Industries
Daily Products We Use
Paper Tea Canned juice
Daily Products We Use
+ =
Wood Industry Paper
Raw Finished
material
+ = goods
Lemon Industry Canned juice
+ =
Tea leaves Industry Tea
What Is Manufacturing?
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from
raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.
What Is an Industry?
Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with
production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provision of
services
Industries
Classification of Location of Industrial Distribution of Industrial
industries industries regions industries disasters
Industries
Classification of Location of Industrial Distribution of Industrial
industries industries regions industries disasters
Classification of Industries
Industries can be classified based on:
Raw material Ownership Size
Industries Based on Raw Materials
• Agro-based industries
• Mineral-based industries
• Animal-based industries
• Forest-based industries
Agro-based Industries
• Use plant - and animal-based
products as raw materials to
manufacture goods
• Examples: Food processing,
vegetable oil, cotton textile, and
Cotton T-shirt dairy products
Example
Mineral-based Industries
• Use mineral ores as raw material
• Iron from iron ore is used for
manufacturing heavy machinery,
railway coaches, and building material
Iron Railway coaches
Example
Marine-based Industries
• Use products from the sea and
oceans as raw materials
• Examples: Processed seafood,
fish oil manufacturing units,
and more
Fish Fish oil
Example
Forest-based Industries
Use forest-based products such as wood,
wood pulp, and plant extracts in
industries such as paper, pharmaceutical
industries, and more
Tree Paper
Example
Industries Based on Ownership
• Public sector
• Private sector
• Joint sector
• Cooperative sector
Industries Based on Ownership
Public sector Private sector
Ownership shared between Owned by individuals
public sector agencies and public or firms
groups
Industries Based on Ownership
Joint sector Cooperative sector
Ownership was shared between Owned by producers and
public sector agencies and private suppliers of raw material
groups
Industries Based on Size
• Cottage industries
• Small-scale industries
• Large-scale industries
Industries Based on Size
Cottage industries
• Work carried out from
home or community
• Products manufactured manually
• Very less investment
• Examples: Handicrafts, pottery,
tailoring, and more
Industries Based on Size
Small-scale industries
• Very few workers working
with very less technology and
capital
• Example: Rice mills,
silk weaving, and more
Industries Based on Size
Large-scale industries
• Focus on a large investment,
large labour force, and advanced
technology
• Large-scale production
• Examples: Iron and steel,
automobile, heavy tools,
and more
TEXTBOOK
QUESTION
What is meant by the term 'industry'?
Instructions
1. Define industries
2. Classify industries
What is meant by the term 'industry'?
Industry refers to the economic activity concerned with the production of goods,
extraction of minerals, or the provision of services.
Classification of industries
Industries can be classified into three types based on:
Raw material Ownership Size
Industries
Classification of Location of Industrial Distribution of Industrial
industries industries regions industries disasters
Factors affecting Location of Industries
All these factors are
important to set up
an industry.
• Raw materials Labour
Power
• Labour
• Capital
• Power
Capital Market
• Market
• Government policies
Raw materials Government
policies
Industrial Location
Other location factors important to set up an industry
Climate Transport
Industrial System
• An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs.
• The inputs are the raw materials, labour and costs of land,
transport, power and other infrastructure.
• The processes include a wide range of activities that convert the
raw material into finished products.
• The outputs are the end product and the income earned from it.
• In case of the textile industry the inputs may be cotton, human
labour, factory and transport cost.
• The processes include ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing and
printing. The output is the shirt you wear
QUICK QUESTION
What factor affecting the industrial location is missing
below?
Labour
Capital A Growth
Government
policies
B Villages
Climate
C Market
Raw materials
D None of the above
Power Transport
What factor affecting the industrial location is missing
below?
Labour
Capital A Growth
Government
policies
B Villages
Climate
Market
C Market
Raw materials
D None of the above
Power Transport
Industries
Classification of Location of Industrial Distribution of Industrial
industries industries regions industries disasters
What Are Industrial Regions?
• Industrial regions emerge when
several industries locate close to
each other and share the benefits
of their closeness.
• Examples: Mumbai-Pune cluster, and
Bangaluru-Tamil Nadu belt
Major Industrial Regions of the World
Petersburg
Urals Kuzbos
Manchuria
Moscow
Beijing
Vancouve Donbas Fergana
r Seattle Denve Valley Korea
San
r Ganga Japan Shianghai
Francisco Israel Iran
Angio-American Cair Iraq Valley Wuhan Region
Bay Phoenix
Los Angeles Guangzhou-
Manufacturing Bet o
San Diego Kuwait Hong Kong
Tijuana Gulf Coast Mumbai Region
Mexico City Nigeria Khartoum Manila
Chennai
Central
America Ghana
Nairobi
Equador
Java
Bahia
Lima Coast
Brisbane
Durban Perth
Southeast
Capetown Sydney
Brazil
Santiago Melbourne
Montevideo
Buenos
Aires
WORLD INDUSTRIAL
BELT
INDUTRIAL REGION
Industrial Cluster: India
• Mumbai-Pune cluster
• Bangaluru-Tamil Nadu belt
• Hugli region
Gurugram-Delhi-Meerut • Ahmedabad-Vadodara region
• Chota Nagpur industrial belt
Ahmedabad- • Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt
Vadodara Hugli belt
• Gurugram-Delhi-Meerut region
Chota Nagpur Plateau
• Kollam-Thiruvanathapuram cluster
region
Mumbai-
Pune Vishakhapatnam-Guntur
belt
Bangaluru-Tamil Nadu
belt
Kollam-
Thiruvanathapuram
Industries
Classification of Location of Industrial Distribution of Industrial
industries industries regions industries disasters
Iron and Steel Industry
• Iron and steel industry is
the backbone of all
other industries.
• It has helped in the
development of various
small-scale industries.
Iron and Steel Industry
What are the factors required for setting up an iron and steel Industry?
1 2 3 4
Raw Fuel or Transport
Water
materials energy source facility
5 6 7
Huge Cheap skilled and Large market
capital unskilled labour
Manufacturing of Steel
The ingredients used to make 1 tonne of steel
8 tonnes of coal 4 tonnes of 1 tonne of 1 tonne of steel
+ iron ore
+ limestone
=
Manufacturing of Steel
Iron ore,
limestone,
and coke
Blast
furnace
The raw material is put in the blast
Hot air furnace, where it undergoes smelting.
Molten Slag
iron
Examples of Iron and Steel
Train Truck Safety pin
Distribution of Iron and Steel Industries
Russi
Germany a
South
Korea
USA
India Japan
China
Ruhr valley of Germany
and Pittsburgh in USA are the
major world centres of iron and
steel industries.
Distribution of Iron and Steel Industries in India
• There are more than 10 integrated steel
LADAKH
Srinagar
JAMMU &
KASHMIR
Jammu
Leh
mills in India.
• The five important industries are
Jamshedpur, Bhilai, Bokaro, Durgapur,
Jamshedpu
and Vishakhapatnam.
r
Bokaro
Durgapu
Bhilai
r
Rourkela
Vishakapatna
m
Jameshdpur
• Geographically, Jamshedpur is the
most conveniently situated iron and
steel centre in the country
• Sakchi was chosen to set up the steel
plant for several reasons.
• It was only 32 km away from Kalimati
station on the Bengal-Nagpur railway
line.
• It was close to the iron ore, coal and
manganese deposits as well as to
Kolkata.
• The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers
ensured sufficient water supply.
Government initiatives provided
adequate capital for its later
development.
Pittsburg
• Pittsburg is an important steel city of
USA.
• Raw materials like coal are available
locally, while iron ore comes from
mines of Minnesota, which 1500km
away from Pittsburg.
• Between these mines and Pittsburgh is
one of the world’s best routes for
shipping ore cheaply – the famous
Great Lakes waterway. Trains carry the
ore from the Great Lakes to the
Pittsburgh area.
• The Pittsburgh area has many factories
other than steel mills.
QUICK QUESTION
Ruhr valley is one of the major world centres of iron and
steel industries. Where is it located?
A USA B France
C South Korea D Germany
Ruhr valley is one of the major world centres of iron and
steel industries. Where is it located?
A USA B France
C South Korea D Germany
Textile Industry
• Weaving cloth from yarn is an ancient art. Cotton, wool,
silk, jute, flax have been used for making cloth.
• The textile industry can be divided on the basis of raw
materials used in them. Fibres are the raw material of
textile industry.
• Fibres can be natural or man-made. Natural fibres are
obtained from wool, silk, cotton, linen and jute. Man
made fibres include nylon, polyester, acrylic and rayon.
Cotton Textile Industry
What are the factors needed for cotton textile industries?
1 2 3 4
Cheap skilled,
Chemicals Power semi-skilled,
Raw cotton for dyes resources and unskilled
labour
5 6 7
Transport Favourable
system Large market
climate
Distribution of Cotton Textile Industries across the
World
Russia
Pakista
USA Egypt n
China Japan
India
Brazil
Distribution of Cotton Textile Industries in India
• India’s first modern cotton mill was set
Srinagar LADAKH
JAMMU &
KASHMIR
Jammu
Leh
up in 1854.
• The important centres are Ahmedabad,
Jaipur Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kolkata, and
Coimbatore.
Jodhpur
Kolkat
Ahmedaba a
d
Coimbator
e
Ahmedabad
• Ahmedabad became the second largest textile city of India, after
Mumbai. Ahmedabad was therefore often referred to as the
‘Manchester of India’. Ahmedabad is situated very close to cotton
growing area which ensures easy availability of raw material.
• The climate is ideal for spinning and weaving.
• The flat terrain and easy availability of land is suitable for the
establishment of the mills.
• The densely populated states of Gujarat and Maharashtra provide
both skilled and semi-skilled labour.
• Well developed road and railway network permits easy
transportation of textiles to different parts of the country, thus
providing easy access to the market..
Ahmedabad
• Mumbai port nearby facilitates import of machinery and
export of cotton textiles. But in the recent years, Ahmedabad
textile mills have been having some problems.
• Several textile mills have closed down primarily due to the
emergence of new textile centres in the country as well as
nonupgradation of machines and technology in the mills of
Ahmedabad.
Osaka
• It is an important textile centre of Japan, also known as the
‘Manchester of Japan’.
• The textile industry developed in Osaka due to several geographical
factors.
• The extensive plain around Osaka ensured that land was easily
available for the growth of cotton mills.
• Warm humid climate is well suited to spinning and weaving.
• The river Yodo provides sufficient water for the mills.
• Labour is easily available. Location of port facilitates import of raw
cotton and for exporting textiles.
Osaka
• The textile industry at Osaka depends completely upon imported raw
materials. Cotton is imported from Egypt, India, China and USA.
• The finished product is mostly exported and has a good market due
to good quality and low price.
• Though it is one of the important textile cities in the country, of late,
the cotton textile industry of Osaka has been replaced by other
industries, such as iron and steel, machinery, shipbuilding,
automobiles, electrical equipment and cement.
Information Technology
• The information technology industry deals in the storage, processing
and distribution of information.
• Today, this industry has become global.
• This is due to a series of technological, political, and socio-economic
events.
• The main factors guiding the location of these industries are resource
availability, cost and infrastructure.
• The major hubs of the IT industry are the Silicon Valley, California
and Bengaluru, India.
• Bengaluru is located on the Deccan Plateau from where it gets the
name ‘Silicon Plateau’. The city is known for its mild climate
throughout the year.
Information Technology
• There are other emerging information technology hubs in metropolitan
centres of India such as Mumbai, New Delhi, Hyderabad and Chennai.
• Other cities such as Gurgaon, Pune, Thiruvanthapuram, Kochi and
Chandigarh are also important centres of the IT industry.
• However, Bengaluru has always had a unique advantage, as a city
with highest availability of middle and top management talent.
Industries
Classification of Location of Industrial Distribution of Industrial
industries industries regions industries disasters
Industrial Disasters
Disasters and accidents in industries
mainly occur due to technical failure
or irresponsible handling of hazardous
materials.
Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 1984
One of the worst industrial disasters of all time
occurred in Bhopal on 3 December 1984
around 00:30 a.m. It was a technological
accident in which highly poisonous
Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) gas along with
Hydrogen Cyanide and other reactants leaked
out of the pesticide factory of Union Carbide.
The official death toll was 3,598 in 1989.
Thousands who survived still suffer from one or
many ailments like blindness, impaired immune
system, gastrointestinal disorders, and more.
Risk Reduction Measures
Residential areas separate from
Awareness of toxins or hazardous
industrial areas
industrial substances
Risk Reduction Measures
Improved fire warning Storage capacity of toxic Improved pollution
system substances dispersion in industries
SUMMARY
Industries
Classification of industries
Industries can be classified into three types based on:
Raw material Ownership Size
Industries
Factors affecting Industrial disaster Risk reduction
industrial location measures
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