THEORY OF STRUCTURES (MODULE 1) BY: NTDEGUMA THEORY OF STRUCTURES (MODULE 1) BY: NTDEGUMA

STABILITY & DETERMINACY OF STRUCTURES DYNAMIC OR IMPACT LOADINGS BEAM SLOPE AND DEFLECTIONS Area and Centroid of Moment Diagram (Spandrel)
y
y = kx n
BEAMS: Spring Constant of a Beam I. DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Criterion established for stability and determinacy of beams ---- the beam should be prismatic
k = P (N/mm of kN/mm)
If r < 3 + c ; the beam is unstable h
If r = 3 + c ; the beam is statically determinate where: EIy" = M yG x
provided that no geometric stability
= deformation due to static load P
is involved where: x G

Dynamic Deformation b
If r > 3 + c ; the beam is indeterminate M = Generalized Moment Equation

where: bh
W h II. AREA - MOMENT METHOD Area =
( n+ 1)
r = no. of support reactions
c = no. of eqt'ns. of condition(internal connections) L ---- the beam should be prismatic
b h (n+1)
c = 1 for hinged xG = yG =
c = 2 for roller ( n+ 2) ( 4n+ 2)
c = 0 for beams w/o internal connections
= 1 + 1 + 2h Any loadings
st
st
A B
TRUSSES: III. CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD
Criterion established for stability and determinacy of trusses: t A/B AB t B/A -- a method that determines the slope and deflections
Maximum stress developed due to impact loading of a real beam by calculating the shears and
If b + r < 2j ; the system is unstable moments of a fictitious beam called the CONJUGATE
BEAM, loaded with the M/EI diagram.
If b + r = 2j ; the system is statically determinate
provided that it is also stable max = st 1 + 1 + 2h
If b + r > 2j ; the system is statically indeterminate st
SLOPE = shear on the conjugate beam
Area AB
c.g. DEFLECTION = moment on conjugate beam
where:
For a mass m dropping thru a height h before striking A B
b = number of bar/elements
a stop at the end of a vertical rod of length L as shown XA XB
r = number of support reactions
ACTUAL BEAM CONJUGATE BEAM
j = number of joints Moment Diagram

v m
FRAMES:
L AB
Criterion established for stability and determinacy of frames: AB
h
If 3b + r < 3j + c ; the frame is unstable tA/B = (Area AB) (X A) / EI
If 3b + r = 3j + c ; frame is statically determinate tB/A = (Area AB) (X )B / EI
provided that it is also stable
If 3b + r > 3j + c ; statically indeterminate
2L
where: = mgh
AE Rules of Sign: hinge
b = number of bar/elements
A B A
r = number of support reactions B
j = number of joints (+) t B/A hinge
c = no. of eqt'ns. of condition(internal connections) 2E mgh = 2E mv 2/2 AB ( +)
=
c = 1 for hinged AL AL
c = 2 for roller AB (-) (-) hinge hinge
t B/A
c = 0 for w/o internal connections
B
A B A

CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 1/12 CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2/12
THEORY OF STRUCTURES (MODULE 2) BY: NTDEGUMA THEORY OF STRUCTURES (MODULE 2) BY: NTDEGUMA

IV. VIRTUAL WORK EQUATION INDETERMINATE BEAMS DEFLECTION OF TRUSS II. CASTIGLIANO'S THEOREM

DEFLECTION:
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD y = deflection
DEFLECTION:
I. THREE-MOMENT EQUATION VIRTUAL WORK EQUATION L M = actual moment at the
element under
L y = deflection consideration
where: M M
M = actual moment at element y= dx m = moment due to
Mm M1L1 + 2M2 L 1 + L 2 + M3 L 2 + 6A1a1 + 6A2 b2 = 0 S = stress in member due to P EI
y= dx under consideration actual loads 0 application of a P
L1 L2 at the section under
EI m = moment due to application SuL L = length of the member
0 of a unit load at the section = AE consideration
u = stress in member due to
under consideration virtual unit load
II. MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD A = cross-sectional area SLOPE:
SLOPE : of the member
STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED: E = modulus of elasticity L M = actual moment at the
L element under
1. Solve for k = I / L M M consideration
M = actual moment at element
Mm m EI m = moment due to
under consideration 2. Solve for Distribution Factor (DF) DEFLECTION OF FRAMES 0 application of moment
EI m = moment due to application DF = K / S K "m" at the section
0 of a unit couple at the under consideration
section under consideration
DF = 1 for external hinge
DF = 0 for fixed end support I. VIRTUAL WORK METHOD

3. Solve for the fixed end moments DEFLECTION:

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
4. Balance the moments
L
V. CASTIGLIANO'S THEOREM
5. Carry over the moments (COM)
Mm CANTILEVER METHOD
DEFLECTION: COM = 1/2 moment of the other end y= dx
EI
y = deflection 0 ASSUMPTIONS:
III. FIXED-END MOMENTS
L M = actual moment at the
1. A point of inflection occurs at the midspan of each girder.
element under For any loading condition, the moment at the fixed end where:
M M consideration can be solved by integration. y = deflection
y= dx 2. A point of inflection occurs at the midheight of each column.
m = moment due to
P EI application of a P
M = actual moment at element
0 P = ydx under consideration 3. The axial force in each column is directly proportional to its
at the section under
consideration xa L-x m = moment due to application distance from the center of gravity of all columns on that level.
b of a unit load at the section
under consideration
SLOPE: y
A B
MA L MB
SLOPE:
L M = actual moment at the x1 PORTAL METHOD
element under L
M M consideration ASSUMPTIONS:
m EI m = moment due to Mm
0 application of moment x1 x1 1. The building frame is divided into independent portals.
"m" at the section EI
0
under consideration 1 2 1 2. A point of inflection occurs at the midspan of each girder.
MA = - 2
Pab MB = - 2
Pba
2

L L where:
x2 x2 3. A point of inflection occurs at the midheight of each column.
y = deflection
M = actual moment at element 4. The horizontal shear at a given storey is distributed among
under consideration the columns such that each interior columns resists twice
m = moment due to application
as much as each exterior column.
of a unit load at the section

CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 3/12 CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 4/12
THEORY OF STRUCTURES (MODULE 2) BY: NTDEGUMA THEORY OF STRUCTURES BY: NTDEGUMA

P w (N/m)
2
7w L
a b MA = -
FIXED END MOMENTS OF COMMON LOADINGS 120
Values of 6Aa and 6Ab of Common loadings: A L B
A L B
L L 11wL
P P R =
2 2
40
Pa (3L -a) Pa R
a b L/2 L/2 Mmax = - P(a) ; max = ; B =
L L 6EI 2EI
Beam Loading 6A 1a 1/L 6A 1b 1/L A B A B
w (N/m) w (N/m)
2
MA = RL - w a
M A = -Pab / L
2 2
M A = -PL / 8 2
A b 3
2 2 L B wa (4L - a)
M B = Pba / L M B = PL / 8 A a B R =
8L 3
P
L
a b Pa ( L 2- a 2) Pb ( L 2 - b 2) w (kN/m)
Mmax = -
wL
;
2
=
wL
4
; =
wL 3 R
L w (kN/m) max B
L L 2 8 EI 6EI
M
L L
A B A B FULLY RESTRAINED BEAM FORMULAS
A L B
2
2
MA = -w L / 12 MA = -w L / 30
2
P
MB = w L2 / 12 MB = w L2 / 20 ML ML Pba
2 2
P Mmax = - M ; max =
2EI
; B =
EI MA = Pab2 ; MB =
L/2 L/2 2 2 a b L L2
3 PL 3 PL w (kN/m) A L B 2
L 8 8 w (N/m) Pb (3L - 4b)
mid =
M 48EI
a b B
A L
L L P
A B A B
PL PL
wL
2
wL
4
wL
3
L/2 L/2 MA = ; MB = -
2
M A = -5w L / 96 M A = Mb (3a/L - 1)/L Mmax = - ; max = ; B = 8 8
w (N/m) 6 30EI 24EI A L B PL
3

2
M B = Ma (3b/L - 1)/L =
wL 3 wL 3 MB = 5w L / 96 max
192EI
L 4 4 PROPPED BEAM FORMULAS
SIMPLE AND CANTILEVER BEAM FORMULAS w (N/m) wL
2
wL
2

MA = ; MB = -
P 2
P( b a + a b /2 ) 2 12 12
MA = - 4
w (N/m)
w L2 A B wL
a b L max =
2 384EI
w (N/m) A L B Pa ( 3L - a)
3 3 A L B R =
8wL 7wL 2L3
w (N/m)
60 60 R 5wL
2
wL
4

L MA = M B - ; mid =
wL
2
5wL
4
wL
3
96 768EI
Mmax = ; = ; = P
8
max
384 EI
max
24EI MA = - 3PL 7 wL
4

L/2 L/2 16 max =

A L B 3840EI
P A L B
R = 5P
16
R 2 2
w (N/m) A L B wL wL
w (N/m) MA = - ; MB = -
5wL3 5wL3 w (N/m) 30 20
2 4

L 32 32 3 2
MA = - wL =
wL
Mmax = PL ; = PL ; = PL
mid
max max A L B 8 A L B 768EI
4 48EI 16EI
3wL
R R =
P 8
w (N/m) w (N/m)
B 2 2
M A L 2 5wL 11wL
MA = - wL L/2 MA = - ; MB = -
a b 2
-M ( 3a - L ) 2 2
+ M ( 3b - L ) 2
15 192 192
A B A
L L L L L/2 B
wL
PL3 PL 2 R = L
Mmax = - PL ; max = ; B = R 10
3EI 2EI

CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 5/12 CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 6/12