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  • Lecture - 7-8

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    Amierson Tilendo
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    Crush it up and add it to bromine water. Unsaturated compounds will cause bromine water to turn from colourless to red/orange.

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    Lecture . 7-8

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    Crush it up and add it to bromine water. Unsaturated compounds will cause bromine water to turn from colourless to red/orange.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    35 views19 pages

    Lecture - 7-8

    Uploaded by

    Amierson Tilendo
    Crush it up and add it to bromine water. Unsaturated compounds will cause bromine water to turn from colourless to red/orange.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 19

    Cracking

    • Crude oil contains many


    large molecules. If these are
    to be used as fuels or
    feedstock for the chemical
    industry then they have to
    Small molecules
    be cracked into smaller Big
    molecules. molecules

    Medium molecules
    • When hydrocarbons burn
    they are reacting with
    oxygen in the air. In general,
    the smaller the molecule
    the better it will mix and
    then react with the air.
    Cracking

    • Involves the breaking of C-C bonds in alkanes

    • Converts heavy fractions into higher value


    products
    •
    • THERMAL proceeds via a free radical
    mechanism

    • CATALYTIC proceeds via a carbocation


    (carbonium ion) mechanism
    Thermal Cracking

    • High Pressure ... 7000 kPa


    • High Temperature ... 400°C to 900°C
    • Free Radical Mechanism
    • Homolytic fission
    • Produces mostly alkenes ... e.g. ethene for
    making polymers and ethanol
    • Produces Hydrogen ... used in the Haber Process
    and in margarine manufacture
    • Bonds can be broken anywhere in the molecule
    by C-C bond fission or C-H bond fission
    Catalytic Cracking

    • Slight pressure
    • High Temperature ... 450°C
    • Zeolite catalyst
    • Carbocation Mechanism
    • Heterolytic fission
    • Produces branched and cyclic alkanes, aromatic
    hydrocarbons
    • used for motor fuels
    •
    • ZEOLITES are crystalline aluminosilicates; clay like
    substances
    Catalytic Cracking
    • Large hydrocarbons are broken into smaller molecules using heat
    and a catalyst.
    • This process is known as catalytic cracking.
    • The small molecules produced are then separated by distillation.
    Catalytic Cracking
    • In the catalytic cracker long chain molecules
    are ‘cracked’. An example of such a reaction is:

    C8H18 → C6H14 + C2H4


    Activity
    • Draw out displayed formulae of a pair of products formed by
    cracking decane
    • Draw out displayed formulae of a pair of products formed by
    cracking decane
    Poly(e)thene
    • One important reaction of alkenes involves
    the joining together of alkene molecules.

    And
    1 2 3 4 5 thousands lots
    more..
    This is called addition polymerisation and is written as:
    Polypropene
    • Ethene is only one alkene. Other unsaturated molecules such
    as propene, vinyl chloride and styrene can also be
    polymerised to produce a range of plastics. E.g. propene
    PTFE
    • Tetrafluoroethane is another alkene that is
    made into an important plastic used to coat
    non-stick pans: polytetrafluoroethane or PTFE.
    Activity

    • Fill in the products that will be obtained from


    vinyl chloride
    Some uses of plastics
    Answers
    • Which of these is an alkane?
    • C6H14
    • C4H8
    • C12H24
    • C102H204
    • Which of these is a true statement about
    • alkenes?

    • They turn bromine water from colourless to


    red
    • They contain a double bond
    • The smallest alkene has 1 carbon atom
    • They have names that end in “ane.”
    • Which of these is a true statement about
    cracking?

    • it is the separation of molecules into


    fractions of different sizes.
    • it is carried out at low temperatures
    • it uses a catalyst.
    • It produces polymers
    • Which of these is a true statement about
    polymerisation?

    • it is the joining together of many small


    molecules.
    • it is the thermal decomposition of plastics
    • it is carried out using saturated molecules
    • it is a multiplication reaction
    • Which of these is an addition polymer?

    • styrene
    • ethene
    • p.v.c.
    • propane
    • How might you test to see if polystyrene still
    • contained some unsaturated monomer
    (styrene)?

    • Crush it up and burn it.


    • Crush it up and add it to bromine water
    • Crush it up and dissolve it in petrol
    • Crush it up and add hydrochloric acid

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