Lecture Two
Introduction to WRPM
Introduction to WRPM
2
Lecture Outline:
i. Water resources planning and management issues
(why plan? Why manage?)
ii. water resources planning approaches, stages, Criteria
and objectives
iii. Structural and non-structural measures in water
resources management
Learning Objectives
3
To clearly understand why we want to plan and
manage WR
To know the general approaches and stages used
in WRP
To understand the complexity and uncertainty
characteristics of WRP
i. Water resources planning and management issues
(why plan? Why manage?)
4
The world's available freshwater supply is not distributed
evenly around the globe, throughout the seasons, or from
year to year.
In some cases water is not where we want it, nor in
sufficient quantities.
In general the renewable freshwater resources are:
Finite
Scarce
Variable
Temporal
Spatial
Deteriorating in terms of quality and per capita availability
i. Water resources planning and management issues
(why plan? Why manage?)
5
Water is not distributed as we might wish.
There is often too much or too little, or
What exists is too polluted or too expensive.
There is also degradation of Aquatic ecosystems.
Other Planning and Management Issues
• Navigation
• Reservoir related issues
i. Water resources planning and management issues
(why plan? Why manage?)
6
Planning and management is required to ensure that:
there is sufficient water of adequate quality for drinking
water and sanitation services, food production, energy
generation, inland water transport, and water-based
recreational, as well as sustaining healthy water-dependent
ecosystems and protecting the aesthetic and spiritual
values of lakes, rivers, and estuaries.
water-related risks including floods, drought, and
contamination are managed.
i. Water resources planning and management issues
(why plan? Why manage?)
7
Planning is process by which society directs its activities
to achieve goals it regards as important. It is strategy for
achieving a desired set of goals;
Planning is a systematic way of investigating a problem
and an exercise in acquiring, evaluating, and analyzing
information and then making a decision;
Planning is about the future. The future is fundamentally
uncertain. Planning has to address this uncertainty. This is
addressed using scenarios.
Scenarios
In the context of WR both supply and demand are uncertain.
A scenario is simply defined as possible future.
Management responses need to be robust to various
alternative pathways (with no indication of probability of
occurrence) within the domain of possible futures.
Scenarios are fundamentally very important in WRP.
8
What are scenarios?
Stories about possible futures
Not predictions!
Hypothetical configurations of events
Plausible and possible not probable!
Credible and internally consistent
Allow us to anticipate change
9
scenarios
Why do we want to learn about the future?
We want to prevent problems
We want to prevent conflicts
We want to be prepared if something would go
wrong
We do not like uncertainty
10
11
12
but a little bit better?
Sometimes it isn’t
13
Examples of scenario variables are:
climate change,
demographic trend and change, and
economic growth.
Scenario planning helps to identify a range of dramatically
different future conditions with an unknown likelihood of
occurring.
Scenario planning is built on thorough analysis of future
possibilities, combined with the knowledge and insight of
individuals who know and understand the basin.
14
i. Water resources planning and management issues
(why plan? Why manage?)
15
Water resources planning and management is
concerned with modifying the time and space
availability of water for various purposes so as to
accomplish certain basic national, regional and
local objectives.
Objective of WRPM: to provide the supplies of
water in accordance with the temporal and spatial
distribution of demands through river regulation
and distribution systems.
It has to reflect a paradigm of uncertainty about
the future. This is usually addressed using scenarios.
i. Water resources planning and management issues
(why plan? Why manage?)
16
Water resources problems are Complex,
interconnected, and overlapping Involving water
allocations, economic development, and
environmental preservation.
Water resources problems have scientific, technical,
political (institutional), economic, and social
dimensions.
ii. Water resources planning aspects
17
The ultimate goal of WR planning and management
is to serve the public by ensuring that water of
required quantity and quality is available at the right
location and at the right time. The aim is also to
protect society from the harmful effects of water.
Thus water resources planning and management
activities needs to properly address, and if possible
answer, the following questions:
How can the renewable, yet finite water resources best be
managed and used?
How can this be accomplished in an environment of uncertain
supplies and uncertain and increasing demands?
ii. Water resources planning aspects
18
These questions have:
scientific
technical
political (institutional) and
social dimensions.
Thus Proper water resources management requires
consideration of both supply and demand.
ii. Water resources planning aspects
19
Water Resources Planning is Unique and complex
Significant impacts
High potential for conflict
Uncertainty of resources and demands
Technical and political concerns
Divergent interests
iii. Stages in Water Resources Planning
20
WR planning is a logical course of actions leading to the
selection of the best acceptable project in response to an
Identified need.
Usually the following stages are involved:
Stage 1. The project initiation stage
Stage 2. The data collection stage
Stage 3. Project configuration stage
Stage 4. Detailed planning stage
Stage 5. The design stage
iii. Stages in Water Resources Planning
21
Criteria in water resources planning and management
A number of other criteria, which are often interrelated,
come into play in planning and managing water
resources. They include:
• effectiveness,
• efficiency,
• equity and distributional effects,
• public health and nutrition,
• environmental impact,
• political and public acceptability,
• sustainability, and
• administrative feasibility.
Water resources planning and
management concerns
How can these renewable, yet finite resources best
be managed and used in efficient, equitable and
sustainable manner?
How can this be accomplished in an environment of
uncertain supplies and uncertain and increasing
demands?, and
How can conflicts among individuals having
different interests in the management of a river and
its basin is managed?
22
Economic efficiency in water use: Because of the increasing
scarcity of water and financial resources, water must be used with
maximum possible efficiency;
• Equity: The basic right for all people to have access to water of
adequate quantity and quality for the sustenance of human wellbeing
must be recognized;
• Environmental and ecological sustainability: The present use of
the resource should be managed in a way that does not undermine
the life-support system thereby compromising use by future
generations of the same resource.
23
Sustainability
24
do what is needed now, but without
compromising the needs of future
generations
sustainability = trade-off
now versus later
economy versus environmental quality
iv. System approach for WRPM
25
Water resources management involves influencing and
improving the interaction of three interdependent
subsystems:
The natural river subsystem in which the physical, chemical
and biological processes are take place.
The socio-economic subsystem, which includes the human
activities related to the use of the natural river system.
The adiminstrative and institutional subsystem in which
decisions and planning and management processes take
palce.
iv. System components of WRSPM
26
AIS
NRS SEC
27 impacts socio-
natural demands economic
system system
water
resources
management
laws,
regulations,
infrastructure management
institutional
system
Interactions among subsystems
28
iv. System approach for WRPM
29
The NRS incorporates the supply side of the system;
The streams, rivers, lakes and their embankments and
bottoms, and the ground water aquifer canals, reservoirs,
dams, weirs, sluices, wells, pumping plants and wastewater
treatment plants the water itself, including its physical,
chemical and biological components
The SES incorporates the demand side;
water-using and water-related human activities.
The management of both the supply and the
demand sides is provided by the AIS;
the system of administration, legislation and regulation,
iv. System approach for WRPM
30
NRS: Natural River System
System of rivers, lakes, groundwater aquifers,
canals, embankments, etc. and all related
human-made infrastructure
Boundaries can be defined clearly
iv. System approach for WRPM
31
SES: Socio-economic system
Water using and water related human activities
agriculture and fisheries
public and industrial water supply
navigation
recreation and nature conservation
power production (hydropower and cooling)
transport of pollutants and heat
etc.
Boundaries can not be defined clearly
iv. System approach for WRPM
32
AIS: Administrative and Institutional System
The system of administration, legislation and regulation,
including the authorities responsible for the
management of the WRS and implementation of laws
and regulation
central, regional and local
co-ordinating bodies
stakeholder organisations
Institutional Aspects
33
WRD and WRM needs an enabling environment
good national, and local policies
good legislation
good institutions
Involvement of government is crucial
water is a resources without property rights
water requires sometimes large investments
water is an easy medium to transfer external effects
Definitions
34
Policy goal: Where do we want to go ?
Strategy: How do we think to get there ?
Measures / interventions: part of a strategy
technical measures
ecological measures
managerial (operational) measures
economic (incentive) measures
institutional measures
Measures
35
Technical (structural) measures
canals, pumping stations, fish stairs, ...
Managerial measures
(daily) operation of reservoirs, gates, weirs, etc.
Economic incentives
charges, taxes, fines, subsidies, ...
Regulation (managerial) measures
permits, land-use zoning, ...
Institutional arrangements
defining tasks and responsibilities, capacity building, ...
Planning for WRM Involves
36
What has not been achieved yet and why not?
Problem statement
What do you want to achieve?
Objective
How can we measure in how far we have achieved
that objective?
Criteria/indicator
What can we do to improve the situation?
Measures
Which institutions and stakeholders are involved in
implementing these measures
Essential steps in WRPM:
37
Define the problem.
Identify the system, define its elements, and gather
relevant data.
Define the system objectives and constraints.
Generate feasible alternatives that satisfy physical,
social, political, economic and legal constraints on the
system and its management.
Evaluate the alternatives for attaining system
objectives and identify the most suitable among them.
Challenges of WRPM
38
Demand
Population growth
Competing needs (human, energy, industry,
food, environment)
Availability
Variability
Climate change
Pollution
Extreme events
Floods
Droughts
The challenge of WRPM
39
To strike a balance between the use of the resources as a basis for livelihood
and the protection and conservation of the resource to sustain its functions and
characteristics
Water resources of a river basin are interrelated
u/s and d/s users
40
Quantity and quality
GW and surface water
The different uses of water resources are interdependent
Integrated approaches in the planning and management
of projects is needed to maximize overall basin wide
benefit
Sectoral approaches to water resources management
have dominated in the past and are still prevailing. This
leads to fragmented and uncoordinated development and
management of the resource.
.
Water Resources Development and Water
resources Management
41
WRD: all we want to do and are able to do to improve
the beneficial use of water for human society;
Physical activities to improve the beneficial use of water for
different uses.
WRM: Water Resources Management
includes development
but also planning, operation, monitoring, etc
Definitions from Ethiopia water
management policy
Conventionally water resources management applies to the
management of blue water i.e. to management of surface and
groundwater.
WRD
Some WRD projects;
1. Surface storages: reservoirs, natural lakes with control
outflows
2. Channalization: canals (irrigation, navigation, drainage,
dykes, and erosion control measures
3. Diversion of water: inter-basin water transfer
4. Waste treatment
5. Ground water extraction and artificial recharge
WRD – the problem is often complex and has
multiplicity of goals and alternatives
42
Thank you!
43
