Juliana Louise N.

Bacal
BSFT 2M1

Qualitative Chemistry
Final Performance Innovative Task

UNIT VI: Acid – Base Equilibria

Acids, Bases, and Neutralization

Acids
• Acids are substances that ionize in aqueous solution to form
hydrogen ions H+.
• Salt means any ionic compound whose cation comes from a
• A hydrogen atom consists of a proton and an electron, base and whose anion comes from an acid.
therefore, H+ is simply a proton.
Four different ways neutralization occurs
• Acids are often called proton donors.
1.) Strong Acid + Strong base
Common Acids: - Both dissociate completely
- Important ions are H+ and OH-, rest are spectator ions
- HCL, Hydrochloric Acid - Water and Salt are always created
- HNO3, Nitric Acid - All strong acids and bases have identical net ionic
- H2SO4, Sulfuric Acid equation such as H+ + OH- = H2O
- CH3COOH, Acetic Acid

• HCl and HNO3 are monoprotic acids, yielding one H+ per 2.) Strong Acid + Weak base
molecule of acid. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is a diprotic acid, one - Strong acid dissociates completely
that yields two H+ per molecule of acid. - Donates a proton to the weak base
- The product is the conjugate acid of the weak base
• Acids have sour taste - Net ionic equation involves proton transfer from the
acid to the base
Bases

• Bases produce hydroxide ions (OH–) when they dissolve in 3.) Weak Acid + Strong base
water. - Strong base will accept protons from the weak acid
- Products are conjugate base pf the weak acid and
• Bases introduce OH– ions into the solution. water
• Compounds that do not contain OH– ions can also be bases.
4.) Weak Acid + Weak base
For example, ammonia (NH3) is a common base. When added
- Solution contains both cations and anions
to water, it accepts an H+ ion from a water molecule and
- pH is dependent on relative numbers each produced
thereby produces an OH–.
- Less tendency to proceed to completion

Arrhenius Theory

• Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927) defined acids

and bases as:

- An acid is a substance that, when dissolved in water,

Common Bases: increases the concentration of H+ ions.
- A base is a substance that, when dissolved in water,
- NaOH, Sodium hydroxide
increases the concentration of OH– ions.
- KOH, Potassium hydroxide
- Ca(OH)2, Calcium hydroxide Bronsted-Lowry Theory
• Bases have bitter taste • Danish chemist Johannes Brønsted (1879–1947) and the
English chemist Thomas Lowry (1874–1936) defined acids and
Neutralization
bases as:
• A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid solution and
- An acid is a substance (molecule or ion) that donates
base solution are mixed.
a proton to another substance.
• A neutralization reaction between an acid and a metal - A base is a substance that accepts a proton
hydroxide produces water and salt.
• The transfer of a proton always involves both an acid (donor) • Water has the ability to act as either a Brønsted–Lowry acid
and a base (acceptor). or a Brønsted–Lowry base.

• In other words, a substance can function as an acid only if

another substance simultaneously behaves as a base.

• To be a Brønsted–Lowry acid, a molecule or ion must have

a hydrogen atom, so it can lose as an H+ ion.

• To be a Brønsted–Lowry base, a molecule or ion must have

a nonbonding pair of electrons it can use to bind the H+ ion.

• An amphiprotic substance acts as a base when combined

with something more strongly acidic than itself and as an acid • In the presence of an acid, it acts as a proton acceptor (base)
when combined with something more strongly basic than itself
such as H2O. • In the presence of a base, it acts as a proton donor (acid)

• Bronsted acids and bases always exist as conjugate acid-base • Pure water is an extremely poor conductor of electricity
pair. They only differ by one proton.
The Ion Product of Water
Conjugate Acid-Base Pair
• The ion product constant of water is:
• In any acid–base equilibrium, both the forward reaction (to
the right) and the reverse reaction (to the left) involve proton
transfer.

• Reactions between acids and bases always yield their • Aqueous solution can be acidic, basic, or neutral if:
conjugate bases and acids.
- If a solution is neutral, [H+] = [OH-]
• Every acid has a conjugate base - If a solution is acidic, [H+] > [OH-]
- If a solution is basic, [H+] < [OH-]
• Every base has a conjugate acid
The pH Scale
• Conjugate Acids – formed by adding a proton to the base
• pH is a method of reporting hydrogen ion concentration.
• Conjugate Base – removing a proton from the acid
• Neutral pH is 7.00
Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
• Acidic pH is below 7.00
• The stronger an acid, the weaker its conjugate base, and the
stronger a base, the weaker its conjugate acid. • Basic pH is above 7.00

pH = -log[H+]

• In every acid–base reaction, equilibrium favors transfer of

the proton from the stronger acid to the stronger base to form
the weaker acid and the weaker base.

Autoionization of Water
Calculating pOH - HI, Hydroiodic acid
- HNO3, Nitric acid
• express the concentration of OH– as pOH as: - HClO3, Chloric acid
pOH = -log[OH-] - HClO4, Perchloric acid

Diprotic
- H2SO4, Sulfuric acid
• By taking the negative logarithm of both sides of the
equilibrium–constant expression for water, Kw = [H+][OH–], Strong Bases
we obtain:
• The most common soluble strong bases are the ionic
-log[H+] + (-log[OH-]) = -log Kw hydroxides of the alkali metals, such as NaOH, KOH, and the
ionic hydroxides heavier alkaline earth metals, such as
• Therefore: Sr(OH)2.
pH + pOH = 14.00 • Strong bases completely dissociate in water into the cation and
Measuring pH OH-

• A pH meter consists of a pair of electrodes connected to a • Hydroxides of the Group I and Group II metals usually are
meter capable of measuring small voltages, on the order of considered to be strong bases.
millivolts. • Common strong bases are:
• A voltage, which varies with pH, is generated when the - LiOH, Lithium hydroxide
electrodes are placed in a solution. This voltage is read by the - NaOH, Sodium hydroxide
meter, which is calibrated to give pH. - KOH, potassium hydroxide
• An acid– base indicator is a colored substance that can exist - Ca(OH)2, Calcium hydroxide
in either an acid or a base form. - Sr(OH)2, Strontium hydroxide
- Ba(OH)2, Barium hydroxide
• The two forms have different colors. Thus, the indicator has
one color at lower pH and another at higher pH such as litmus Weak acids
paper. • Weak acids. Are organic compounds composed entirely of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

• These compounds usually contain some hydrogen atoms

bonded to carbon atoms and some bonded to oxygen atoms.

• Hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon do not ionize in water

• Weak acids only partially dissociate to ions.

• Most acidic substances are weak acids and can only partially
ionized in aqueous solution.

• For weak acid, the dissociation equation is:

Strong Acids

• Strong acids and bases are strong electrolytes, existing in

aqueous solution entirely as ions.

HA + H2O -> H3O+ + A-

• For monoprotic strong acids:

• For weak acid, the acid dissociation constant is:
[H3O+] = [acid]

• Strong acids completely dissociate into their ions.

• As strong acids vecome more concentrated, they mau be

unable to fully dissociate

• Strong Acid is 100% dissociated in solution pf 1.0 M or

• Ka is the acid-dissociation constant for acid HA.
less.
• The larger the value of Ka, the stronger the acid
• Common Strong Acids are:

Monoprotic:
- HCl, Hydrochloric acid
- HBr, Hydrobromic acid
• Most weak acids Ka values range from 10–2 to 10–10 • Most cases the Ka values for successive losses of protons
differ by a factor of at least 103.

• As long as successive Ka values differ by a factor of

103 or more, it is usually possible to obtain a satisfactory
estimate of the pH of polyprotic acid solutions by treating
the acids as if they were monoprotic, considering only
Ka1.
• The pH generally depends only on first dissociation.

Percent Ionization

• Another measure of acid strength is percent ionization,

defined as:

• The stronger the acid, the greater the percent ionization.

• The concentration of acid that ionizes equals the concentration

of H+ (aq) that forms.

Weak bases
• Weak bases react with water, abstracting protons from
H2O, thereby forming the conjugate acid of the base and
OH– ions.
Using Ka to calculate pH

• Knowing the value of Ka and the initial concentration of a

weak acid, we can calculate the concentration of H+ (aq) in a
solution of the acid. • The equilibrium constant expression is:
• Steps:

1.) Write the chemical equation for the ionization

equilibrium
2.) Write the equilibrium constant expression
3.) Set up a table for ICE or Initial/Change in/Equilibrium
Concentration to determine equilibrium
concentrations as a function of change (x)
4.) Substitute equilibrium concentrations into the • The constant Kb, the base–dissociation constant, always
equilibrium constant expression and solve for x. refers to the equilibrium in which a base reacts with H2O
to form the corresponding conjugate acid and OH–
• As a general rule, if x is more than about 5% of the initial
concentration value, it is better to use the quadratic formula.

Polyprotic Acids

• Acids that have more than one ionizable H atom are known as
polyprotic acids.

• It is always easier to remove the first proton from a polyprotic

acid than to remove the second.

• the Ka values become successively smaller as successive

protons are removed.
• Lone pair is necessary to form the bond with H+ Cations
• Group I or Group II (Ca, Sr, or Ba) metal cations are
neutral
• Polyatomic cations are typically the conjugate acids of
a weak base such as NH4+
• Transition and post-transition metal cations are acidic
due to absence of H atoms.
Hydrated Cations
• Transition and post-transition metals form hydrated
cations
• The water attached to the metal is more acidic than free
water molecules, making hydrated ions acidic.

• Most commonly encountered weak bases is ammonia,

NH3.

• Types of Weak bases

Neutral substances Salt Solutions
- An atom that’s has a nonbonding pair of electrons
that can accept H+ (like ammonia and the • Group I/II metal cation with anion of a strong acid is
amines) neutral
Anions of weak acids • Group I/II metal cation with anion of a weak acid is
• Calculating Kb is similar to calculating Ka. basic (like the anion)

• Ka and Kb are related by: • Transition/Post-transition metal cation or polyatomic

cation with anion of a strong acid is acidic (like the cation)
Ka • Kb = Kw
• Transition/Post-transition metal cation or polyatomic
Acid-Base Properties of Salts cation with anion of a weak acid needs to compare Ka and
Kb for whichever is greater dictates what the salt is.
• Hydrolysis is the reaction of ions with water to create
H+ or OH- Factors that affect acid strength
• Cation can be acidic, or neutral - H—A bond must be polarized with δ+ on the H
atom and δ– on the A atom
• Anion can be acidic, basic, or neutral
- Bond strength: Weaker bonds can be broken
Anions more easily, making the acid stronger.
- Stability of A–: More stable anion means stronger
• Anions of strong acids are neutral, therefore, OH- can't acid.
be formed
Binary Acids
• Anions of weak acids are conjugate bases, therefore,
creating OH- • Binary acids consist of H and one other element

• Protonated anions from polyprotic acids can be acids or

bases
• If Ka > Kb, the anion will be acidic
• If Kb > Ka, the anion will be basic
• Bond polarity is the most important factor to determine
acid strength

Oxyacids
• Oxyacids consist of H, O, and one other element which
is a nonmetal
• As the electronegativity of the nonmetal increases, the
acidity increases for acids with the same structure.

• If an element can form more than one oxyacid, the

oxyacid with more O atoms is more acidic
• If oxidation number increases, the acidity increases

UNIT VII: Titrations

• Titration is to determine the concentration of a
particular solute in a solution.
• It involves combining a solution where the solute
concentration is not known with a reagent solution of
known concentration, called a standard solution.
Carboxylic Acids • The point at which stoichiometrically equivalent
• Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing the - quantities are brought together is known as the
COOH group equivalence point.

• Factors contributing to their acidic behavior • Titrations can be conducted using neutralization,
precipitation, or oxidation–reduction reactions.
- Other O attached to C draws electron density
from O-H bond, increasing polarity • An acid–base indicator is a dye that changes color on
- Its conjugate base (carboxylate anion) has passing the equivalence point.
resonance forms to stabilize the anion.
• The standard solution is then slowly added after putting
the acid-base indicator.
• The standard solution is added from a burette so that we
can accurately determine the added volume solution.
• Knowing the volumes of both solutions and the
concentration of the standard solution, we can calculate
the concentration of the unknown solution.

• Steps in calculating solution concentration by an acid-

base titration