) 2 √
4
2+2 √ 3+3 √ 64−√ 3
4 4 4

2 √ 2+2 √ 3+3 √ 2 −√ 3
4 4 4 6 4

2 √ 2+2 √ 3+3 ∙2 √ 2 −√ 3
4 4 4 2 4

2 √ 2+2 √ 3+6 √ 4− √3
4 4 4 4

2 √4 2+ 4√3+6 4√ 4

1) −3 √
5
6− √64 +2 √192−2 √ 64
5 5 5

−3 √5 6− √ 26 +2 √ 26 ∙ 3−2 √ 26
5 5 5

−3 √ 6−2 √ 2+2 ∙2 √ 2∙ 3−2 ∙ 2 √ 2

5 5 5 5

−3 √ 6−2 √ 2+4 √ 6−4 √ 2

5 5 5 5

√5 6−6 √5 2

1) 2 √
5
160−2 √192−√160−√−160
5 5 5

2 √ 25 ∙ 5−2 √ 26 ∙ 3− √ 25 ∙5−√−15 ∙ 25 ∙ 5
5 5 5 5

2 ∙2 √5 5−2 ∙ 2 √5 2∙ 3−2 √5 5−(−1)∙ 2 √5 5

4 √5 5−4 √5 6−2 √5 5+2 √5 5
4 √5−4 √ 6
5 5

1) −√
6
256−2 √ 4−3 √ 320−2 √ 128
6 6 6

−√ 2 −2 √ 4−3 √ 2 ∙ 5−2 √ 2
6 8 6 6 6 6 7

−2 √ 2 −2 √ 4−3∙ 2 √5−2 ∙2 √ 2
6 2 6 6 6

−2 √6 4−2 √6 4−6 √6 5−4 √6 2

−4 √ 4−6 √ 5−4 √ 2
6 6 6

153
8.4

2) 3 √ 5∙−4 √ 16
−12 √ 80 3) (2+2 √ 2)(−3+ √2)
−12 √ 2 ∙ 5 −6+ 2 √ 2−6 √ 2+2 √ 4
4

−12 ∙2 √ 5 −6+ 2 √ 2−6 √ 2+2 √ 2

2 2

−12 ∙ 4 √ 5 −6+ 2 √ 2−6 √2+2 ∙2

−48 √5 −6+ 2 √ 2−6 √ 2+ 4
−2−4 √ 2
3) √ 12 m √ 15 m
√ 180 m2 3) ( √ 5−5)(2 √ 5−1)
√ 22 ∙ 32 ∙ 5 m2 2 √ 25−√ 5−10 √ 5+5
2 √ 5 −√ 5−10 √ 5+5
2
2 ∙3 m √ 5
6 m √5 2 ∙5−√ 5−10 √ 5+5
10−√ 5−10 √ 5+ 5
3) √3 4 x 3 √3 2 x 4 15−11 √ 5
√3 8 x7
4) ( √ 2 a+2 √ 3 a)(3 √ 2 a+ √ 5 a)
√3 23 x 7
3 √ 4 a2+ √10 a 2+ 6 √6 a2+ 2 √ 15 a2
2x √x
23

3 √ 22 a 2+ √10 a2 +6 √ 6 a 2+ 2 √ 15 a2
3) √ 6( √2+2) 3 ∙2 a+ a √10+ 6 a √ 6+2 a √15
√ 12+ 2 √6 6 a+ a √10+ 6 a √ 6+2 a √ 15
√ 22 ∙ 3+2 √ 6 3) (−5−4 √3)(−3−4 √ 3)
2 √ 3+2 √ 6
15+20 √ 3+12 √ 3+16 √9
15+20 √ 3+12 √ 3+16 √3
2
3) −5 √ 15(3 √ 3+ 2)
−15 √ 45−10 √15 15+20 √ 3+12 √ 3+16 ∙ 3
15+20 √ 3+12 √ 3+ 48
−15 √ 32 ∙ 5−10 √ 15
63+32 √ 3
−15 ∙3 √ 5−10 √15
−45 √ 5−10 √ 15
1)
√12 = √ 3 = √3 = √ 3 = √3
5 √ 100 5 √ 25 5 √ 52 5 ∙ 5 25
3) 5 √ 10(5 n+ √ 2)
25 n √ 10+5 √ 20
25 n √ 10+5 √ 22 +5 1)
√5 = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1
4 √125 4 √ 25 4 √5 2 4 ∙5 20
25 n √ 10+5∙ 2 √5
25 n √ 10+10 √ 5
1)
√ 6 √ 3 √3 ( )
√10 = √ 5 √3 = √15
3

154
 √3 = 2 √ 12 = 2 √ 22 ∙ 3 = 2∙ 2 √3 = 4 √ 3
1)
2√ 4
3 √3 ( ) √3 3 ∙ 3 9 9 9

( √√ 33 xyxy )= 54 xy√∙ 33 xyxy = 512x √x3yxy

2 2
5x 5x 5x
1) = =
4 √3 x y 4 xy √ 3 xy 4 y √ 3 xy
3 3 2

√2 p2 = √2 p √ 3
1)
√3 p (
√3 √3 ) =
√6 p
3

3 √ 10 3 √ 10 3 √ 10 3 √ 10 √ 10
3 3 3 3 3
1) = 3 = = =
5 √ 27 5 √32 5∙3 15 5
3

1)
4 √ 4 4 √ 22 √ 2
3 3 3
4 ∙2 ( )
√3 5 = √3 5 √3 2 = 3 √3 10 = 3 √3 10
8

5 √5 r 5 √5 r 5 √5 r
( )
4 4 4

1)
4
= = 4 3
2 2
√4 2 = 5 √4 10 r
√4 8 r 2 √4 8 √2 √4 2 2

8.5

4+ 2 √3 4 +2 √3
1) =
√9 3

4+ 2 √3 4 +2 √3 4+2 √3 2 ( 2+ √ 3 ) 2+ √3
1) = = = =
5 √4 5 ∙2 10 10 5

1)
2−5 √ 5
4 √13 ( √√ 1313 )=2 √ 13−5
4 ∙ 13
√ 65 = 2 √ 13−5 √65
52

1)
√3 √3 3 ( )
√2−3 √3 √ 3 = √ 6−3 √ 9 = √6−3 ∙3 = √ 6−9
3 3

1)
2 p+3 √ 5 p 2 p+3 √ 5 p 2 p+3 p √ 5 2 p +3 p √ 5
( )
√5 = 2 p √ 5+3 p 2 √ 25 = 2 p √ 5+3 p 2 ∙ 5 = 2 p √5+ 15
4 4 2 2
= = =
5 √ 20 p
2
5 √2 ∙ 5 p
2 2
5 ∙2 p √5 10 p √ 5 √5 10 p(5) 50 p 50 p

155
 1)
√3 m2−4 √ 2 m4 = √ 3 m2−4 √2 m4 = m √3−4 m2 √2 = m √3−4 m2 √ 2 √ 3
( ) m √ 9−4 m √6 3 m−4 m √ 6
2 2
= =
5 √ 12 m
4
5√2 ∙ 3 m
2 4
2 ∙5 m √3
2
10 m √ 3
2
√3 2
10 m ∙ 3 30 m
2

1)
5
3 √ 5+ √2 3 √ 5+2
= (
9 ∙ 5−2
=
45−2
=)
3 √ 5+2 15 √ 5−5 √2 15 √5−5 √ 2 15 √ 5−5 √ 2
43

1)
2
(
5− √ 2 10−2 √2 10−2 √ 2
5+ √ 2 5− √ 2
=
25−2
=
23 )
1)
3
( =
4−3 √ 3 4+3 √ 3 16−9 ∙3 16−27
=
)
4+3 √ 3 12+9 √ 3 12+ 9 √3 12+9 √ 3
=
−11

1)
4
(
3+ √ 5 3−√ 5
=
9−5
=
4
= )
3−√ 5 12−4 √ 5 12−4 √ 5 4 (3−√ 5)
4
¿ 3− √ 5

1)
−4
(
4−4 √ 2 4 +4 √2
=
16−16 ∙ 2
=
16−32
=
)
4 +4 √2 −16−16 √2 −16−16 √2 −16−16 √2 −16(1+ √ 2)
−16
=
−16
=¿ 1+ √ 2

5 5
1) =
√ n −5
4
n −52

4p 4p
1) =
3−5 √ p 3−5 p2
4

1)
4
5+ √ 5 x
2
=
4
5+ x √ 5 5−x √ 5(
5−x √ 5 20−4 x √ 5
=
25+ 5 x
2)
1)
5
2+ √ 5 r
3
=
5
2+r √ 5 r 2−r √ 5 r (
= 2 )
2−r √ 5 r 10−5 r √5 r 10−5 r √ 5 r
4−r ( 5 r )
=
4−5 r
3

1)
5
−5 v−3 √ v −5 v +3 √ v
= 2(
−5 v +3 √ v −25 v +15 √ v
25 v −9 v )
1)

(
3 √ 2+ √ 3 3 √ 2−√ 3 9∙ 2−3 )
4 √ 2+ 3 3 √ 2−√ 3 12 √4−4 √ 6+ 9 √ 2−3 √ 3 12∙ 2−4 √ 6+ 9 √ 2−3 √ 3 24−4 √6+ 9 √ 2−3 √3
= =
18−3
=
15

156
 1) (
−3+ √ 5 −3−√ 5 9−5 )
2−√ 5 −3−√ 5 −6−2 √ 5+ 3 √5+ √ 25 −6−2 √ 5+ 3 √5+5 −1+ √ 5
= =
4
=
4

1)

(
5+ 5 √ 2 5−5 √ 2 )
5 √ 2+ √ 3 5−5 √ 2 25 √ 2−25 √ 4+5 √3−5 √ 6 25 √ 2−25 ∙ 2+5 √ 3−5 √ 6 25 √ 2−50+ 5 √3−5 √ 6 5(5 √
=
25−25 ∙2
=
25−50
=
−25
=

1) (
2 √ 3−√ 2 2 √ 3+ √2 4 ∙3−2 )
√3+ √2 2 √3+ √2 = 2 √ 9+ √ 6+2 √ 6+ √ 4 = 2∙ 3+ √ 6+2 √ 6+2 = 6+ √ 6+2 √ 6+2 = 8+3 √ 6
12−2 10 10

1) (
4+ √ 5 4−√5 )
√3−√ 2 4−√5 = 4 √3−√15−4 √ 2+ √10 = 4 √3−√ 15−4 √ 2+ √10
16−5 11

1)
4+ 2 √ 2 x
( )
4 +2 x √ 2 5−2 x √ 5 x 20+8 x √ 5 x+ 10 x √ 2−4 x √10 x = 20+8 x √ 5 x+10 x √2−4 x 2 √10 x
2 2
= =
5+2 √ 5 x
3
5+2 x √ 5 x 5−2 x √ 5 x 2
25−4 x ( 5 x ) 25−20 x
3

1)
( 2 √3 m2−√ 2 m4 ) ( 2 m √ 3−m2 √ 2 )
( ) √ 2−m3 √6 = 10 m √3+2 m (3)−5 m √ 2
2 2
5+m √ 3 10 m √ 3+2 m √ 9−5 m
2 2
= =
5− √3 m 5−m √ 3 5+m √ 3 25−3 m2 25−3 m 2
2

1)
2b−5 √ 2b
(
2 b−5 √ 2 b −1− √ 2 −2b−2 b
) √ 2+5 √ 2 b−5 b 2 √ 4 b = −2 b−2 b3 √ 2+5 √2 b−2∙ 5 b2 √ b = −2
3
= =
−1+ √ 2 b −1+b √ 2 −1− √ 2
4 2 4 4
1−2 b 1−2 b

1)
4 x +5 x √ 3 x 8 x+10 x √ 3 x−4 x √2 x−5 x √ 6 x 8 x+ 10 x √ 3 x−4 x √2 x−5 x
2−√ 2 x 2− √ 2 x
( )
2
= = =
4 x−5 √ 3 x 4 x−5 x √ 3 x 4 x +5 x √ 3 x
2 2 2 2
3
16 x +25 x ( 3 x ) 16 x +75 x

1)
−4 p−√ p −p + p √ p 4 p −4 p √ p+ p √ p− p √ p 4 p −4 p √ p+ p √ p− p 3 p −4 p √ p
−4 p−√ p
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= = = =
−p−√ p
3
− p−p √ p −p + p √ p 2 2
p −p ∙ p
2
p −p
3 2
p −p
3

8.6
3
3
1) m 5 =( √
5
m)

157
 3
1) r ( 7 x ) 2 =( √ 7 x )3

−3
1 2
1) 3
=( 6 x )
(√ 6 x )

−7
1 4
1) 7
=n
( √4 n )
2
2
1) 8 3 =( √
3
8 ) =22 =4

3
1) 4 2 =( √ 4 )3=23=8

1 3
1) y x3 ∙ x y 2
2 1 3 3
2 3 3 2
y x x y
4 5
3 2
x y

(a b )
1 1 −1
1) 2 2

−1 −1
2 2
a b
1
1 1
a b2 2

2 0
a b 1
1) 4
= 2
3a 3a

( )
3 3
1) uv ∙ u v 2
9
uv ∙ u v 2
2 9
2 2
uv uv
11
2 2
u v

(x y )
1
1) 0 2 0
3
x

158
 1
2
y

3 7 3 7
4 −1 4 4 4
1) a b b a b
=
3b −1
3

−5 1 3 1 4 16 1
4 3 3 3 3 12 12
3y 3y y 3y y 3y 3y 3y
1) = = = = =
−1
−1 5 5 5 15
2
y 2y 3
2y 4
2y 4
2y 4
2y 12

(( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( )()
3 7 3 7 3 4 7 3 2 4 7 5 7 35
2 −2 4 2 −2 4 2 3 4 2 2 3 4 2 4 8
m n m n m mn m m n m m
1) 4 −1
= −4
= 2
= 6
= 2
= 7
−1 3 n 3 3
mn 3
m n n n n6

(m n ) = 1
1 0
2 2
1) r 3 3
n4 n4

(x y) (x y ) (x )
−4 −1 −1 −4 −1 3 −1 −4 2 −1 4 −2 4 4 6
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
y y y x3 y 3
x 3 y2 x3 y3 4
1) r 1
= 1
= 1
= 1
= 1 2
= 1 2 ¿x y3
3 −2 3 −2 3 −2 3 −2 3 3 3 3
x y x y x y x y x y x y

1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 5 1 5 1
(u v ) 2 2
u2 v
u2 v 4 v u2 v 4 v 4 u 2 v 4 u2 v 4 u 2
1) −1
= −1
= 2
= 2
= 2 = 8 = 3
4 2 4 2 v v v
v v v v v4 v4

8.7

1) √8 16 x 4 y 6 √6 23 x 2 y 3 z 4
√8 24 x 4 y 6 √6 8 x 2 y 3 z 4
√4 22 x 2 y3
1)
√4 4 x 2 y 3
√ √ √ ( ) √3 3 2 y 3
6
2
16 x 6 2 x 3 2 x
= 2 4=
4 2 2
=
√36 xy
1) √64 x 4 y 6 z 8
12
9y
4
3 y 3y
2
√3 3 2 y 3y
√2 x y z
12 6 4 6 8

159
 1) √ x6 y9
12

√4 x 2 y 3
1) √8 x 6 y 4 z 2
√ a √ a3
4
1)
√4 x 3 y 2 z
√4 a2 ∙ a3
1) √9 8 x3 y 6 √4 a5
a √a
4
√9 23 x 3 y 6
√3 2 x y 2 1) √5 b2 √ b3
√b ∙ b15
10 4

√b
10 19

b √ b9
10

1) √3 5 √6
√6 52 ∙ 63 1) √ x y 3 √3 x 2 y
√6 25 ∙216 √6 x 3 y 9 x 4 y 2
√6 5400 √6 x 7 y 11
xy √ x y
6 5

1) √ x √3 7 y
√6 x 3 ∙ 72 y2 1) √4 9 a b3 √ 3 a4 b
√6 49 x 3 y 2 √4 32 a b3 √3 a 4 b
√4 32 a b3 ∙32 a8 b 2
1) √ x √3 x−2 √4 34 a 9 b 5
√ x ( x−2 )
6 3 2
3 a b √ ab
2 4

1) √5 x 2 y √ xy
√ x y ∙ x5 y5
10 4 2

√x y
10 9 7

1) √4 x y 2 √3 x 2 y 1) √3 3 x y 2 z √4 9 x3 y z 2
√ x y ∙ x8 y4
12 3 6 √3 3 x y 2 z √4 32 x 3 y z 2
√x y
12 11 10 √3 x y z ∙36 x 9 y3 z 6
12 4 4 8 4

√3 x y z
12 10 13 11 10

√4 a2 b c 2 √5 a 2 b 3 c x √ 59049 x y 11 z 10
12
1)
√ a b c ∙a 8 b 12 c 4
20 10 5 10

√a b c
20 18 17 14 1) √ 27 a5 (b +1) √3 81 a ( b+1 )4
160
 √ 33 a5 (b+ 1) √3 3 4 a ( b+1 )4
√
√4 x 2 y 3 =12 6 9
x y 12 2 5
1) = √x y
√6 39 a15 ( b+1 )3 ∙ 38 a2 ( b+1 )8 √3 xy 4 4
x y
√6 317 a17 ( b +1 )11
32 a2 (b+ 1) √ 35 a5 ( b +1 )
6

9 a 2 ( b+1 ) √ 243 a5 ( b+1 )

6
5

5
1)
√
√ a b3 c =10 a5 b15 c 5 =10√ a b9 c 7
√5 a2 b 3 c−1 a4 b6 c−2

√
√( 3 x−1 )3 =20 ( 3 x−1 )15 =20√ ( 3 x−1 )3
4

√
√ a2 12 a8 =√2 a5
3
1) 4 = 1)
√a a
3 √5 ( 3 x−1 )3 ( 3 x−1 )12

1)
√
√3 ( 2 x +1 )2 =15 ( 2 x+ 1 )10 =15√ ( 2 x +1 )4
√5 ( 2 x +1 )2 ( 2 x +1 )
6

161
8.8

1) 3−(−8+ 4 i)
3+8−4 i
11−4 i 1) ( 6+5 i )2
2
36+60 i+25 i
1) r 7 i−( 3−2 i) 36+60 i+25(−1)
7 i−3+2 i 36+60 i−25
−3+ 9i 11+60 i

1) −6 i−(3+7 i) 1) (−7−4 i)(−8+ 6 i)

−6 i−3−7 i 56−42 i+ 32i−24 i
2

−3−13i 56−42 i+ 32i−24 (−1)

56−42 i+ 32i+24
1) ( 3−3i ) +(−7−8 i) 80−10 i
3−3i−7−8i
−4−11 i 1) (−4+5 i)(2−7 i)
2
−8+28 i +10 i−35 i
1) i−( 2+3 i )−6
−8+28 i+10 i−35(−1)
i−2−3i−6
−8+28 i+10 i+ 35
−8−2i
27+38 i

1) (6 i)(−8 i)
1) (−8−6 i)(−4+ 2i)
−48i 2 2
32−16 i+24 i−12 i
−48(−1)
32−16 i+24 i−12(−1)
48
32−16 i+24 i+12
44 +8 i
1) (−5 i)( 8i)
2
−40i 1) (1+5 i)(2+i)
−40(−1) 2
2+i+10 i+5 i
40
2+i+10 i+5 (−1)
2+i+10 i−5
1) (−7 i )2 −3+11 i
2
49 i
49 (−1) 1)
−49 (−9+5 i ) (i ) −9 i+ 5i 2 −9 i+5 (−1) −9 i−5
= = = =9 i+5
i (i ) i2 −1 −1

162
1) 1)
(−10−9i ) ( i ) −10 i−9 i −10 i−9 (−1 ) −10 i+9
2
(−3−6 i ) ( i ) −3 i−6 i2 −3 i−6 (−1 ) −3i+6
= = = = = =
6i (i ) 6i
2
6 (−1 ) −6 4 i (i) 4i
2
4 (−1 ) −4

( 10−i ) ( i ) 10 i−i 2 10 i−(−1 ) 10i+1

1) = = = =10 i+ 1
−i ( i ) −i 2 −(−1 ) 1

4 i (−10−i ) −40 i−4 i −40 i−4(−1) −40 i+4 −40 i+4

2
1) = = = =
−10+i (−10−i ) 100−i 2 100−(−1 ) 100+1 101

8 ( 7+6 i ) 56+ 48 i 56+48 i 56+ 48 i 56+ 48 i

1) = = = =
7−6 i ( 7+6 i ) 49−36 i 49−36 (−1 ) 49+36
2
85

7 ( 10+7 i ) 70+49 i 70+ 49 i 70+ 49 i 70+49 i

1) = = = =
10−7 i ( 10+7 i ) 100−49 i 100−49(−1) 100+ 49
2
149

5i (−6+ i ) −30 i+5i 2 −30 i+5 (−1 ) −30 i+5 (−1 ) −30 i−5 −30 i−5
1) = = = = =
−6−i (−6+ i ) 36−i2 36−1 (−1 ) 36−1 (−1 ) 36+ 1 37

1) √−81
√−1∙ 32
2
3 i
9i

1) √−10 √−2
√−1∙ 10 √−1∙ 2
i √ 10 ∙i √ 2
i 2 √ 20
−1 √2 ∙5
2

−1 ∙2 √ 5
−2 √5

3+ √−27 3+ √−1∙ 33 3+3 i √ 3 3 ( 1+i √ 3 ) 1+ √3

1) = = = =
6 6 6 6 2

8− √−16 8−√ −1∙ 24 8−22 i 8−4 i 4 ( 2−i )

1) = = = = =2−i
4 4 4 4 4

163
1) i 73 =i 1=i

1) i 48 =i 0=1

1) i 62 =i 2=−1

1) i 154 =i 2=−1

Chapter 9: Quadratics

164
9.1

1) √ 2 x +3−3=0
+3+3
2
2
( √ 2 x +3 ) =32 5) ( 3+ x )2=( √ 6 x +13 )
2
2 x+3=9 9+ 6 x + x =6 x +13
−3−3 −13−6 x−6 x−13
2x 6 2
x −4=0
=
2 2 ( x +2 )( x−2 )=0
x=3 x +2=0 x−2=0
Check: √ 2 (3 )+ 3−3=0 −2−2+ 2+ 2
√ 6+3−3=0 x=−2 x=2
√ 9−3=0 Check: 3+(−2)=√ 6 (−2 ) +13
3−3=0 1= √−12+13
0=0 √ 1= √ 1
x=3 1=1 √
Check: 3+ ( 2 ) =√ 6 ( 2 ) +13
3) √ 6 x−5− x=0 5=√ 12+13
+x+x
2 5=√ 25
( √ 6 x−5 ) = x2 5=5 √
6 x−5=x 2 x=−2 , 2
−6 x +5−6 x +5
0=x 2−6 x+ 5 7) √ 3−3 x−1=2 x
0=( x−1)( x−5) +1+1
x−1=0 x −5=0 2
( √ 3−3 x ) =( 2 x +1 )2
+1+1+5+5 2
3−3 x =4 x +4 x +1
x=1 x=5 −3+3 x +3 x−3
Check: √ 6 ( 5 )−5−5=0 2
0=4 x +7 x−2
√ 30−5−5=0 0=(4 x−1)( x+ 2)
√ 25−5=0 4 x−1=0 x +2=0
5−5=0 +1+1−2−2
0=0√ 4x 1
Check: √ 6 ( 1 )−5−1=0
= x=−2
4 4
√ 6−5−1=0 x=
1
√ 1−1=0 4
1−1=0
0=0√ √ 1
Check: 3−3 ( )−1=2
4 ( 14 )
√
x=5 , 1 3 1
3− −1=
4 2

165
 √ 9 1 1 5
−1= − =2
4 2 3 3
3 1 −2=2 No !
−1=
2 2 Check: √ 4 (5 )+ 5−√ ( 5 ) +4=2
1 1 √ 20+5−√ 9=2
= √
2 2 √ 25−3=2
5−3=2
Check: √ 3−3 (−2)−1=2(−2) 2=2 √
√ 3+6−1=−4 x=5
√ 9−1=−4
3−1=−4
2=−4 No ! 11) √ 2 x + 4−√ x +3=1
+ √ x+ 3+ √ x+3
1 2
( √ 2 x + 4 ) =( 1+ √ x +3 )
2
x=
4
2 x+ 4=1+2 √ x +3+ x +3
2 x+ 4=4 + x+ 2 √ x +3
9) √ 4 x +5−√ x + 4=2 −x−4−4−x
+ √ x+ 4 + √ x + 4 2
2 2 ( x )2=( 2 √ x +3 )
( √ 4 x +5 ) =( 2+ √ x+ 4 )
x 2=4 (x +3)
4 x+5=4 +4 √ x + 4+ x +4
x 2=4 x+12
4 x+5=8+ x + 4 √ x + 4
−4 x−12−4 x−12
−x−8−8−x 2
2 x −4 x−12=0
( 3 x−3 )2=( 4 √ x+ 4 )
( x−6 )( x +2 )=0
9 x 2−18 x+ 9=16 (x+ 4) x−6=0 x +2=0
9 x 2−18 x+ 9=16 x +64 +6+ 6−2−2
−16 x−64−16 x−64 x=6 x=−2
2
9 x −34 x−55=0 Check: √ 2 (6 ) +4−√ ( 6 ) +3=1
( 9 x +11 )( x−5 )=0 √ 12+ 4−√ 9=1
9 x +11=0 x−5=0 √ 16−3=1
−11−11 +5+5 4−3=1
9 x (−11 ) 1=1 √
= x=5
9 9 Check: √ 2 (−2 )+ 4−√ (−2 ) +3=1
−11
x=
9
√−4 +4− √1=1
√ 0−1=1
Check: 4
√ ( −119 )+5− √ −119 + 4=2 0−1=1
−1=1 No!

√ −44
9
+5−
√
25
9
=2
x=6

√ 1 5
− =2
9 3
166
 x=5

15) √ 6−2 x− √2 x+ 3=3

+ √ 2 x+3+ √2 x+ 3
2 2
( √ 6−2 x ) =( 3+ √ 2 x +3 )
6−2 x =9+6 √ 2 x +3+2 x +3
6−2 x =2 x +12+6 √ 2 x +3
−12−2 x−2 x−12
2
(−6−4 x )2 =( 6 √ 2 x +3 )
13) √ 2 x +6−√ x+ 4=1
+ √ x+ 4 + √ x + 4 36+ 48 x+16 x 2=36 (2 x +3)
2
2
( √ 2 x +6 ) =( 1+ √ x+ 4 )
2 16 x + 48 x+ 36=72 x+108
−72 x−108−72 x−108
2 x+6=1+2 √ x+ 4+ x + 4 2
16 x −24 x−72=0
2 x+6=5+ x +2 √ x + 4
8 ( 2 x −3 x−9 ) =0
2
−x−5−5−x
( x +1 )2=( 2 √ x + 4 )
2 8 ( 2 x+3 )( x−3 )=0
2 2 x+3=0 x−3=0
x + 2 x +1=4( x + 4)
2
−3−3+3+3
x + 2 x +1=4 x +16 2 x −3
−4 x−16−4 x−16 = x=3
2 2
2
x −2 x−15=0 −3
( x−5 ) ( x+ 3 )=0 x=
2

√(
x−5=0 x+3=0
+5+5−3−3
x=5 x=−3
√
Check: 6−2(
−3
2
)− 2
−3
2
+3=3 )
√ 6+3−√−3+3=3
Check: √ 2 (5 )+ 6− √( 5 ) + 4=1
√ 9−√0=3
√ 10+6−√ 9=1 3−0=3
√ 16−3=1 3=3 √
4−3=1 Check: √ 6−2(3)−√ 2 ( 3 )+3=3
1=1 √
√ 6−6− √6+ 3=3
Check: √ 2 (−3 )+ 6− √ (−3 )+ 4=1
√ 0− √ 9=3
√−6+6−√ 1=1 0−3=3
√ 0−1=1 −3=3 No !
0−1=1 −3
−1=1 No! x=
2

167
9.2

1) √ x 2=√75 2 x (−2 )
= x=
11 5
,−
x=± √ 75 2 2 2 2
x=± √ 5 ∙ 3
2 x=−1

( )
−2
1
x=± 5 √ 3 17) x + 3
=4
2
11) ( x−1 ) =16 ` 2

√( √
3

)
2

3) x 2+ 5=13 √ ( √ x−13 ) =❑√ 16

❑ 3 2
3
1
1
=√ 4
−5−5 ( √3 x−1 ) =( ± 4 )3 x+
2
√ x 2=√ 8 x−1=±64

(√ )
3
+1+1 1 3
x=± √ 2 =( ± 2 )
3
3
x=1 ±64 1
x=± 2 √2 x+
x=65.−63 2
1
=±8
3 1
13) ( 2−x ) =27
2 x+
2
√ ( √ 2−x ) =¿ √ 27 ¿
3 3 3

( x + 12 ) x+1 1 =± 8 ( x + 12 )
2
( √ 2−x ) =3 2
2−x =9
−2−2 2
5) 3 x 2+1=73
−1−1 −x 7
=
3 x 2 72
=
−1 −1
x=−7 1
=
±8 x+( 12 )
3 3 3 ±8 ±8
√ x =√ 24
2 Check: ( 2−(−7 ) ) =27 2
1 1
± =x+
x=± √ 24 3
8 2
9 2 =27
x=± √ 2 ∙ 3
3
−1 1
3
( √ 9 ) =27 −
x=± 2 √2 ∙3 2 2
x=± 2 √ 6 33=27 −1 1
± =x
27=27 √ 2 8
−3 5
7) √ ( x+ 2 ) =√−243
5 5 5
2
x=
8
,−
8
x +2=−3 15) ( 2 x−3 ) 3 =4
−2−2
x=−5 √ ( √ 2 x−3 ) =√ 4
3 2

3
( √3 2 x−3 ) =(± 2)3
9) ( 2 x+5 )3−6=21 2 x−3=± 8
+6+ 6 +3+3
2 x 3± 8
√ ( 2 x +5 ) =√27
3 3 3
2
=
2
−5
19) r ( x−1 ) 2 =32
2 x+5=3
−5−5

168
 ( ) 1 52
x−1
=32
5
32=32 √
√ ( √ 4 x +2 ) =√−8
3 5 3 3

x= 5
( √5 4 x+2 ) =(−2 )5
(√ √ x−11 ) = √32
5 4
5 5 4 x+2=−32
4 −2−2
21) ( 3 x−2 ) =16
5

(√ x−11 ) =( 2)
2
4 x −34
2 =
√ ( √ 3 x−2 ) =√16
4 5 4 4 4
−17
4
1 5
( √5 3 x−2 ) =+ 25 x=
( x−1 ) =4(x −1) 2
x−1 3 x−2=± 32
1=4 x−4
+2+2
+ 4+ 4
3 x 2± 32
5 4x =
= 3 3
4 4 34
5 x= ,−10
=x 3
4

( )
−5
5
Check: −1 2 =32
4

( 14 )
−5
2
=32
5
2
4 =32
5
( √ 4 ) =32
25=32 3
23) ( 4 x+2 )5 =−8

9.3

1) x 2−30 x +¿ ¿
5) x 2−15 x +¿ ¿
( )
2
1
−30 ∙
( )
2
2 1
−15 ∙
(−15 )2=225 2

( −152 ) = 2254
2
x 2−30 x+ 225
( x−15 )2
2 225
x −15 x+
3) m 2−36 m+¿ ¿
4

( )
2
15
(−36 ∙ 12 )
2
x−
2

(−18 )2=324 2
2
7) y − y +¿ ¿
m −36 m+324
( )
2
1
( m−18 )2 −1 ∙
2

169
 ( )
−1 2 1
2
=
4
13) 6 x 2+ 12 x +63=0
−63−63
2
2 1 6 x 12 x −63
y −y+ + =
4 6 6 6

( ) 1 2
2 −21
y− x + 2 x=
2 2

2∙
2( )
1 2

9) x 2−16 x+ 55=0 ( 1 )2=1

−55−55 2 −21
2
x + 2 x +1= +1
x −16 x=−55 2

(−16 ∙
1 2
2 ) √ ( x+1 )2 = −19 √ ( )
2 √2
√2

(−8 )2 =64 i √ 38
x +1=±
2
x −16 x+ 64=−55+64 f 2
−1−1
√ ( x−8 ) = √9
2

x−8=± 3 −2 ±i √38
x=
+8+ 8 2
x=8 ± 3
x=11 , 5 15) 5 k 2−10 k +48=0
−48−48
2
11) v 2−8 v + 45=0 5 k 10 k −48
− =
−45−45 5 5 5
2 2 −48
v −8 v=−45 k −2 k=
5
(−8∙
1 2
2 ) (−2 ∙
1
2
2

)
(−4 )2=16
2
(−1 )2=1
v −8 v +16=−45+ 16
2 −48
k −2 k +1= +1
√ ( v −4 ) =√−29
2
5

√ ( )
v−4=± i √ 29 −48 √5
+ 4+ 4 √ ( k −1 ) =2

5 √5
v=4 ±i √29 i √ 215
k −1=±
5
+1+1
5 ± i √ 215
k=
5

17) x 2+ 10 x−57=4
+57+57

170
 ( )
2
x + 10 x=61 1 2 1
2∙=1 =1
( )
1 2
2
10 ∙
2 2 21
b +2 b+1= +1
( 5 )2=25 4
2
x + 10 x +25=61+25
√ ( x+5 ) =√ 86
2
2 25
√ ( b+1 ) =
4
5
√
x +5=± √ 86 b+1=±
2
−5−5 −1−1
x=−5 ± √ 86 5
2
19) n −16 n+67=4 b=−1 ±
2
−67−67 3 7
2 b= ,−
n −16 n=−63 2 2

( )
2
1 2
−16 ∙ =(−8 ) =64
2
2
n −16 n+64=63+64
√ ( n−8 ) =√ 1
2

25) r x 2=−10 x−29

n−8=±1
+10 x+ 10 x
+8+ 8 2
n=9 , 7 x + 10 x=−29

21) 2 x2 + 4 x+ 38=−6
( )
10 ∙
1 2 ( )2
2
= 5 =25
2
−38−38 x + 10 x +25=−29+25
2
2 x 4 x −44
+ =
√ ( x+5 ) =√−4
2

2 2 2 x +5=± 2 i
2
x + 2 x=−22 −5−5
x=−5 ± 2i
( )
2
1
2 ∙ =11 =1
2
x 2+ 2 x +1=−22+1 27) n2 =−21+10 n
−10 n −10 n
√ ( x+1 ) =√−21
2
2
n −10 n=−21
x +1=± i √ 21
( )
2
−1−1 1 2
−10 ∙ =(−5 ) =25
2
x=−1 ± i √ 21
2
n −10 n+25=−21+ 25
23) 8 b 2+16 b−37=5 √ ( n−5 ) =√ 42

+37+ 37 n−5=± 2
2
8 b 16 b 42 +5+5
+ = n=5 ±2
8 8 8
2 21 n=7 , 3
b +2 b=
4

171
 29) 3 k 2 +9=6 k
−6 k −9−6 k −9 (
−8∙
2)
1 2 ( )2
= −4 =16
2 2
3 k 6 k −9 p −8 p+16=−55+16
− =
3
2
3 3 √ ( p−4 ) = √−39
2

k −2 k=−3 p−4=± i √ 39

(−2 ∙
2 )
1 2 ( )2
= −1 =1 + 4+ 4
p=4 ± i √ 39
2
k −2 k +1=−3+ 1
√ ( k −1 ) =√−2
2
35) 7 n2 −n+7=7 n+6 n2
k −1=± i √ 2 −6 n 2−7 n−7−6 n 2−7 n−7
+1+1 2
n −8 n=−7
k =1 ±i √ 2
(−8∙
1 2
2 ) 2
=(−4 ) =16
2
n −8 n+16=−7+16
√ ( n−4 ) =√ 9
2

n−4=± 3
+ 4+ 4
n=4 ±3
n=7 , 1
31) 2 x2 +63=8 x
−8 x−63−8 x−63
2
2 x 8 x −63
− =
2 2 2
−63
x 2−4 x=
2

( )
2
1 2
−4 ∙ =(−2 ) =4
2 37) 13 b2 +15 b+ 44=−5+7 b2 +3 b
2 −63
x −4 x+ 4= +4 −7 b 2−3 b−44−44−7 b 2−3 b
2 2
6 b 12 b −49

√ √2 )
(
−55 √2 + =
√ ( x−2 ) =
2

2
6 6 6
2 −49
b +2 b=
i √ 110 6
x−2=±
2
( )
2
1
+2+2 2 ∙ =12 =1
2
4 ± i √110 −49
x= 2
b +2 b+1= +1
2 6

33) p2−8 p=−55 √ ( b+1 ) =

2

√ √6 )
6(
−43 √6

172
 i √ 256 43) 7 x 2−6 x +40=0
b+1=±
6 −40−40
−1−1 2
7 x 6 x −40
− =
−6 ±i √ 256 7 7 7
b=
6 2 6 −40
x − x=
7 7
39) 5 x 2+5 x=−31−5 x
( ) ( )
2
−6 1 −3 2 9
∙ = =
+5 x +5 x 7 2 7 49
2
5 x 10 x −31 2 6 9 −40 9
+ = x − x+ = +
5 5 5 7 49 7 49

√( √
−31
)
2
x 2+ 2 x= 3 −271
5 x− =
7 49

( )
2
1
x− =± √
2
2 ∙ =1 =1 3 i 271
2 7 7
2 −31 +3 3
x + 2 x +1= +1 +
5 7 7
√ ( x+1 ) = 2

√ √5 )
5(
−26 √5
x=
3 ±i √271
7
i √ 130
x +1=±
5 45) k 2−7 k +50=3
−1−1 −50−50
−5 ±i √ 130 2
k −7 k =−47
x=
5
( ) ( )
2 2
1 −7 49
−7 ∙ = =
2 2 4
2
41) v +5 v+ 28=0 2 49 49
−28−28 k −7 k + =−47+
4 4

√(
2

√
v +5 v=−28

( ) ()
5∙
1 2 5 2 25
= =
k−
7 2
2 )
=
−139
4
2 2 4
k − =± √
7 i 139
25 25 2 2
v 2+5 v+ =−28+
4 4 +7 7

√(
+
) √
2
5 −87 2 2
v+ =
2 4 7 ± i √ 139
k=
5 i √ 87 2
v+ =±
2 2
−5 5 47) 5 x 2+ 8 x−40=8
−
2 2 + 40+40
−5± i √ 87 2
5 x 8 x 48
v= + =
2 5 5 5

173
 √( √
8 48
x 2+ x=
5 5 r+
8
= )
5 2 −415
64

( ) ()
2
8 1 4 2 16 5 i √ 416
∙ = = r + =±
5 2 5 25 8 8
2 8 16 48 16 −5 5
x + x+ = + −
5 25 5 25 8 8

√( ) √
2
4 256 −5 ± i √ 415
x+ = r=
5 25 8
4 16
x + =±
5 5 53) 5 n2−8 n+60=−3 n−6+ 4 n 2
−4 4 −4 n2 +3 n−60+3 n−60−4 n2
−
5 5 2
n +5 n=−54
−4 ±16
x=
5 ( ) ()
5∙
1 2 5 2 25
2
=
2
=
4
25 25
49) m 2=−15+ 9 m n2 +5 n+ =−54 +
4 4
−9 m−9 m
2
m −9 m=−15
√( n+
2
=)
5 2 −191
4 √
( ) ( )
2 2
1 −9 81
−9∙ = = 5 i √ 191
2 2 4 n+ =±
2 2
2 81 81
m −9 m+ =−15+ −5 5
4 4 −
2 2

√( m−
9 2
2
9
=)21
4
√21
√ n=
−5 ± i √191
2
m− =±
2 2 55) 2 x2 +3 x−5=−4 x2
+9 9 2
+ 4 x +5+ 4 x +5
2
+
2 2 2
6x 3x 5
9 ± √ 21 + =
m= 6 6 6
2
2 1 5
x + x=
2 6
8 r 2 10 r −55
( ) ()
2 2
51) + = 1 1 1 1
8 8 8 ∙ = =
2 2 4 16
2 5 −55
r + r= 2 1 1 5 1
4 8 x + x+ = +
2 16 6 16
( ) ()
2 2
5 1 5 25
∙ = =
√( ) √
43 √ 43
( √√ 33 )
2
4 2 8 64 1
x+ = =
4 48 4 √3
2 5 25 −55 25
r + r+ = +
x + =± √
4 64 8 64 1 129
4 12

174
 √( √
−1 1
−
4 4
3 2
x+
4
=) 49
16
(−3 ± √ 129 ) 3 7
x= x + =±
12 4 4
−3 3
−
57) −2 x2 +3 x−5=−4 x2 4 4
2 2
+ 4 x +5+ 4 x +5 −3 7
x= ±
2 x2 3 x 5 4 4
+ = 5
2 2 2 x=1 ,−
2 3 5 2
x + x=
2 2

( ) ()
2
3 1 3 2 9
∙ = =
2 2 4 16
3 9 5 9
x 2+ x+ = +
2 16 2 16

9.4

1) 4 a2 +6=0
a=4 , b=0 ,c =6
−0 ± √ 0 2−4 ( 4 )( 6 ) ± √−96 ± √−16 ∙ 6 ± 4 i √ 6 ± i √ 6
= = = =
2( 4) 8 8 8 2

3) 2 x2 −8 x−2=0
a=2 , b=−8 , c=−2
8 ± √ (−8 ) −4 ( 2 ) (−2 ) 8 ± √ 64+ 16 8 ± √ 80 8 ± √16 ∙ 5 8± 4 √ 5
2
= = = = =2± √ 5
2( 2) 4 4 4 4

5) 2 m2−3=0
a=2 , b=0 ,c =−3
−0 ± √ ( 0 ) −4 ( 2 ) (−3 ) ± √ 24 ± √ 4 ∙ 6 ( ± 2 √6 ) ± √ 6
2
= = = =
2( 2) 4 4 4 2

7) 3 r 2−2 r −1=0
a=3 , b=−2 ,c =−1

175
 2± √ (−2 ) −4 ( 3 ) (−1 ) 2 ± √ 4+12 2± √ 16 2± 4
2
1
= = = =1 ,−
2 (3) 6 6 6 3

9) 4 n2−36=0
a=4 , b=0 ,c =−36
−0 ± √ 0 −4 ( 4 )(−36 ) ± √576 ± 24
2
= = =±3
2( 4) 8 8

11) v 2−4 v−5=−8

+8+ 8
2
v −4 v +3=0
a=1 , b=−4 , c=3
4 ± √ (−4 ) −4 ( 1 )( 3 ) 4 ± √ 16−12 4 ± √ 4 4 ±2
2
= = = =3,1
2 ( 1) 2 2 2

13) 2 a2 +3 a+14=6
−14−14
2
2 a +3 a+8=0
a=2 , b=3 , c=8
−3 ± √¿ ¿ ¿

15) 3 k 2 +3 k −4=7
−7−7
2
3 k +3 k −11=0
a=3 , b=3 ,c =−11
−3 ± √ 32−4 ( 3 ) (−11 ) −3± √ 9+132 −3 ± √141
= =
2 (3) 6 6

17) 7 x 2+ 3 x−16=−2
+2+2
2
7 x + 3 x−14=0
a=7 , b=3 , c=−14
−3 ± √ 3 −4 ( 7 ) (−14 ) −3 ± √ 9+392 −3± √ 401
2
= =
2( 7 ) 14 14

176
 19) 2 p 2+ 6 p−16=4
−4−4
2
2 p + 6 p−20=0
a=2 , b=6 , c=−20
−6 ± √ 6 2−4 ( 2 )(−20 ) −6 ± √ 36+160 −6 ± √196 −6 ± 14
= = = =2 ,−5
2( 2) 4 4 4

21) 3 n2 +3 n=−3
+3+3
2
3 n +3 n+3=0
a=3 , b=3 ,c =3
−3 ± √ ( 3 ) −4 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) −3 ± √ 9−36 −3 ± √ −9 ∙ 3 −3 ±3 i √ 3 −1 ±i √3
2
= = = =
2 (3) 6 6 6 6

23) 2 x2 =−7 x+ 49
+7 x−49+7 x−49
2
2 x +7 x−49=0
a=2 , b=7 ,c=−49
−7 ± √ ( 7 ) −4 ( 2 ) (−49 ) −7 ± √ 49+392 −7 ± √ 441
2
= =
2 (2 ) 4 4

25) 5 x 2=7 x+7

−7 x−7−7 x−7
2
5 x −7 x−7=0
a=5 , b=−7 , c=−7
7 ± √ (−7 ) −4 ( 5 )(−7 )
2
7 ± √ 189 7 ± √ 9 ∙21 7 ±3 √21
=7 ± √ 49+140 ¿ ¿ = = =
2( 5 ) 10 10 10 10

27) 8 n2 =−3 n−8

+3 n+ 8+3 n+8
8 n2 +3 n+ 8=0
a=8 , b=3 , c=8
−3 ± √ 3 −4 ( 8 )( 8 ) −3 ± √ 9−256 −3 ± √−247 −3± i √247
2
= = =
2( 8 ) 16 16 16

1) 2 x2 +5 x=−3

177
 +3+3
2
2 x +5 x +3=0
a=2 , b=5 , c=3
−5 ± √ 5 −4 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) −5 ± √ 25−24 −5± √ 1 −5 ± 1
2
3
= = = =−1 ,−
2 (2) 4 4 4 2

1) 4 a2−64=0
a=4 , b=0 ,c =−64
−0 ± √ o −4 ( 4 )(−64 ) ± √ 1024 ± 32
2
= = =± 4
2 (4 ) 8 8

1) 4 p 2+ 5 p−36=3 p2
−3 p2−3 p2
2
p +5 p−36=0
a=1 , b=5 , c=−36
−5 ± √ 5 −4 ( 1 ) (−36 ) −5± √ 25+144 −5 ± √ 169 −5 ± 13
2
= = = =4 ,−9
2( 1) 2 2 2

1) −5 n2−3 n−52=2−7 n2
2 2
+7 n −2−2+7 n
2
2 n −3 n−54=0
a=2 , b=−3 ,c =−54
3± √ (−3 ) −4 ( 2 ) (−54 ) 3 ± √ 9+ 432 3 ± √ 441 3± 21
2
9
= = = =6 ,−
2(2) 4 4 4 2

1) 7 r 2−12=−3 r
+3 r +3 r
7 r 2 +3 r−12=0
a=7 , b=3 , c=−12
−3 ± √ 3 −4 ( 7 ) (−12 ) −3 ± √ 9+336 −3 ± √ 345
2
= =
2 (7) 14 14

1) 2 n2−9=4
−4−4
2
2 n −13=0
a=2 , b=0 ,c =−13

178
 −0 ± √ 0 2−4 ( 2 ) (−13 ) ± √ 104 ± √ 4 ∙ 26 ± 2 √ 26 ± √ 26
= = = =
2( 2) 4 4 4 2

9.5

1) 2 ,5 x=−4 x=11 3
15) ,4
x=2 , x=5 + 4+ 4−11−11 7
−2−2−5−5 x +4=0 x−11=0 3
( 7 ) x= ( x ) x =4
x−2=0 x−5=0 ( x +4 )( x−11 ) =0 7
( x−2 ) ( x−5 )=0 2
x + 4 x−11 x−44=0 7 x=3−4−4
2
x −5 x−2 x+10=0 2 −3−3 x −4=0
x −7 x−44=0
2 7 x−3=0
x −7 x+ 10=0
3 1 ( 7 x−3 ) ( x−4 )=0
11) ,
3) 20 , 2 4 4 7 x 2−3 x−28 x+12=0
2
x=20 x=2
−20−20−2−2
4 ( x) = ( 34 ) 4 , 4 ( x )=( 14 ) 4 7 x −31 x +12=0

x−20=0 x−2=0 4 x=3 4 x=1 −1 5

17) ,
( x−20 ) ( x−2 )=0 −3−3−1−1 3 6
2
x −20 x−2 x+ 40=0 4 x−3=0 4 x−1=0 −1 5
( 3 ) x= ( 3 ) 6 ( x ) = ( 6)
2 ( 4 x−3 ) ( 4 x−1 ) =0 3 6
x −22 x+ 40=0
2 3 x=−1 6 x=5
16 x −12 x −4 x +3=0
+1+1−5−5
5) 4 , 4 2
16 x −8 x+ 3=0
3 x+ 1=0 6 x−5=0
x=4 x=4
−4−4−4−4
( 3 x+ 1 )( 6 x−5 )=0
1 1
13) , 2
18 x +6 x−15 x−5=0
x−4=0 x−4=0 2 3
2
( x−4 ) ( x−4 )=0 1 1 18 x −9 x−5=0
( 2 ) x= ( 2 )( 3 ) x= (3)
2
x −4 x−4 x +16=0 2 3
2 2 x=13 x=1 1
x −8 x +16=0 19) −6 ,
−1−1−1−1 9
2 x−1=0 3 x−1=0 1
7) 0 , 0 x=−6 ( 9 ) x= (9)
( 2 x−1 )( 3 x−1 ) =0 9
x=0 , x=0
+6+ 6 9 x=1
xx=0 6 x 2−3 x−2 x+1=0
2 2 x +6=0 −1−1
x =0 6 x −5 x+ 1=0
9 x−1=0
( x +6 ) ( 9 x−1 )=0
2
9 x + 54 x−x−6=0
2
9 x −53 x−6=0

21) ± 5
2 2
9) −4 , 11 x =( ± 5 )

179
 2
x =25 +13+13 −1± √ 6
2 37)
−25−25 x + 13=0 2
2
x −25=0 −1 ± √6
(2) x= (2)
1 31) 2 ± √ 6 2
23) ±
5 x=2 ± √6 2 x=−1 ± √ 6
+1+1
2
x=±
1 2
5 ( ) −2−2
( x−2 )2=( ± √ 6 )
2
( 2 x+1 )2= ( ± √ 6 )
2

1 2
x −4 x+ 4=6
2
4 x + 4 x+ 1=6
(25)x 2= (25)
25 −6−6 −6−6
2
25 x =1 2
x −4 x−2=0
2
4 x + 4 x−5=0
−1−1
25 x 2−1=0 33) 1 ±3 i 6 ±i √ 2
39)
x=1 ±3 i 8
25) ± √ 11 −1−1 6 ±i √ 2
2 ( 8 ) x= (8)
x =( ± √11 )
2
( x−1 )2=( ± 3 i )2 8
2
x =11 2
x −2 x+1=−9 8 x=6 ± i √ 2
−11−11 +9+ 9 −6−6
2
2
x −11=0 2
x −2 x+10=0 ( 8 x−6 )2=( ±i √ 2 )
64 x 2−96 x +36=−2
27) ±
√3 35) 6 ± i √ 3 +2+2
4 x=6 ± i √3
2
64 x −96 x +38=0
4 x=± √ (4)
3 −6−6
4 ( x−6 )2=( ± i √ 3 )
2

¿ 2
2
x −12 x+36=−3
16 x =3 +3+3
−3−3 2
2
x −12 x+39=0
16 x −3=0

29) ± i √ 13
2
x 2=( ± i √ 13 )
2
x =−13

180
9.6

1) x 4 −5 x 2 +4=0 3) m4 −7 m2−8=0
2 2 4 2 2 2
y=x , y =x y=m y =m
2 2
y −5 y + 4=0 y −7 y −8=0
( y−4 )( y−1 )=0 ( y−8 )( y +1 ) =0
y−4=0 y−1=0 y−8=0 y +1=0
+ 4+ 4+1+1 +8+ 8−1−1
y=4 y=1 y=8 y=−1
√ x 2=√ 4 x 2=√ 1 √ m2=√ 8 √ m2= √(−1 )2
x=± 2 ,± 1 m=± 2 √2 , ±i

5) a 4−50 a 2+ 49=0 7) x 4 −25 x 2 +144=0

2 2 4 2 2 4
y=a y =a y=x , y =x
2 2
y −50 y + 49=0 y −25 y +144=0
( y−49 ) ( y−1 )=0 ( y−9 )( y −16 )=0
y−49=0 y−1=0 y−9=0 y −16=0
+ 49+49+1+1 +9+ 9+16+16
y=49 y=1 y=9 y=16
√ a2= √ 49 √ a2=√ 1 √ x 2=√ 9 √ x 2= √16
a=± 7 ,± 1 x=± 3 , ± 4

9) m 4 −20 m2 +64=0
2 2 4
y=m y =m
2
y −20 y +64=0
( y−4 )( y−16 )=0
y−4=0 y−16=0
+ 4+ 4+16+ 16
y=4 y=16
√ m2=√ 4 √m2=√ 16
m=± 2 , ± 4

181
 11) z 6−216=19 z 3
y=z 3 y 2=z 6
2
y −216=19 y
−19 y−19 y
2
y −19 y−216=0
( y−27 )( y + 8 )=0
y−27=0 y +8=0
+27+ 27−8−8
y=27 y=−8
z 3=27 z 3=−8
−27−27+8+ 8
z 3−27=0 z 3−8=0
( z−3 ) ( z 2 +3 z+ 9 )=0
2
z−3=0 z +3 z +9=0
−3 ± √3 −4 ( 1 ) ( 9 ) 2± √−27 −3 ±3 i √ 3
2
+3+3 = =
2( 1) 2 2
z=3
( z +2 ) ( z 2 −2 z +4 ) =0
2
z +2=0 z −2 x+ 4=0
2± √ (−2 ) −4 ( 1 )( 4 ) 2 ± √−12 2± 2i √ 3
2
−2−2 = = =1± i √3
2 2 2
z=−2
−3 ±3 i √ 3
z=3 , ,−2 , 1± i √ 3
2

13) 6 z 4 −z 2=12 3 y +4=0 2 y−3=0

2 2
y=z , y =z
4 −4−4+ 3+3
2
6 y − y =12 3 y −4 2 y 3
= =
−12−12 3 3 2 2
2 −4 3
6 y − y −12=0 y= ,
3 2
( 3 y +4 ) (2 y−3 )=0

182
 √ ( ) √( )
2
√ z = −4
2 √ 3 √ z 2= 3 √ 2 y −2 y−35=0
3 √3 2 √2 ( y−7 )( y +5 )=0
± 2i √ 3 ± √ 6 y−7=0 y +5=0
z= , +7+7−5−5
3 2
y=7 , y =−5
1 1
3 3
x =−5 x =7
3 3
( √3 x ) =(−5 )3 ( √3 x ) =7 3
x=−125 , 343
2 1
15) x −35=2 x
3 3

1 2
3 2 3
y=x , y =x
2
y −35=2 y
−2 y−2 y

17) y−6 +7 y −3=8

−3 2 −6
z= y z = y
z 2+ 7 z=8
−8−8
2
z + 7 z−8=0
( z +8 ) ( z−1 )=0
z +8=0 z−1=0
−8−8+1+1
z=−8 , z=1
−3 −3
y =−8 , y =1

y( )
( y 3 ) 13 =−8 ( y 3 ) ( y 3 ) 13 =1 ( y 3 )
y
3 3
1=−8 y 1= y
3 3
+8 y +8 y −1−1
3 3
8 y +1=0 0= y −1
( 2 y+ 1 ) ( 4 y 2−2 y +1 )=0 0=( y −1)( y 2 + y +1)
2 2
2 y+ 1=0 4 y −2 y+ 1=0 y−1=0 y + y+ 1=0
2± √ (−2 ) −4 ( 4 )( 1 ) −1± √ 1 −4 ( 1 )( 1 )
2 1
−1−1 + 1+ 1
2 (4 ) 2 (1)
2 y −1 2± √−12 −1± √−3 −1± i √ 3
= y=1 =
2 2 8 2 2
−1 2 ±2 i √ 3 1± i √3
y= =
2 8 4

183
 −1 1± i √ 3 −1± i √ 3
y= , ,1 ,
2 4 2

19) x 4 −2 x 2−3=0
2 2 4
y=x y =x
2
y −2 y−3=0
( y−3 )( y +1 )=0
y−3=0 y +1=0
+3+3−1−1
y=3 y =−1
√ x 2=√ 3 √ x 2=√−1
x=± √ 3 ,± i

21) 2 x 4−5 x 2+ 2=0

2 2 4
y=x , y =x
2
2 y −5 y +2=0
( 2 y−1 ) ( y−2 )=0
2 y−1=0 y−2=0
+1+1+2+2
2y 1
= y=2
2 2
1
y=
2

√ x 2= √ √2 )
1
2( √ 2 √ x =√ 2 2

x=± √ ,± √ 2
2
2

23) x 4 −9 x2 +8=0
2 2 4
y=x , y =x
y 2−9 y +8=0

184
 ( y−8 )( y −1 )=0
y−8=0 y −1=0
+8+ 8+1+1
y=8 y=1
√ x 2=√ 8 √ x 2=√ 1
x=± 2 √ 2 , ±1

25) 8 x 6−x 3 +1=0

3 2 6
y=x , y =x
8 y 2− y +1=0
( 8 y−1 ) ( y−1 ) =0
8 y−1=0 y−1=0
+1+1+1+1
8y 1
= y=1
8 8
1
y=
8
1
( 8 ) x 3= ( 8 ) x 3=1
8
3
8 x =1−1−1
3
−1−1 x −1=0
3
8 x −1=0 ( x−1 ) ( x 2+ x +1 ) =0
2
(2 x−1)¿ x−1=0 x + x +1=0
−1 ± √ 1 −4 ( 1 ) ( 1 )
1
2
2 x−1=0 4 x +2 x +1=0 +1+1
2( 1)
−2 ± √ 22−4 ( 4 ) ( 1 ) −1 ± √−3 −1 ± i √ 3
+1+1 x=1 =
2( 4) 2 2
2 x 1 −2± √ −12
=
2 2 8
1 −2± 2 i √ 3 −1± i √ 3
x= =
2 8 4

1 −1± i √ 3 −1 ± i √ 3
x= , ,1 ,
2 4 2

27) x 8−17 x 4 +16=0

4 2 8
y=x , y =x
y 2−17 y +16=0
( y−16 )( y −1 )=0

185
 y−16=0 y −1=0
+16+16 +1+1
y=16 y =1
4 4
x =16 x =1
−16−16−1−1
4 4
x −16=0 x −1=0
( x 2 +4 ) ( x 2−4 )=0 ( x 2−1 ) ( x 2+ 1 )=0
x 2+ 4=0 x 2−4=0 x 2−1=0 x 2 +1=0
−4−4+ 4+ 4 +1+1−1−1
√ x 2=√−4 √ x 2=√ 4 √ x 2=√1 √ x 2=√−1
x=± 2i x=± 2 x=± 1 x=± i
x=± 2i , ±2 , ± i, ±1

29) ( y +b )2 −4 ( y + b )=21
2 2
z=( y +b ) , z =( y +b )
z 2−4 z=21
−21−21
2
z −4 z−21=0
( z−7 )( z +3 )=0
z−7=0 z +3=0
+7+7−3−3
z=7 z=−3
y +b=7 y +b=−3
−b−b−b−b
y=7−b y =−3−b

31) ( y +2 )2−6 ( y +2 ) =16

2 2
z= y +2 , z =( y +2 )
z 2−6 z=16
−16−16
2
z −6 z−16=0
(z−8)(z +2)=0
z−8=0 z +2=0

186
 +8+ 8−2−2
z=8 z=−2
y +2=8 y+ 2=−2
−2−2−2−2
y=6 y=−4

33) ( x−3 )2 −2 ( x−3 )=35

2 2
y= ( x −3 ) , y = ( x −3 )
y 2−2 y=35
−35−35
y 2−2 y−35=0
( y−7 )( y +5 )=0
y−7=0 y +5=0
+7+7−5−5
y=7 y =−5
x−3=7 x−3=−5
+3+3+ 3+3
x=10 ,−2

35) ( r −1 )2−8 ( r−1 ) =20 2

z=( y +1 ) , z =( y+ 1 )
2

2 2 2
y= ( r−1 ) , y =( r−1 ) 3 z −14 z=5
2
y −8 y =20 −5−5
2
−20−20 3 z −14 z−5=0
2
y −8 y −20=0 ( 3 z+ 1 )( z−5 )=0
( y−10 )( y +2 )=0 3 z+ 1=0 z−5=0
y−10=0 y +2=0 −1−1+5+5
+10+10−2−2 3 z −1
= z=5
y=10 y =−2 3 3
r −1=10 r−1=−2 −1
z=
+1+1+1+1 3
r =11,−1 −1
y +1= y +1=5
3
−1−1−1−1
−4
y= ,4
3
37) 3 ( y +1 )2−14 ( y +1 )=5

2
39) ( 3 x 2−2 x ) +5=6( 3 x 2−2 x)
2
y=( 3 x 2−2 x ) , y 2=( 3 x2 −2 x )
2
y +5=6 y

187
 −6 y−6 y
2
y −6 y +5=0
( y−1 ) ( y−5 )=0
y−1=0 y−5=0
+1+1+5+5
y=1 y=5
2 2
3 x −2 x =13 x −2 x=5
−1−1−5−5
2 2
3 x −2 x −1=0 3 x −2 x−5=0
( 3 x−5 ) ( x+1 ) =0 ( 3 x +1 ) ( x−1 )=0
3 x−5=0 x+1=0 3 x +1=0 x −1=0
+5+5−1−1−1−1+1+1
3x 5 3 x −1
= x=−1 = x=1
3 3 3 3
5 1
x= ,−1 ,− , 1
3 3

2 1
41) 2 ( 3 x +1 ) 3 −5 ( 3 x+ 1 )3 =88
1 2
y= (3 x +1 ) 3 , y 2=( 3 x +1 ) 3
2 y 2−5 y=88
−88−88
2
2 y −5 y−88=0
( 2 y+ 11 )( y−8 )=0
2 y+ 11=0 y−8=0
−11−11+8+ 8
2 y −11
= y=8
2 2
−11
y=
2

188
 1 1
3 −11
( 3 x+ 1 ) = ( 3 x +1 ) 3 =8
2

( )
3
( √3 3 x+ 1) = −11 ( √3 3 x+1 ) =83
3 3

2
−1331
3 x+ 1= 3 x+1=512
8
−1−1 −1−1

( )
1329
−
3x 8 3 x 511
= =
3 3 3 3
1329 511
x= ,
24 3

2
43) ( x 2 +2 x ) −2 ( x 2 +2 x ) =3
2
y=( x +2 x ) , y =( x +2 x )
2 2 2

y 2−2 y=3
−3−3
2
y −2 y−3=0
( y−3 )( y +1 )=0
y−3=0 y +1=0
+3+3−1−1
y=3 y =−1
2 2
x + 2 x=3 x +2 x=−1
−3−3+1+1
2 2
x + 2 x−3=0 x + 2 x +1=0
( x +3 ) ( x −1 )=0 ¿
x +3=0 x−1=0 x+ 1=0
−3−3+1+1−1−1
x=−3 , 1 ,−1

2
45) ( 2 x 2−x ) −4 ( 2 x 2−x ) +3=0
2
y=( 2 x 2−x ) , y 2=( 2 x2 −x )
2
y −4 y +3=0
( y−3 )( y −1 )=0
y−3=0 y−1=0

189
 +3+3+ 1+ 1
y=3 y =1
2 2
2 x −x=3 2 x −x=1
−3−3 −1−1
2 2
2 x −x−3=0 2 x −x−1=0
( 2 x−3 ) ( x+1 ) =0 ( 2 x+1 ) ( x−1 )=0
2 x−3=0 x +1=0 2 x+1=0 x−1=0
+3+3−1−1 −1−1+1+1
2x 3 2 x −1
= x=−1 = x=1
2 2 2 2

3 1
x= ,−1 ,− , 1
2 2

9.7

1) In a landscape plan, a rectangular flowerbed is designed to be 4 meters longer than it is wide. If 60

square meters are needed for the plants in the bed, what should the dimensions of the
rectangular bed be?
x ( x + 4 )=60
2
x +4 x + 4 x=60
−60−60
2
60 x x + 4 x−60=0
( x−6 )( x +10 )=0
x−6=0 x +10=0
+6+ 6−10−10
x=6 x=−10
6 m by 10 m

3) A rectangular lot is 20 yards longer than it is wide and its area is 2400 square yards. Find the
dimensions of the lot
x ( x +20 ) =2400
x +20 2
x + 20 x =2400
190
 2400 x ( )
20 ∙
1 2
2
2
=10 =100
2
x + 20 x +100=2400+100
√ ( x+10 ) =√ 2500
2

x +10=± 50
−10−10
x=−10 ± 50
x=40 ,−60
40 yds x 60 yds

5) The length of a rectangular lot is 4 rods greater than its width, and its area is 60 square rods. Find
the dimensions of the lot.
x ( x + 4 )=60
x +4 x 2+ 4 x=60
−60−60
2
60 x x + 4 x−60=0
( x +10 ) ( x −6 )=0
x +10=0 x−6=0
−10−10+6+6
x=−10 x=6

6 rods x 10 rods

7) A rectangular piece of paper is twice as long as a square piece and 3 inches wider. The area of the
rectangular piece is 108 i n2. Find the dimensions of the square piece.
2 x ( x +3 )=108
2x 2
2 x +6 x=108
−108−108
2
108 x+ 3
2 x 6 x 108 0
+ − =
2 2 2 2
2
x + 3 x −54=0
( x +9 ) ( x−6 ) =0
x +9=0 x −6=0
−9−9+6+ 6
x=−9 x=6
6∈ x 6∈¿

9) The area of a rectangle is 48 f t 2 and its perimeter is 32 ft. Find its length and width.

191
 2 x+2 y=32
x −2 x−2 x
2 y 32 2 x
= −
2 2 2
48 y y=16−x
p=32 xy=48
x ( 16−x )=48
2
16 x−x =48
2 2
−16 x + x −16 x+ x
2
0=x −16 x+ 48
0=(x−12)(x−4)
x−12=0 x −4=0
+12+12+4 + 4
x=12 x=4
12 ft x 4 ft y=16−12=4 y =16−4=12

11) A mirror 14 inches by 15 inches has a frame of uniform width. If the area of the frame equals that
of the mirror, what is the width of the frame?
( 15+2 x )( 14+ 2 x )=420
210+30 x +28+4 x2 =420
14 2
4 x +58 x +210=420
15 15+2 x −420−420
2
4 x 58 x −210 0
+ − =
2 2 2 2
2
2 x +29 x−105=0
14+ 2 x ( 2 x+35 )( x−3 )=0
2 x+35=0 x−3=0
A=2 ( 14 ∙ 15 )=420 −35−35+3+3
2 x −35 −35
3∈¿ = =x= x=3
2 2 2

192
 13) A grass plot 9 yards long and 6 yards wide has a path of uniform width around it. If the area of the
path is equal to the area of the plot, determine the width of the path.
( 6+2 x )( 9+2 x )=108
2
54+ 12 x +18 x+ 4 x =108
9 2
4 x +30 x +54=108
6 6+ 2 x −108−108
4 x 2 30 x 54 0
+ − =
2 2 2 2
2
2 x +15 x−27=0
9+2 x ( 2 x−3 ) ( x+ 9 )=0
2 x−3=0 x +9=0
A=2 ( 9∙ 6 ) =108 +3+3−9−9
2x 3
= x=−9
2 2
3
x= =1.5
2
1.5 yds

15) A page is to have a margin of 1 inch, and is to contain 35 i n2of painting. How large must the page
be if the length is to exceed the width by 2 inches?
x ( x−2 )=35
2
( x−2) x −2 x=35
1 −35−35
1 2
35 x −2 x−35=0
1 ( x−7 )( x +5 )=0
X 1 x−7=0 x+ 5=0
+7+7−5−5
x=7 x=−5
7∈ x 9∈¿

17) A rectangular wheat field is 80 rods long by 60 rods wide. A strip of uniform width is cut around
the field, so that half the grain is left standing in the form of a rectangular plot. How wide is the
strip that is cut?
( 80−2 x ) ( 60−2 x )=2400
2
48000−160 x−120 x+ 4 x =2400
2
80−2 x 60−2 x 4 x −280 x + 4800=2400
−2400−2400
2
4 x 280 x 2400 0
60 − + =
4 4 4 4

193
 2
x −70 x+ 600=0
80 ( x−10 ) ( x−60 ) =0
1
A= ( 60∙ 80 ) =2400 x−10=0 x−60=0
2
+10+10+ 60+60
10 rods x=10 x=60

19) A rectangular field 225 ft by 120 ft has a ring of uniform width cut around the outside edge. The
ring leaves 65% of the field uncut in the center. What is the width of the ring?
( 225−2 x ) ( 120−2 x )=17500
2
225−2 x 120−2 x 27000−450 x−240 x+ 4 x =17500
120 2
4 x −690 x +27000=17500
−17500−17500
2
4 x 690 x 9450 0
− + =
2 2 2 2
225 2
2 x −345 x + 4725=0
A=0.65 ( 120∙ 225 ) 17500
345± √ 345 −4 ( 2 ) ( 4725 ) 345± √ 81225 345± 285 315
2
= = = ∧15
2( 2) 4 4 2
15 ft

21) A frame is 15 in by 25 in and is of uniform width. The inside of the frame leaves 75% of the total
area available for the picture. What is the width of the frame?
( 15−2 x ) ( 25−2 x )=281.25
2
375−30 x−50 x + 4 x =281.25
15−2 x 25−2 x 2
4 x −80 x+375=281.25
−281.25−281.25
2
4 x 80 x 93.75 0
25 − + =
4 4 4 4
2
x −20 x+ 23.4375=0
15 −23.4375−23.4375
2
x −20 x=−23.4375

A=.75 (25 ∙ 15 )=281.25 ( 1 2

)
−20 ∙ =(−10 ) =100
2
2

2
x −20 x+ 100=−23.4375+100
√ ( x−10 ) =√(76.5625)
2

x−10=± 8.75
+10+10
x=10 ± 8.75
x=18.75 , 1.25
194
 1.25∈¿

23) The farmer in the previous problem has a neighbor who has a field 325 ft by 420 ft. His neighbor
wants to increase the size of his field by 20% by cultivating a band of uniform width around the
outside of his lot. How wide a band should his neighbor cultivate?
( 420+ 2 x ) ( 325+ 2 x )=163800
2
325 420 136500+840 x +650 x+ 4 x =163800
420+2x 4 x2 +1490 x +136500=163800
−163800−163800
2
4 x 1490 x 27300 0
+ − =
4 4 4 4
2
325+2 x x + 745 x−13650=0
A=1.2 ( 325 ) ( 420 )=163800 −745 ± √¿ ¿ ¿
−745 ±815
=17.5 ,−390
4
17.5 ft

25) Donna has a garden that is 30 ft by 36 ft. She wants to increase the size of the garden by 40%.
How wide a ring around the outside should she cultivate?
( 36+2 x )( 30+2 x )=1512
30 36+2 x 2
1080+72 x+60 x +4 x =1512
2
4 x +132 x+1080=1512
36 −1512−1512
2
4 x 132 x 432 0
+ − =
4 4 4 4
2
30+2 x x + 33 x−108=0
A=1.4 ( 30 ∙36 )=1512
−33 ± √ 33 −4 ( 1 ) (−108 ) −33 ± √ 1521 −33 ± 39
2
= = =3 ,−36
2 (1) 2 2
3 ft .

195
9.8

1) Bills father can paint a room in two hours less than Bill can paint it. Working together they can
complete the job in two hours and 24 minutes. How much time would each require working
alone?
1 1 5
Father : x−2 12 x ( x−2 ) + 12 x ( x−2 )= 12 x ( x−2)
x−2 x 12
Bill : x LCD :12 x (x−2)
24 2 12
Team :2 =2 = 12 x+12 ( x−2 )=5 x ( x−2)
60 5 5
2
12 x+12 x−24=5 x −10 x
24 x−24=5 x 2−10
−24 x +24−24 x +24
0=5 x2 −34 x+ 24
0=(5 x−4)( x−6)
5 x−4=0 x−6=0
+ 4+ 4+6+ 6
5x 4
= x=6
5 5
x=.8
Bill :6 hr , Father : 4

3) Jack can wash and wax the family car in one hour less than Bob can. The two working together can
1
complete the job in 1 hours. How much time would each require if they worked alone?
5

196
 1 1 5
Jack : x −1 ( 6 x ( x−1 ) )+ ( 6 x ( x−1 ) )= ( 6 x ( x−1 ) )
x−1 x 6
Bob: x LCD :6 x ( x−1)
1 6
Team :1 = 6 x +6 ( x−1 )=5 x ( x−1)
5 5
6 x +6 x−6=5 x2 −5 x
2
12 x−6=5 x −5 x
−12 x+6−12 x+ 6
2
0=5 x −17 x +6
0=(5 x−2)(x−3)
5 x−2=0 x−3=0
+2+2+3+3
5x 2
= x=3
5 5
x=.4
Bob:3 hr , Jack :2 hr

5) Working alone it takes John 8 hours longer than Carlos to do a job. Working together they can do
the job in 3 hours. How long will it take each to do the job working alone
1 1 1
John: x +8 3 x ( x +8 ) + 3 x ( x+ 8 )= 3 x (x+ 8)
x+ 8 x 3
Carlos: x LCD :3 x (x+ 8)
Team : 3 3 x+ 3 ( x +8 )=x ( x+ 8)
2
3 x+ 3 x +24=x +8 x
6 x +24=x 2+ 8 x
−6 x−24−6 x−24
0=x 2+2 x−24
0=( x +6)( x−4)
x +6=0 x−4=0
−6−6+ 4+ 4
x=−6 x=4
Carlos : 4 hr , John :12 hr

7) A can do a piece of work in 4 days and B can do it in half the time. How long will it take them to do
the work together?
1 1 1
A :4 ( 4 x ) + ( 4 x ) = (4 x )
4 2 x

197
 B: 2 LCD : 4 x
Team : x x +2 x=4
3x 4
=
3 3
x=.133
(1 hr . ,20 min .)

9) If A can do a piece of work in 24 days and A and B together can do it in 6 days, how long would it
take B to do the work alone?
1 1 1
A :24 (24 x ) + ( 24 x )= (24 x)
24 x 6
B: x LCD :24 x
Team :6 x +24=4 x
−x−x
24 3 x
=
3 3
8=x 8 days

11) If Sam can do a certain job in 3 days, while it takes Fred 6 days to do the same job, how long will it
take them, working together, to complete the job?
1 1 1
Sam :3 ( 6 x ) + ( 6 x )= (6 x )
3 6 x
Fred :6 LCD :6 x
Team : x 2 x+ x=6
3x 6
=
3 3
x=2 days
13) Two people working together can complete a job in 6 hours. If one of them works twice as fast as
the other, how long would it take the faster person, working alone, to do the job?
1 1 1
A=x (6 x)+ ( 6 x ) = (6 x )
x 2x 6
B=2 x 6+3=x
Team :6 9=x
A=9 hr , B=18 hr

15) A water tank can be filled by an inlet pipe in 8 hours. It takes twice that long for the outlet pipe to
empty the tank. How long will it take to fill the tank if both pipes are open?
1 1 1
¿ :8 ( 16 x )− ( 16 x )= (16 x )
8 16 x
Out :−16 2 x−x=16
Team : x x=16 hr

198
 17) It takes 10 hours to fill a pool with the inlet pipe. It can be emptied in 15 hrs. with the outlet pipe.
If the pool is half full to begin with, how long will it take to fill it from there if both pipes are open?
1 1 1
¿ :10 ( 30 x )− ( 30 x ) = (30 x )
10 15 x
Out :−15 3 x−2 x=30
Team : x x=30
1
( 30 )=15 hr
2

19) A sink has two faucets, one for hot water and one for cold water. The sink can be filled by a cold-
water faucet in 3.5 minutes. If both faucets are open, the sink is filled in 2.1 minutes. How long
does it take to fill the sink with just the hot-water faucet open?
1 2 10
Hot : x ( 21 x ) + ( 21 x ) = (21 x)
x 7 21
35 7
Cold : 3.5= = LCD :21 x
10 2
21
Team :2.1= 21+6 x=10 x
10
−6 x−6 x
21 4 x
=
4 4
5.25 hr=x

21) A tank can be emptied by any one of three caps. The first can empty the tank in 20 minutes while
8
the second takes 32 minutes. If all three working together could empty the tank in 8 minutes,
59
how long would the third take to empty the tank?
1 1 1 59
First :20 ( 480 x ) + ( 480 x )+ ( 480 x )= ( 480 x )
20 32 x 480
Second :32 LCD : 480 x
Third : x 24 x +15 x+ 480=59 x
8 480
Team :8 = 39 x+ 480=59 x
59 59

199
 −39 x−39 x
480 20 x
=
20 20
24=x 24 min .

23) Sam takes 6 hours longer than Susan to wax a floor. Working together they can wax the floor in 4
hours. How long will it take each of them working alone to wax the floor?
1 1 1
Sam : x+ 6 ( 4 x ( x +6 ) ) + ( 4 x ( x +6 ) ) = ( 4 x ( x+6 ) )
x+6 x 4
Susan: x LCD : ( 4 x ( x +6 ) )
Team :4 4 x+ 4 ( x +6 ) =x(x +6)
2
4 x+ 4 x +24=x +6 x
2
8 x +24=x +6 x
−8 x−24−8 x−24
2
0=x −2 x −24
0=( x−6)( x+ 4)
x−6=0 x +4=0
Susan=6 hr , Sam=12hr +6+ 6−4−4
x=6 x=−4

1
25) It takes Sally 10 minutes longer than Patricia to clean up their dorm room. If they work together
2
they can clean it in 5 minutes. How long will it take each of them if they work alone?
21 2 x+21 2 1 1
Sally : x+ 10.5=x + = ( 5 x (2 x +21 ) ) + ( 5 x ( 2 x +21 ) )= ( 5 x ( 2 x +21 ) )
2 2 2 x +21 x 5
Patricia : x LCD : ( 5 x (2 x +21 ) )
Team :5 10 x+5 ( 2 x+ 21 )=x (2 x +21)
10 x+10 x +105=2 x 2 +21 x
2
20 x+ 105=2 x +21 x
−20 x−105−20 x −105
2
0=2 x + x−105
0=(2 x+ 15)( x −7)
2 x+15=0 x−7=0
−15−15+7+7
2 x −15
Patricia=7 min . , Sally=17.5 min . = x=7
2 2
−15
x=
2
27) Secretary A takes 6 minutes longer than Secretary B to type 10 pages of manuscript. If they divide
3
the job and work together it will take them 8 minutes to type 10 pages. How long will it take
4
200
 each working alone to type the 10 pages?
1 1 4
A : x+ 6 ( 35 x ( x +6 ) ) + ( 35 x ( x +6 )) = ( 35 x ( x +6 ) )
x+6 x 35
B: x LCD : ( 35 x ( x +6 ) )
3 35
Team :8 = 35 x+ 35 ( x +6 )=4 x ( x +6)
4 4
35 x+ 35 x +210=4 x 2 +24 x
2
70 x+ 210=4 x +24 x
−70 x−210−70 x−210
2
0 4 x 46 x 210
= − −
2 2 2 2
2
0=2 x −23 x−105
0=(2 x+ 7)(x−15)
2 x+7=0 x−15=0
−7−7+15+15
2 x −7
= x=15
2 2
−7
x=
2
B:15 hr , A :21 hr

9.9

xy 72 72 2
y −32 y=144
1) = x=
y y y
( x+2 ) ( y−4 ) 128
=
( ) 1 2 2
32 ∙ =16 =256
2
y −4 y−4 2
y −32 y +256=144+256
128
x +2=
y−4 √ ( y−16 ) =√ 400
2

72 128 y−16=± 20
y ( y−4 ) +2 y ( y−4 )= y ( y−4 ) +16+16
y y−4
LCD : y ( y−4 ) y=36 ,−4
72 72
72 ( y−4 ) +2 y ( y −4 )=128 y x= =2 x= =−18
2
36 −4
72 y−288+2 y −8 y=128 y ( 2 , 36 ) ,(48 ,−4)
2
2 y + 64 y−288=128 y
−128 y−128 y xy 150 150
2
2 y 64 y 288 3) = x=
− − =0 y y y
2 2 2 ( x−6 ) ( y +1 ) 64
2
y −32 y−144=0 =
y+ 1 y +1
+144+ 144

201
 64 3 y +5=0 y−15=0
x−6=
y+ 1 −5−5+15+15
150 y 64 3 y −5
( y ( y +1 ) ) −6 ( y ( y+ 1 ) )= ( y ( y+ 1 ) ) = y=15
y y+ 1 3 3
LCD : ( y ( y +1 ) ) y=
−5
x=
150
=10
150 ( y +1 )−6 y ( y +1 )=64 y 3 15
150 y +150−6 y 2 +6 y =64 y
2
−6 y +156 y +150=64 y
x=
150
−5
=150 ( )
−3
5
=−90

2 2 3
+6 y −156 y −150+6 y −156 y −150
0 6 y 2 80 y 150
2
=
2
−
2
−
2
( 5
)
−90 ,− , (10 , 15 )
3
2
0=3 y −40 y −75
0=(3 y +5)( y−15)

xy 45 45 2
45 y + 45+2 y +2 y=70 y
5) = x=
y y y 2
2 y + 47 y +2 y=70 y
( x+2 ) ( y +1 ) 70 −70 y−70 y
=
y +1 y +1 2
2 y −23 y +45=0
70 ( 2 y−5 ) ( y−9 )=0
x +2=
y +1 2 y−5=0 y−9=0
+5+5+ 9+9
45 70
( y ( y +1 ) ) +2 ( y ( y+ 1 ) )= ( y ( y+ 1 ) ) 2y 5
= y =9
y y +1
2 2
LCD : ( y ( y +1 ) ) 5 45
y= x = =5
45 ( y +1 ) +2 y ( y+1 ) =70 y 2 9

202
 45 2 12 ( y−4 ) + ( y ( y−4 ) ) =16 y
x= =45 ∙ =18
5 5 2
12 y−48+ y −4 y=16 y
2
y 2 +8 y−48=16 y
(18 , 52 ) ,(5 , 9) 2
−16 y−16 y
y −8 y −48=0
( y−12 ) ( y +4 )=0
xy 90 90
7) = x= y−12=0 y +4=0
y y y
+12+12−4−4
( x−5 ) ( y+1 ) 120
= y=12 y=−4
y+1 y +1
12 12
120 x= =1 x= =−3
x−5= 12 −4
y +1
( 1 ,12 ) ,(−3 ,−4 )
90 120
( y ( y +1 ) )−5 ( y ( y +1 ) )= ( y ( y +1 ) ) xy 45 45
y y +1 11) = x=
y y y
LCD : ( y ( y +1 ) )
( x−5 ) ( y+3 ) 160
90 ( y +1 )−5 y ( y +1 )=120 y =
y+ 3 y +3
90 y +90−5 y 2−5 y=120 y 160
2 x−5=
−5 y +85 y+ 90=120 y y +3
+5 y 2−85 y −90+5 y 2−85 y−90
45 160
( y ( y +3 )) −5 ( y ( y+3 ) )= ( y ( y +3 ) )
2
5 y 35 y 90 y y +3
0= + −
5 5 5 45 ( y +3 )−5 y ( y +3 )=160 y
2 2
0= y + 7 y−18 45 y +135−5 y −15 y=160 y
2
0=( y + 9)( y−2) −5 y +30 y+135=160 y
y +9=0 y−2=0
−9−9+2+2 2
+5 y −30 y−135+ 5 y −30 y−135
2

y=−9 y=2
90 90 5 y 2 130 y 135
x= =−10 x= =45 0= + −
−9 2 5 5 5
2
0= y + 26 y−27
xy 12 12 0=( y +27)( y −1)
9) = x=
y y y
y +27=0 y−1=0
( x+1 ) ( y−4 ) 16 −27−27+1+1
=
y −4 y−4 y=−27 y=1
16 45 −5 45
x +1= x= = x=
y−4 −27 3 1

12
y
( y ( y−4 ) ) +1 ( y ( y −4 ) )=
16
y−4
( y ( y −4 ) ) ( −53 ,−27) , ( 45 ,1 )
LCD : ( y ( y−4 ))

203
9.10

1) A merchant bought some pieces of silk for $900. Had he bought 3 pieces more for the same
money, he would have paid $15 less for each piece. Find the number of pieces purchased.
np 900
= p=900 n
n n
( n+3 ) ( p−15 ) 900
=
n+ 3 n+3
900
n+3=
n+3
900 900
( n ( n+ 3 ) )−15 ( n ( n+ 3 ) )= n ( n+3 )
n n+3
LCD :n ( n+ 3 )
900 ( n+3 )−15 n ( n+3 ) =900 n
2
900 n+2700−15 n −45 n=900 n
2
−15 n +855 n+2700=900 n
2 2
+15 n −855 n−2700+15 n −855 n−2700
15 n 2 45 n 2700
0= + −
15 15 15
2
0=n +3 n−180
0=(n+ 15)( n−12)
n+15=0 n−12=0
−15−15+12+ 12
n=−15 n=12

3) A merchant bought a number of barrels of apples for S120. He kept two barrels and sold the
remainder at a profit of $2 per barrel making a total profit of $34. How many barrels did he
originally buy?
np 120 120
= p=
n n n
( n−2 ) ( p+2 ) 154
=
n−2 n−2
154
p+2=
n−2
120 154
( n ( n−2 ) ) +2 ( n ( n−2 )) = ( n ( n−2 ) )
n n−2
LCD : ( n ( n−2 ) )
120 ( n−2 )+ 2n ( n−2 )=154 n

204
 2
120 n−240+2 n −4 n=154 n
2
2 n +116 n−240=154 n
−154 n −154 n
2
2n 38 n 240 0
− − =
2 2 2 2
2
n −17 n−120=0
( n−24 ) ( n+5 )=0
n−24=0 n+5=0
+24 +24−5−5
n=24 n=−5

5) A man bought a number of articles at equal cost for $500. He sold all but two for $540 at a profit
of S5 for each item. How many articles did he buy?
np 500 500
= p=
n n n
( n−2 ) ( p+5 ) 540
=
n−2 n−2
540
p+5=
n−2
500 540
( n ( n+2 ) ) +5 ( n ( n+2 ) )= ( n ( n+2 ) )
n n−2
LCD : ( n ( n+ 2 ) )
500 ( n−2 )+5 n ( n−2 )=540 n
2
500 n−1000+ 5 n −10 n=540n
5 n2 +490 n−1000=540 n
−540 n−540 n
5 n2 50 n 1000 0
− − =
5 5 5 5
2
n −10 n−200=0
( n−20 ) ( n+40 )=0
n−20=0 n+40=0
+20+20−40−40
n=20 n=−40

7) A group of boys bought a boat for $450. Five boys failed to pay their share, hence each remaining
boys were compelled to pay $4.50 more. How many boys were in the original group and how
much had each agreed to pay?
np 450 450
= p=
n n n

205
 ( n−5 )( p+ 4.5 ) 450
=
n−5 n−5
450
p+ 4.5=
n−5
450 9 450
( 2n ( n−5 ) ) + ( 2n ( n−5 ) )= ( 2 n ( n−5 ) )
n 2 n−5
LCD : ( 2 n ( n−5 ) )
900 ( n−5 ) +9 n ( n−5 )=900 n
900 n−4500+ 9 n2−45 n=900 n
2
9 n +855 n−4500=900 n
−900 n−900 n
2
9 n 45 n 4500 0
− − =
9 9 9 9
2
n −5 n−500=0
( n−25 ) ( n+20 )=0
n−25=0 n+20=0
+25+25−20−20
n=25 n=−20

9) A factory tests the road performance of new model cars by driving them at two different rates of
speed for at least 100 kilometers at each rate. The speed rates range from 50 to 70 km/hr in the
lower range and from 70 to 90 km/hr in the higher range. A driver plans to test a car on an
available speedway by driving it for 120 kilometers at a speed in the lower range and then driving
120 kilometers at a rate that is 20 km/hr faster. At what rates should he drive if he plans to
1
complete the test in 3 hours?
2
rt 120 120
= t=
r r r
( r +20 ) ( 3.5−t ) 120
=
r +20 r + 20
7 120 120
( 2 r ( r +20 ) ) − ( 2r ( r +20 ) )= ( 2r ( r +20 ) )
2 r r +20
LCD : ( 2 r ( r +20 ) )
7 r ( r +20 ) −240 ( r+ 20 )=240 r
2
7 r +140 r−240 r −480=240 r
2
7 r −100 r −480=240 r
−240 r−240r
2
7 r −340 r −4800=0
340± √ ( 340 ) −4 ( 7 ) (−4800 ) 340 ± √25000 340 ±500
2
80
= = =60 ,−
2(7 ) 14 14 7

206
 60 mph∧80 mph

11) The rate of the current in a stream is 3 km/hr. A man rowed upstream for 3 kilometers and then
returned. The round trip required 1 hour and 20 minutes. How fast was he rowing?
1 4 ( r +3 ) t 3 3
1 = = t=
3 3 r +3 r +3 r +3

( )
( r−3 ) −t
4
3
=
3
r−3 r −3
4 3
−t =
3 r −3
4 3 3
3 ( r +3 ) ( r−3 )− 3 ( r +3 ) ( r−3 )= 3 ( r +3 ) ( r−3 )
3 r+ 3 r−3
LCD :3 ( r +3 )( r −3 )
4 ( r 2−9 )−9 ( r −3 )=9(r +3)
2
4 r −36−9 r +27=9 r +27
2
4 r −9 r −9=9 r +27
−9 r −27−9 r−27
2
4 r 18 r 36
− − =0
2 2 2
2
2 r −9 r −18=0
( 2 r +3 ) (r −6)=0
2 r +3=0 r−6=0
−3−3+6+6
2r −3
= r=6
2 2
−3
r=
2

13) Two drivers are testing the same model car at speeds that differ by 20 km/hr. The one driving at
the slower rate drives 70 kilometers down a speedway and returns by the same route. The one
driving at the faster rate drives 76 kilometers down the speedway and returns by the same route.
1
Both drivers leave at the same time, and the faster car returns hour earlier than the slower car.
2
At what rates were the cars driven?
rt 140 140
= t=
r r r

( )
( r +20 ) t−
1
2
=
152
r +20 r +20

207
 1 152
t− =
2 r + 20
140 1 152
( 2 r ( r +20 ) )− ( 2 r ( r +20 ) ) = ( 2 r ( r +20 ) )
r 2 r+ 20
LCD : ( 2 r ( r +20 ) )
280 ( r +20 ) −r ( r+ 20 )=304 r
280 r +560−r 2−20 r=304 r
2
−r +260 r +5600=304 r
2 2
+r −260 r−5600+r −260 r−5600
2
0=r +44 r−5600
0=(r −56)(r +100)
r −56=0r + 100=0
56 km/hr ∧76 km/hr +56+56−100−100
r =56 r=−100

15) An automobile goes to a place 72 miles away and then returns, the round trip occupying 9 hours.
His speed in returning is 12 miles per hour faster than his speed in going. Find the rate of speed in
both going and returning.
rt 72 72
= t=
r r r
( r +12 )( 9−t ) 72
=
r +12 r +12
72
9−t=
r+ 12
72 72
9 ( r ( r +12 ) ) − ( r ( r +12 )) = ( r ( r +12 ) )
r r +12
LCD :r (r +12)
9 r ( r +12 )−72 ( r +12 )=72 r
9 r 2 +108 r−72 r −864=72r
2
9 r +36 r −864=72r
−72 r−72 r
2
9 r 36 r 864 0
− − =
9 9 9 9
2
r −4 r −96=0
( r −12 )( r +8 )=0
r −12=0 r +8=0
+12+12−8−8
12 mph∧24 mph r =12r =−8
17) The rate of a stream is 3 miles an hour. If a crew rows downstream for a distance of 8 miles and
then back again, the round trip occupying 5 hours, what is the rate of the crew in still water?

208
 ( r +3 ) t 8 8
= t=
r +3 r +3 r +3
( r−3 )( 5−t ) 8
=
r −3 r−3
8
5−t=
r −3
8 8
5 ( r +3 ) ( r−3 )− ( r +3 )( r −3 )= ( r +3 )( r −3 )
r +3 r −3
5 ( r −9 )−8 ( r −3 ) =8(r +3)
2

2
5 r −45−8 r + 24=8 r +24
5 r 2−8 r −21=8 r + 24
−8 r −24−8 r−24
2
5 r −16 r −46=0
( 5 r +9 ) ( r −5 )=0
5 r +9=0 r−5=0
−9−9+5+5
5 r −9
= r =5 mph
5 5
−9
r=
5

19) By going 15 miles per hour faster, a train would have required 1 hour less to travel 180 miles. How
fast did it travel?
rt 180 180
= t=
r r r
( r +15 ) ( t−1 ) 180
=
r +15 r +15
180
t−1=
r +15
180 180
( r ( r +15 ) ) −1 ( r ( r +15 ) )= ( r ( r +15 ) )
r r +15
LCD :r ( r +15)
180 ( r +15 )−r ( r +15 )=180 r
180 r +2700−r 2−15 r=180 r
2
−r +165 r +2700=180 r
+r 2 −165−2700+r 2−165−2700
2
0=r +15 r−2700
0=(r + 60)(r−45)
r +60=0 r−45=0
−60−60+45+ 45

209
 r =−60 r=45 mph

1
21) If a train had traveled 5 miles an hour faster, it would have needed 1 hours less time to travel
2
150 miles. Find the rate of the train.
rt 150 150
= t=
r r r

( )
( r +5 ) t−
3
2
=
150
r +5 r +5
3 150
t− =
2 r+ 5
150 3 150
( 2 r ( r +5 ) )− ( 2r ( r +5 ) ) = ( 2 r ( r +5 ) )
r 2 r +5
LCD : ( 2 r ( r +5 ) )
300 ( r +5 )−3r ( r +5 )=300 r
2
300 r +1500−3r −15 r=300 r
2
−3 r +285 r +1500=300 r
2 2
+3 r −285−1500+3 r −285r −1500
2
3 r 15 r 1500
0= + −
3 3 3
0=( r +25 ) (r −20)
r +25=0 r−20=0
−25−25+20+20
r =−25 r=20 mph

9.11
2
1) y=x −2 x−8
y−inter :( 0 ,−8)
x−inter :0=x 2−2 x−8
0=(x−4)( x +2) (−2 , 0) (4 , 0)
x−4=0 x+2=0
+ 4+ 4−2−2

210 (0 ,−8)
(1 ,−9)
 x=4 x=−2
( 4 , 0 ) ,(−2 , 0)
2 2
vertex : x= = =1
2( 1) 2
2
y= (1 ) −2 ( 1 )−8
y=1−2−8
y=−9
(1 ,−9)

2
3) y=2 x −12 x+10
y−inter :( 0 ,10)
x−inter :0=2 x 2−12 x+10 ( 0 , 10 )
2
0=2(x −6 x +5)
0=2(x−5)( x−1) ( 1 , 0 ) (3 , 0)
x−5=0 x−1=0
+5+5+1+1
x=5 x=1
( 5 , 0 ) (1 , 0)
12 12
vertex : x= = =3 (3 ,−8)
2( 2) 4
2
y=2 ( 3 ) −12 ( 3 ) +10
y=2 ( 9 )−36+10
y=18−36+10
y=−8
( 3 ,−8 )

2
5) y=−2 x +12 x−18
y−inter :( 0 ,10)
2
x−inter :0=−2 x +12 x−18
0=−2( x 2−6 x +9)
0=−2 ( x −3 )2 (3,0)
x−3=0
+3+3
x=3

211
 (3 , 0) (0 ,−18)
−12 −12
vertex : x= = =3
2 (−2 ) −4
y=−2 ( 3 )2 +12 ( 3 )−18
y=−2 ( 9 )+ 36−18
y=−18+36−18
y=0
(3 , 0)

7) y=−3 x 2 +24 x−45

y−inter :( 0 ,−45)
2
x−inter :0=−3 x +24 x−45
0=−3(x 2−8 x +15)
0=−3(x−5)( x−3) (4,3)
x−5=0 x−3=0 (5,0)
+5+5+ 3+3 (3,0)
x=5 x=3
( 5 , 0 ) (3,0)
−24 −24
vertex : x= = =4
2 (−3 ) −6
2
y=−3 ( 4 ) +24 ( 4 )−45
y=−3 (16 )+ 96−45 (−45,0)
y=−48+96−45
y=3
(4 , 3)

2
9) y=−x + 4 x+ 5 (2 , 9)
y−inter :( 0 , 9) (0,5)
2
x−inter :0=−x + 4 x+ 5
0=−1(x 2−4 x−5)
0=−1(x−5)( x +1) (−1,0) (5,0)

212
 x−5=0 x+1=0
+5+5−1−1
x=5 x=−1
( 5 , 0 ) (−1 , 0)
−4 −4
vertex : x= = =2
2 (−1 ) −2
2
y=−( 2 ) + 4 ( 2 ) +5
y=−4+ 8+5
y=9
(2 , 9)

11) y=−x2 +6 x−5

y−inter :(0 ,−5)
2
x−inter :0=−x +6 x−5
0=−1(x 2−6 x +5) (3,4)
0=−1(x−1)( x−5)
x−1=0 x −5=0 (1,0) (5,0)
+1+1+5+5
x=1 x=5
( 1 , 0 ) (5,0)
−6 −6
vertex : x= = =3 (0 ,−5)
2 (−1 ) −2
2
y=−( 3 ) + 6 ( 3 )−5
y=−9+18−5
y=4
(3 , 4)

13) y=−2 x 2 +16 x−24

y−inter :( 0 ,−24) (4,8)

213
 2
x−inter :0=−2 x +16 x−24
0=−2(x 2−8 x +12)
0=−2(x−2)(x−6) (2,0) (6,0)
x−2=0 x−6=0
+2+2+6+ 6
x=2 x=6
( 2 , 0 ) (6 , 0)
−16 −16
vertex : x= = =4
2 (−2 ) −4
2
y=−2 ( 4 ) +16 ( 4 )−24 (0 ,−24)
y=−2 ( 16 )+ 64−24
y=−32+ 64−24
y=8
(4 , 8)

15) y=3 x 2 +12 x +9

y−inter :( 0 , 9) (0 , 9)
2
x−inter :0=3 x +12 x +9
2
0=3(x +4 x +3)
0=3(x +1)(x +3)
x +1=0 x +3=0 (−3,0) (−1,0)
−1−1−3−3
x=−1 x=−3 (−2 ,−3)
(−1 , 0 ) (−3 , 0)
−12 −12
vertex : x= = =−2
2(3 ) 6
y=3 (−2 )2 +12 (−2 ) +9
y=3 ( 4 ) −24+ 9

214
 y=12−24+ 9
y=−3
(−2 ,−3)

17) y=5 x 2−40 x +75 (0,75)

y−inter :( 0 ,75)
2
x−inter :0=5 x −40 x+75
0=5 ¿
0=5(x−3)( x−5) (0,3) (0,5)
x−3=0 x−5=0
+3+3+ 5+5
x=3 x=5 (4 ,−5)
40 40
vertex : = =4
2 ( 5 ) 10
y=5 ( 4 )2−40 ( 4 ) +75
y=5 ( 16 )−160+75
y=80−160+75
y=−5
(4 ,−5)

19) y=−5 x 2−60 x−175 (−6 ,5)

y−inter :( 0 ,−175)
2
x−inter :0=−5 x −60 x−175
2
0=−5(x +12 x +35) (−7,0 ) (−5,0)
0=−5( x +5)(x+ 7)
x +5=0 x +7=0
−5−5−7−7
x=−5 x=−7
(−5 , 0 ) (−7 ,0)

215
 60 60
vertex : x= = =−6 (0 ,−175)
2 (−5 ) −10
y=−5 (−6 )2−60 (−6 )−175
y=−5 ( 36 )+ 360−175
y=−180+360−175
y=5
(−6 ,5)

216
 Chapter 10: Functions

217
10.1

1) A) B) C) D) E) y=3 x−7

Yes Yes No No

F) y 2−x 2=1 G)√ y + x=2 H) x 2+ y 2=1

+x +x
2 2
−x−x 2
−x −x
2

√ y 2=√(x 2 +1) 2
( √ y ) =( 2−x )2 √ y 2=√(1−x2 )
y=± √ x +1 y= (2−x )2 y=± √ 1−x
2 2

No Yes No

3) f ( x )= √5−4 x
5−4 x ≥0
−5−5
−4 x −5
≥
−4 −4 11) g ( x )=4 x −4 g(0)
5 g ( 0 )=4 ( 0 )−4
x≤
4 g ( 0 )=0−4
g ( 0 )=−4
5) f ( x )=x 2−3 x−4
All Real Numbers R 13) f ( x )=|3 x +1|+1 f (0)
f ( 0 )=|3 ( 0 ) +1|+1
7) f ( x )= √ x−16
f ( 0 )=|0+ 1|+1
x−16 ≥ 0
f ( 0 )=|1|+1
+16+16
f ( 0 )=1+1
x ≥ 16
f ( 0 )=2

9) h ( x )=
√3 x−12
2 15) f ( n )=−2|−n−2|+1 f (−6)
x −25
2 f (−6 )=−2|−(−6 )−2|+1
x −25 ≠ 0 3 x−12 ≥ 0
( x−5 ) ( x+ 5 ) ≠ 0+12+12 f (−6 )=−2|6−2|+1
3 x 12 f (−6 )=−2|4|+1
x−5=0 x+5=0 ≥
3 3 f (−6 )=−2 ( 4 ) +1
+5+5−5−5 x≥ 4 f (−6 )=−8+1
x=5 x=−5 f (−6 )=−7
x≥ 4, x≠5

218
 17) f ( rt ) =3t −2 f (−2)
f (−2 )=3 −2
−2 27) p ( t ) =−t 3 +t p (4)
1 p ( 4 )=−43 + 4
f (−2 )= 2 −2
3 p ( 4 )=−64 +4
1 p ( 4 )=−60
f (−2 )= −2
9
1 18 29) k ( n )=|n−1|k (3)
f (−2 )= −
9 9 k ( 3 ) =¿ 3−1∨¿
−17
f (−2 )= k ( 3 ) =¿ 2∨¿
9
k ( 3 ) =2
19) f ( t )=|t+3| f (10)
31) h ( x )=x 3 +2 h(−4 x)
f ( 10 )=¿ 10+3∨¿ 3
f ( 10 )=¿ 13∨¿ h (−4 x )=(−4 x ) +2
3
f ( 10 )=13 h (−4 x )=−64 x +2

21) w ( n )=4 n+3 w (2) 33) h ( x )=3 x+ 2h (−1+ x)

w ( 2 ) =4 ( 2 ) +3 h (−1+ x )=3 (−1+ x ) +2
w ( 2 ) =8+3 h (−1+ x )=−3+ 3 x +2
w ( 2 ) =11 h (−1+ x )=3 x−1

23) w ( n )=2n +2 w (−2) 35) h ( t )=2|−3 t−1|+2 h(n 2)

h ( n ) =2|−3 n −1|+ 2
2 2
−2+ 2
w (−2 )=2
0
w (−2 )=2
37) g ( x )=x+ 1 g(3 x )
w (−2 )=1
g ( 3 x ) =3 x +1
25) p ( n )=−3|n| p (7)
p ( 7 )=−3∨7∨¿ 39) g ( x )=5 x g(−3−x)

p ( 7 )=−3 (7) g (−3−x ) =5−3− x

p ( 7 )=−21

10.2

1) g ( a ) =a3 +5 a2 g ( 3 )=27+ 45
f ( a )=2 a+ 4 g ( 3 )=72
g ( 3 ) +f (3) f ( 3 )=2 (3 )+ 4
g ( 3 )=3 3+5 ( 3 )2 f ( 3 )=6+ 4
g ( 3 )=27+ 5(9) f ( 3 )=10

219
 g ( 3 ) +f ( 3 ) =72+ 10=82 3
h ( t )=−3 t + 6 t
g ( 1 )+ h(1)
g ( 1 )=1−3
g ( 1 )=−2
3) g ( a ) =3 a+3 3
h ( 1 )=−3 ( 1 ) +6 (1)
f ( a )=2 a−2
h ( 1 )=−3 ( 1 ) +6
( g+ f )( a )=g ( 9 ) + f (9)
h ( 1 )=−3+ 6
g ( 9 )=3 ( 9 )+ 3
h ( 1 )=3
g ( 9 )=27+3
g ( 1 )+ h ( 1 )=−2+3=1
g ( 9 )=30
f ( 9 )=2 ( 9 )−2 11) h ( t )=t+ 5
f ( 9 )=18−2 g ( t ) =3 t−5
f ( 9 )=16 ( h ∙ g )( 5 )=h(5) ∙ g(5)
g ( 9 ) + f ( 9 )=30+16=46 h ( 5 )=5+ 5
h ( 5 )=10
g ( 5 )=3 ( 5 ) −5
g ( 5 )=15−5
g ( 5 )=10
5) g ( x )=x+ 3
h ( 5 ) ∙ g ( 5 ) =10∙ 10=100
f ( x )=−x + 4
( g−f ) ( 3 )=g ( 3 ) −f (3)
g ( 3 )=3+ 3
g ( 3 )=6
13) h ( n ) =2 n−1
f ( 3 )=−3+ 4
g ( n )=3 n−5
f ( 3 )=−1
h( 0)÷ g(0)
g ( 3 ) +f ( 3 ) =6−1=5
h ( 0 ) =2 ( 0 )−1
h ( 0 ) =0−1
7) g ( x )=x 2+2
h ( 0 ) =−1
f ( x )=2 x +5
g ( 0 )=3 ( 0 )−5
( g−f ) ( 0 )=g ( 0 )−f (0)
g ( 0 )=0−5
2
g ( 0 )=0 + 2 g ( 0 )=−5
g ( 0 )=0+2 −1
g ( 0 )=2 h ( 0 ) ÷ g ( 0 )=−1 ÷−5=
5
f ( 0 )=2 ( 0 ) +5
f ( 0 )=0+5 15) f ( a )=−2 a−4
f ( 0 )=5 g ( a ) =a2 +3
g ( 0 )−f ( 0 )=2−5=−3
()f
g
( 7 )=
f ( 7)
g ( 7)
9) g ( t ) =t−3 f ( 7 )=−2 ( 7 )−4

220
 f ( 7 )=−14−4 2
f ( x ) + g ( x )=x −4 x +5
f ( 7 )=−18
g ( 7 )=7 2+ 3 25) g ( n )=n2+ 5
g ( 7 )=49+3 f ( n )=3 n+5
g ( 7 )=52 g ( n)
g ( n ) ÷ f ( n )=
f ( 7 ) −18 −9 f ( n)
= =
g ( 7 ) 52 26 g ( n ) n2 +5
=
f ( n ) 3 n+5
17) g ( x )=−x 3−2
h ( x )=4 x 27) g ( a ) =−2 a+5
( g−h ) ( x )=g ( x )−h( x) f ( a )=3 a+5
g ( x )−h ( x )=(−x −2 ) −( 4 x)
()g g ( a)
3
( a) =
3
g ( x )−h ( x )=−x −2−4 x f f (a )
g ( a ) −2a+ 5
=
19) f ( x )=−3 x +2 f ( a ) 3 a+ 5
g ( x )=x 2+5 x
( f −g ) ( x )=f ( x )−g(x ) 29) h ( n ) =n3 +4 n
2 g ( n )=4 n+5
f ( x )−g ( x )=(−3 x +2 )−(x +5 x )
h ( n ) + g(n)
f ( x )−g ( x )=−3 x +2−x 2−5 x
h ( n ) + g ( n ) =( n + 4 n ) +(4 n+5)
3
2
f ( x )−g ( x )=−x −8 x +2
h ( n ) + g ( n ) =n3 +8 n+5

31) g ( n )=n2−4 n
h ( n ) =n−5
g (n ) ∙ h( n )
2 2

2
g ( n2 ) ∙ h ( n2 )=[ ( n2 ) −4 ( n 2) ][ ( n2 )−5 ]

21) g ( x )=4 x +5
g ( n2 ) ∙ h ( n2 )=(n 4−4 n2 )(n2−5)
g ( n ) ∙ h ( n )=n −5 n −4 n + 20 n
2 2 6 4 4 2
h ( x )=x 2+ 5 x
g ( x ) ∙ h ( x) g ( n2 ) ∙ h ( n2 )=n6−9 n 4 +20 n2
2
g ( x ) ∙ h ( x ) =(4 x+ 5)( x +5)
3 2 2
g ( x ) ∙ h ( x ) =4 x +20 x +5 x +25 x
g ( x ) ∙ h ( x ) =4 x 3 +25 x 2+25
33) f ( x )=2 x
g ( x )=−3 x−1
23) f ( x )=x 2−5 x
( f + g )(−4−x )=f (−4−x )+ g (−4−x )
g ( x )=x+ 5
( f + g )( x )=f ( x )+ g ( x)
f (−4−x )+ g (−4−x )=[ 2 (−4−x ) ] +[−3 (−4−x )−1]
f ( x ) + g ( x )=( x 2−5 x )+( x +5)

221
 g ( x )=4 x +3
f (−4−x )+ g (−4−x )=(−8−2 x ) +(12+ 3 x −1) ( f ∘ g )( x )=f ( g ( 9 ) )
f (−4−x )+ g (−4−x )=x +3 g ( 9 )=4 ( 9 )+ 3
g ( 9 )=36+3
35) f ( t )=t 2 +4 t g ( 9 )=39
g ( t ) =4 t +2 f ( 39 )=−4 ( 39 )+ 1
f ( t2 ) + g ( t 2 ) f ( 39 )=−156+1
f ( t ) + g ( t )=[ ( t ) + 4 ( t ) ] +[4 ( t )+ 2] f ( 39 )=−155
2 2 4 2 2

f ( t ) + g ( t )=t +8 t + 2
2 2 4 2

3) h ( a )=3 a+3
37) g ( a ) =a3 +2 a g ( a ) =a+1
h ( a )=3 a+ 4 ( h ∘ g )( 5 ) =h ( g (5 ) )
g ( 5 )=5+1
()
g
h
(−x )=
g (−x )
h (−x ) g ( 5 )=6
g (−x ) (−x )3+ 2 ( x ) −x 3−2 x h ( 6 )=3 ( 6 ) +3
= = h ( 6 )=18+3
h (−x ) 3 ( x )+ 4 −3 x+ 4
h ( 6 )=21
39) f ( n )=−3 n2 +1
g ( n )=2n+1 45) g ( x )=x+ 4
2
h ( x )=x −1
() () ()
( f −g )
n
3
=f
n
3
−g
n
3 ( g ∘h )( 10 ) =g ( h ( 10 ) )

f ( )−g ( )=[−3 ( ) +1 ]− 2 ( ) +1
[ 3 ]
2
n n n n 2 h ( 10 )=10 −1
3 3 3 h ( 10 )=100−1

f ( )−g ( )=[−3 ( ) +1 ]−[ +1 ]

2 h ( 10 )=99
n n n 2n
g ( 99 )=99+4
3 3 9 3
g ( 99 )=103
f ( )−g ( )=( +1 )− −1
2
n n −n 2n
3 3 3 3 47) f ( n )=−4 n+2
f ( )−g ( )=
2
n n −n −2 n g ( n )=n+4
3 3 3 ( f ∘ g )( 9 )=f ( g ( 9 ) )
g ( 9 )=9+4
g ( 9 )=13
f ( 13 )=−4 ( 13 )+ 2
f ( 13 )=−52+2
f ( 13 )=−50

3) f ( x )=−4 x +1

222
 55) g ( x )=4 x + 4
f ( x )=x 3−1
( g ∘ f )( x )=g ( f ( x ) )
49) g ( x )=2 x −4
g ( x −1 )=4 ( x −1 ) + 4
3 3
3 2
h ( x )=2 x + 4 x
g ( x −1 )=4 x −4+ 4
3 3
( g ∘h )( 3 ) =g ( h (3 ) )
g ( x 3−1 )=4 x 3
h ( 3 )=2 ( 3 )+ 4 (3 )
3 2

h ( 3 )=2 ( 27 )+ 4 (9)
57) g ( x )=−x +5
h ( 3 )=54+36
f ( x )=2 x−3
h ( 3 )=90
( g ∘ f )( x )=g ( f ( x ) )
g ( 90 )=2 ( 90 )−4
g ( 2 x−3 )=−( 2 x−3 ) +5
g ( 90 )=180−4
g ( 2 x−3 )=−2 x+ 3+5
g ( 90 )=176
g ( 2 x−3 )=−2 x+ 8

51) g ( x )=x 2−5 x

h ( x )=4 x+ 4
( g ∘h )( x )=g(h ( x ) )
2
g ( 4 x + 4 )= ( 4 x +4 ) −5( 4 x +4 ) 59) f ( t )=4 t+ 3
2
g ( 4 x + 4 )=16 x +32 x+16−20 x−20 g ( t ) =−4 t−2
g ( 4 x + 4 )=16 x 2 +12 x−4 ( f ∘ g )( t )=f ( g ( t ) )
f (−4 t−2 )=4 (−4 t−2 ) +3
53) f ( a )=−2 a+ 2 f (−4 t−2 )=−16 t−8+3
g ( a ) =4 a f (−4 t−2 )=−16 t−5
( f ∘ g )( a )=f ( g ( a ) )
f ( 4 a )=−2 ( 4 a ) +2
f ( 4 a )=−8 a+ 2

10.3

1) g ( x )=−x 5−3 ¿x
f ( x )= √5 −x−3 yes
( g ∘ f )( x )=g ( f ( x ) )
−x−1
g ( √ −x−3 ) =−( √ −x−3 ) −3
4 5 5 3) f ( x )=
x−2
¿−(−x−3 ) −3 −2 x +1
g ( x )=
¿ x+ 3−3 −x−1

223
 ( f ∘ g )( x )=f ( g ( x ) )

− ( )
−2 x +1
−1
9) g ( x )=
√
5 x−1
2
5
f ( x )=2 x + 1
f (
−2 x +1
−x−1
=) −x−1
−2 x +1
−2
( g ∘ f )( x )=g ( f ( x ) )

√
−x−1
2 x5 +1−1
g ( 2 x5 +1 ) =
5

(
(−x−1 )
2 x−1
−x−1 )
−1 (−x−1 ) 2
¿
√√
5
5 2x
−2 x+1 ¿
(−x−1 ) −2 (−x−1 ) 2
−x−1 5 5
2 x−1+ x +1 ¿ x
¿ ¿x
−2 x +1+2 x+2
3x yes
¿ =x
3
yes 11) f ( x )=( x−2 )5+3
5
y= ( x −2 ) +3
5) g ( x )=−10 x+5 x=( y −2 )5+3
x−5 −3−3
f ( x )=
10
√5 x−3= √5 y −2
( g ∘ f )( x )=g ( f ( x ) )
√5 x−3= y−2
g ( x−5
10 ) =−10 (
10 )
x−5
+5 +2+2
√ x−3+2= y
5

¿−x+5+ 5
f ( x )= √ x−3+ 2
−1 5
¿−x+10
No
4
13) g ( x )=
x +2
−2
7) f ( x )= 4
x +3 y=
x +2
3 x +2
g ( x )= 4
x +2 x=
y +2
( f ∘ g )( x )=f ( g ( x ) )
4
( y +2 ) x= ( y +2)
f (
3 x +2
x +2
= ) ( x +2 )
−2( x +2)
3 x +2
+3 ( x+2) x ( y +2 ) 4
y +2

x +2 =
x x
−2 x−4 4
¿ y +2=
3 x +2+3 x+ 6 x
−2−2
−2 x−4 −2 ( x+ 2 ) −2 −1 y=4 x−2
¿ = = =
6 x +12 6 ( x+ 2 ) 6 3 −1 4
g ( x )= −2
No x

224
 −2 x−2 √3 −x= y−1
15) f ( x )=
x +2 +1+1
−2 x−2 √3 −x+ 1= y
y=
x +2
g ( x )=√ −x+1
−1 3
−2 y−2
x=
y +2
−2 y−2 21) f ( x )=( x−3 )3
( y +2 ) x= ( y +2)
y+ 2 y= ( x −3 )3
xy +2 x=−2 y−2 √ x=√ ( y−3 )
3 3 3

+2 y−2 x+ 2 y −2 x
√3 x= y−3
xy +2 y=−2−2 x +3+3
y ( x +2 ) −2−2 x
= √3 x+ 3= y
x +2 x+2
f ( x )= √ x +3
−1 3
−2−2 x
y=
x +2
−2−2 x x
−1
f ( x )= 23) g ( x )=
x +2 x −1
x
y=
x−1
10− x
17) f ( x )= y
5 ( y−1 ) x= ( y−1)
10−x y−1
y= xy−x= y
5
10− y −xy−xy
5 ( x )= (5) −x= y −xy
5
5 x=10− y −x y ( 1−x )
=
−10−10 1−x 1−x
5 x 10 − y −x
− = =y
−1 −1 −1 1−x
−5 x+ 10= y −1 −x
g ( x )=
−1 1−x
f ( x )=−5 x +10
x−1
25) f ( x )=
x +1
x−1
y=
x +1
y −1
( y +1 ) x = ( y +1 )
y+1
19) g ( x )=−( x−1 )3 xy + x= y−1
3
y=−( x−1 ) − y−x − y−x
3
x −( y −1 ) xy− y =−1−x
=
−1 −1 y ( x−1 ) −1−x
=
√−x=√ ( y−1 ) x−1 x−1
3 3 3

225
 −1−x 4− √3 4 x
y= y=
x−1 2
−1−x 4−√ 4 y
3
f −1 ( x )= ( 2 ) x= (2)
x−1 2
2 x=4− √ 4 y
3

8−5 x
27) g ( x )= −4−4
4
2 x−4 −√3 4 y
8−5 x =
y= −1 −1
4 3
(−2 x+ 4 ) =( √ 4 y )
3 3
8−5 y
4 ( x) = (4)
4 (−2 x + 4 )3 4 y
=
4 x=8−5 y 4 4
−8−8 (−2 x + 4 ) 3

4 x−8 −5 y =y
= 4
−5 −5
−1 (−2 x + 4 )3
4 x−8 h ( x )=
=y 4
−5
−1 4 x−8
g ( x )= x +1
−5 35) f ( x )=
x +2
x +1
29) g ( x )=−5 x+1 y=
x +2
y=−5 x +1 y +1
x=−5 y +1 ( y +2 ) x= ( y +2)
y +2
−1−1 xy +2 x= y +1
x−1 −5 y − y−2 x− y −2 x
=
−5 −5 xy− y =1−2 x
x−1
=y y ( x−1 ) 1−2 x
−5 =
x−1 x−1
−1 x −1
g ( x )= 1−2 x
−5 y=
x−1
−1 1−2 x
31) g ( x )=−1+ x 3 f ( x )=
x−1
3
y=−1+ x
3
x=−1+ y 7−3 x
37) f ( x )=
+1+1 x−2
√3 x+1=√ y 3 7−3 x
3
y=
y= √3 x +1 x−2
7−3 y
g ( x )=√ x+1
−1 3
( y−2 ) x= ( y−2)
y−2
xy−2 x=7−3 y
4−√ 4 x
3
33) h ( x )= +3 y +2 x+2 x +3 y
2 xy +3 y=7+ 2 x

226
 y ( x +3 ) y +2 x −1
g ( x )=−x
=
x +3 x +3
y +2 x
y=
x+ 3
−1 y +2 x
f ( x )=
x+ 3

39) g ( x )=−x
y=−x
x
=(− y )/−1
−1
−x= y

10.4

1) 31−2 n=31−3 n 6
2m +1
=6
−2

1−2 n=1−3 n 2 m+ 1=−2

+3 n+3 n −1−1
1+n=1 2m −3
=
−1−1 2 2
n=0 −3
m=
2
3) 4 2 a=1
2a
4 =1
0 9) 6−3 x =36
−3 x 2
2a 0 6 =6
=
a 2 −3 x 2
=
a=0 −3 −3
−2
x=
3
( )
−k
1 −2 k−2
5) =125
25
−k −2 k−2 11) 64 b=25
( 5−2 ) =( 5 3 ) b
2k
5 =5 −6 k−6 ( 26 ) =25
6b 5
2 k=−6 k −6 2 =2
+6 k +6 k 6b 5
=
8 k −6 6 6
= 5
8 8 b=
−3 6
k=
()
x
4 1
13) =16
4
2m +1 1 x
( 4−1 ) =42
7) 6 =
36 −x 2
4 =4

227
 −x 2 25) 5m +2+ 5−m
=
−1 −1 m+2=−m
x=−2 −m−m
2 −2m
=
15) 4 3 a=43 −2 −2
3a 3 −1=m
=
3 3
a=1
( )
b −1
1
27) =216
36
17) 363 x =2162 x+1 b−1
( 6−2 ) =6 3
2 3x 3 2 x+1
( 6 ) =( 6 ) 6
−2 b+2
=6
3
6x 6 x+1
6 =6 −2 b+2=3
6 x=6 x +1 −2−2
−6 x−6 x −2 b 1
=
0=1 −2 −2
false −1
b=
No Solution 2

19) 92 n +3=243 29) r 62−2 x =62

( 32 )
2 n +3
=3
5 2−2 x=2
−2−2
3 4 n+6=35
4 n+6=5 −2 x 0
=
−6−6 −2 −2
x=0
4 n −1
=
4 4
−1 ( −3 n−1) 1
n= 31) 4 ∙2 =
4 4
2 −3 n−1
2 ∙2 =2−2
−3 n +1 −2
21) 33 x−2 =33 x+1 2 =2
3 x−2=3 x +1 −3 n+1=−2
−3 x−3 x −1−1
−2=1 −3 n −3
=
false −3 −3
No Solution n=1

23) 3−2 x =33 33) 4 3 k−3 ∙ 42−2 k =16−k

−k
−2 x 3 4 k−1=( 4 2)
=
−2 −2 4 k−1=4−2 k
−3 k −1=−2 k
x=
2 −k −k

228
 −1 −3 k 8 n−2=1
=
−3 −3 +2+2
1 8n 3
=k =
3 8 8
3
n=
( ) =243
−2 x 1 3x
−x 8
35) 9
243
( 32 )
−2 x 3x
( 3−5 ) = ( 35 )
−x 39) 5−3 n−3 ∙5 2 n=1
−n−3 0
3 ∙3
−4 x
=3
−15 x −5 x 5 =5
−19 x −5 −n−3=0
3 =3 x
+3+3
−19 x=−5 x
−n
+19 x+ 19 x =3 /−1
−1
0 14 x
= n=−3
14 14
0=x

()
3 n−1
n−2 n+ 2 1
37) 64 ∙ 16 =
4
3 n−2 2 n+2 −1 3 n−1
(4 ) ∙( 4 ) =( 4 )
3 n−6 2 n+ 4 −3 n+1
4 ∙ 4 =4
5 n−2
4 =4−3 n +1
5 n−2=−3 n+1
+3 n+3 n

10.5

1) log 9 81=2 7) 8 0=1 125 x =5

2
9 =81 log 8 1=0 x
( 53 ) =51
3x 1
5 =5
1 2
9) 15 =225 3x 1
3) log 7 =−2 =
49 log 15 225=2 3 3
−2 1 1
7 = x=
49 1
3
11) 64 6 =2

5) log 13 169=2 1 1
log 64 2=
2 6 15) log 343 =x
13 =169 7

13) log 125 5=x

229
 1 −2
2 =x −54
343 x = =x
7 1 11
x =x
( 7 3) =7−1 2
2

3x
7 =7
−1 1 35) log 4 ( 6 b+4 )=0
=x
3 x −1 4 0
4 =6 b+4
=
3 3 1=6 b+4
−1 27) log 11 k=2 −4−4
x=
3 2
11 =k −3 6 b
=
121=k 6 6
17) log 4 16=x −1
=b
x
4 =16 29) log 9 ( n+ 9 )=4 2
x 2
4 =4 9 4=n+ 9
x=2 37) log 5 (−10 x+ 4 )=4
6561=n+9
4
−9−9 5 =−10 x+ 4
19) log 6 36=x 6552=n 625=−10 x+ 4
x −4−4
6 =36
x 2 621 −10 x
6 =6 =
31) log 5 (−3 m )=3 −10 −10
x=2
−621
53=−3 m =x
10
21) log 2 64=x 125 −3 m
=
x
2 =64 −3 −3
39) log 2 ( 10−5 a )=3
x 6 −125
2 =2 =m 3
3 2 =10−5 a
x=6
8=10−5 a
33) log 11 ( x+5 )=−1 −10−10
23) log 5 x=1 −2 −5 a
−1
1 11 =x +5 =
5 =x −5 −5
5=x 1
=x +5 2
11 =a
5
−5−5
25) log 2 x=−2

10.6

1) Find each of the following:

a. S500 invested at 4% compounded annually for 10 years.

230
 ( )
1 ∙10
.04
A=500 1+
1
10
A=500 (1.04 )
A=500(1.48)
A=$ 740.12

b. S600 invested at 6% compounded annually for 6 years.

( )
1 ∙6
.06
A=600 1+
1
6
A=600 (1.06 )
A=600(1.42)
A=$ 851.11

c. S750 invested at 3% compounded annually for 8 years.

( )
1 ∙8
.03
A=750 1+
1
8
A=750 (1.03 )
A=750(1.27)
A=$ 950.08

d. S1500 invested at 4% compounded semiannually for 7 years.

( )
2 ∙7
.04
A=1500 1+
2
14
A=1500 ( 1.02 )
A=1500(1.32)
A=$ 1979.22

e. S900 invested at 6% compounded semiannually for 5 years.

( )
2 ∙5
.06
A=900 1+
2
10
A=900 ( 1.03 )
A=900(1.34)
A=$ 1209.52

f. $950 invested at 4% compounded semiannually for 12 years.

( )
( 2 ∙12 )
.04
A=950 1+
2
24
A=950 ( 1.02 )
A=950(1.61)

231
 A=$ 1528.02

g. $2000 invested at 5% compounded quarterly for 6 years.

( )
4∙ 6
.05
A=200 1+
2
24
A=200 (1.0125 )
A=200(1.35)
A=$ 2694.70

h. $2250 invested at 4% compounded quarterly for 9 years.

( )
4 ∙9
.04
A=2250 1+
4
36
A=2250 (1.01 )
A=2250(1.43)
A=$ 3219.23

i. $3500 invested at 6% compounded quarterly for 12 years.

( )
4 ∙ 12
.06
A=3500 1+
4
48
A=3500 (1.015 )
A=3500(2.04)
A=$ 7,152.17

j. All of the above compounded continuously.

.04 ∙10
A=500 e
.4
A=500 e
A=500(1.49)
A=¿$745.91

A=600 e.06 ∙ 6
.36
A=600 e
A=600(1.43)
A=$ 860.00

A=750 e.03 ∙ 8
.24
A=750 e
A=750(1.27)
A=$ 953.44

A=1500 e.04 ∙7
232
 .28
A=1500 e
A=1500(1.32)
A=$ 1984.69

.06∙5
A=900 e
.30
A=900 e
A=900(1.35)
A=$ 1214.87

.04∙12
A=950 e
.48
A=950 e
A=950(1.62)
A=$ 1535.27

.05 ∙ 6
A=2000 e
A=2000 e.3
A=2000(1.35)
A=$ 2699.72

.04 ∙9
A=2250 e
A=2250 e.36
A=2250(1.43)
A=$ 3224.99

.06 ∙ 12
A=3500 e
A=3500 e.72
A=3500(2.05)
A=$ 7190.52

3) What principal will amount to S3500 if invested at 4% interest compounded quarterly for 5 years?

( )
4∙5
.04
3500=P 1+
4
20
3500=P ( 1.01 )
3500 P ( 1.22 )
=
1.22 1.22
$ 2868.41=P

5) What principal will amount to S2500 if invested at 5% interest compounded semiannually for 7.5
years?

233
 ( )
2∙ 7.5
.05
2500=P 1+
2
1.5
2500=P ( 1.025 )
2500 P ( 1.45 )
=
1.45 1.45
$ 1726.16=P

7) A thousand dollars is left in a bank savings account drawing 7% interest, compounded quarterly
for 10 years. What is the balance at the end of that time?

( )
4 ∙ 10
.07
A=1000 1+
4
40
A=100 (1.0175 )
A=1000(2.00)
A=$ 2001.60

9) $1750 is invested in an account earning 13.5% interest compounded monthly for a 2 year period.
What is the balance at the end of 9 years?

( )
12∙ 2
.135
A=1750 1+
12
24
A=1750 ( 1.01125 )
A=1750(1.31)
A=$ 2288.98

11) A $10, 000 Treasury Bill earned 16% compounded monthly. If the bill matured in 2 years, what
was it worth at maturity?

( )
12∙ 2
.16
A=10,000 1+
12
A=10,000 ( 1.01 )24
A=10,000(1.37)
A=$ 13,742.19

13) A savings institution advertises 7% annual interest, compounded daily, How much more interest
would you earn over the bank savings account or credit union in problems 7 and 8?

( )
365∙ 10
.07
A=1000 1+
365
A=1000 ( 1.00019 )3650
A=1000(2.01)
234
 A=$ 2013.62
¿ 7 :2001.60−2013.62=$ 12.02
¿ 8 :2009.66−2013.62=$−3,96

15) You lend $100 at 10% continuous interest. If you are repaid 2 months later, what is owed?
.1 ( 16 )
A=100 e
.0167
A=100 e
A=100 (1.02 )
A=$ 101.68

10. 7

1) cos 71=0.3256 13 ( 1.235 )=x

16.05=x
3) sin 75=0.9659
13
13) ( x ) sin 24= ( x)
7 x
5) sinθ=
θ 25 x sin 24 13
24 25 x =
13 sin 24 sin 24
13
7 24
x=
sin 24
7 13
7) sin θ= x=
7 3√ 2 16 0.407
x=31.96
θ
16
x
15) ( 9 ) tan71= (9)

8 √ 2 √2 )
( √2 8 9
9) sin θ= 9 tan71=x
x
θ 9 ( 2.904 )=x
sin θ=¿ ( √ ) ¿
8 √2
8 8 2 71 26.14=x
8 ∙2 9

sin θ= √
8 2
2

x
11) ( 13 ) tan 51=( 13 )
13
x
13 13 tan 51=x

51

235
 x x=4.72
17) x ( 6 ) cos 68= (6)
6
68 6 cos 68=x x
29) 2.4 ( 2.4 ) tan22= (2.4)
6 6 ( .3746 ) =x 22 2.4
x
2.25=x 2.4 tan 22=x
2.4 ( 0.4040 )=x
x 0.97=x
19) 6 ( 6 ) tan71.4=
71.4 6
6 tan71.4=x
x 6 ( 2.9714 )=x x
31) ( 3 ) cos 61= (3)
17.83=x 3 3
x 61 3 cos 61=x
x 3 ( .4848 )=x
21) ( 5 ) cos 38= ( 5 )
5 1.45=x
38 5 cos 38=x
5 x 5 ( .7880 )=x x
33) ( 11 ) sin30= (11)
3.94=x 11 11
30 11 sin 30=x
x
4 11 ( 0.5 )=x
23) ( x ) cos 67= ( x )
x 5.5= x
x cos 67 4
=
x cos 67 cos 67 x
35) x ( 11 ) tan 95= ( 11 )
4 11
x x= 11
cos 67 75 11 tan 95=x
4 11 ( 3.7321 )=x
67 x=
4 .3907 41.05=x
x=10.24
11
x 37) ( x ) sin 37.1= (x)
25) ( 4 ) tan 67.2= (4) 11 x
4 x sin 37.1 11
4 tan 67.2=x 37.1 =
sin 37.1 sin37.1
x
4 ( 2.3789 )=x 11
x=
x 9.52=x sin 37.1
67.2
11
4 x=
4 .6032
27) ( x ) cos 32= ( x )
x x=18.24
x cos 32 4
x =
cos 32 cos 32 39) ( x ) cos 40=13.1(x)
13.1
32 4 x cos 40 13.1
x= =
4 cos 32 40 cos 40 cos 40
4 x 13.1
x= x=
0.8480 cos 40
236
 13.1 x=17.1
x=
.7660

10.8

1) sin z=0.4848 16
17) θ tan θ=
z=29 ° 10
10 tanθ=1.6
3) sin y=0.6561 tanθ=58 °
y=41°
16
9.3
32 19) cos θ=
5) cos x= 13.2
35 35 cos θ=0.7045
9.3
cos x=.9143 θ cos θ=45.2 °
? x=24 °
32
13.2 5
30 21) tanθ=
7) cos x= 4
30
31 tan θ=1.25
? 5
cos x=.9677 θ tan θ=51.3 °
31 x=15 ° 4

10
3 23) sin θ=
9) tan x= 12
6 sin θ=0.8333
10
3 tan x=.5 sin θ=56.4 °
? x=27 ° θ
6 12 9
11 25) cos θ=
11) tanθ= 15.7
8 9 cos θ=0.5732
? tan θ=.7273 θ cos θ=55 °
8 15.7
11
θ=36 °
4 15
13) cos θ= 27) tanθ=
θ 7 14
8 cos θ=0.5714 tanθ=1.0714
θ
θ=55.2° tan θ=47 °
14
11
4 15 7
15) cos θ= 29) sin θ=
7 14
7 cos θ=0.5714 7 sin θ=0.5
cos θ=55.2° θ
sin θ=30°
θ 14
4

237
 28.4 −9−9
31) ( x ) tan 62= (x)
x √ z 2=√ 40
x tan 62 28.4 z=6.3
C 28.4 B =
Z tan 62 tan 62
28.4 x
X
x= 37) ( 16 ) sin 52= ( 16 )
tan 62 X 16
Y Z
28.4 16 sin 52=x
62 x= Y
1.8507 16 ( .7880 )=x
16 52
A x=15.1 12.6=x
2 2 2
15.1 +28.4 = y 2 2
12.6 + y =16
2

228.01+806.56= y 2 158.76 + y 2=256

√ 1034.57= √ y 2 −158.76−158.76
32.2= y
z=90−62
√ y 2=√ 97.24
y=9.9
z=28 ° z=90−52
z=38 °
2.9
33) tan x=
7
2.9 7 x
tan x=.4143 39) ( 8 ) tan 45= ( 8 )
8
Y X x=22.5 ° 8 tan 45=x
Z y=90−22.5 Z
8 ( 1 )=x
y=67.5° Y X
2 2 2
8=x
2.9 +7 =z
2
45° 8 +8 2= y 2
2

8.41+ 49=z 8 2
64+ 64= y
√ 57.41=√ z 2 √ 128= √ y 2
7.6=z
11.3= y
z=90−45
3
35) sin x= z=45°
7
sin x=.4286
Y
3 7
x=25.4 °
y=90−25.4
y=64.6°
X 2 2
3 + z =7
2
Z 2
9+z =49

238
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