UNIT 1

VERB TO BE

COMPLETE THE CHART WITH THE VERB “TO BE”.

SUBJECT PRONOUN AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION
I AM I?
He / / It IS He/ She / It?
You / We / They AREN’T ARE You / We / ?

FIGURE IT OUT
We use the verb to be:
1. To refer about people and pl .
2. To describe the we ,a , and occ .
3. To say how we fe .

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE VERB “TO BE” IN THE CORRECT FORM
A: Hello. My name Richard. What your name.
B: Tomas.
A: Where you from, Tomas?
B: I from Berlin. Where you from?
A: I from London.

A: Excuse me, you Jose Lopez?

B: Yes, I .
A: your sister Maria Lopez?
B: No, . My sister’s name Irma.
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE VERB “TO BE” IN THE CORRECT FORM

a) They in the house. They in the supermarket.

b) Your black dog in the garden.
c) The students in class because today is Sunday.
d) My neighbors very noisy.
e) She not at home in the morning.
f) The weather nice today. It warm and sunny.
g) I not rich.
h) My brother and I good tennis players.
i) I a taxi driver and my sister a nurse.
j) Catherine isn’t at home. She at work.
k) I’m not hungry, but I thirsty.

Make questions with these words.1

1. (is / at home / your mother) ?

2. (your parents / are / well) ?
3.(interesting / is / your job) ?
4. (the shops / are / open today) ?
5. (from / where / you / are) ?
6. (interested in sports / you / are) ?
7. (is / near here / the station) ?
8. (at school / are / your children) ?

PRACTICE 1
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE

1. What their names?

a. is b. are c. am not
2. their son an astronaut?
a. Is b. Are not c. Am
3. How many slang words there in English?
a. is not b. are c. am
4. These scissors kind of old.
a. isn’t b. are c. aren’t
5. Sorry, the bad news devastating.
a. are b. is c. aren’t
6. My pliers on that table.
a. isn’t b. is c. aren’t
7. What you up to?
a. are b. is c. am
8. Lindsey the new nurse, she actually a surgeon.
a. is / aren’t b. isn’t / is c. are / aren’t
9. Their child a good student.
a. is b. aren’t c. are
10. Coffee bad for your health.
a. isn’t b. aren’t c. am
PERSONAL INFORMATION
NICE TO MEET YOU
 FAMILY VOCABULARY

father padre
mother madre
brother hermano
sister hermana
father-in-law suegro
mother-in-law suegra
brother-in-law cuñado
sister-in-law cuñada
husband esposo
wife esposa
grandfather abuelo
grandmother abuela
great-grandfather bisabuelo
great-grandmother bisabuela
great-great-grandmother tatarabuela
great-great-grandfather tatarabuelo
son hijo
daughter hija
grandson nieto
granddaughter nieta
great-grandson bisnieto
great-granddaughter bisnieta
great-great-grandson tataranieto
great-great-granddaughter tataranieta
uncle tío
aunt tía
great-uncle tío abuelo
great-aunt tía abuela
cousin Primo, prima
nephew sobrino
niece sobrina
stepfather padrastro
stepmother madrastra
stepson hijastro
stepdaughter hijastra
 FALSE COGNATES
A false cognate is a Spanish word that looks or sounds similar to an English
word but has a totally different meaning. Some examples are shown below.

SPANISH ENGLISH CONFUSED SPANISH

WORD TRANSLATION WITH TRANSLATION
actual current actual verdadero
avergonzado embarrassed pregnant embarazada
ayudar to assist to attend asistir a un lugar
banco bank bench banco de plaza
biblioteca library bookshop librería
cacerola pan bread pan
ceder to compromise commitment compromiso
compasión sympathy affection simpatía
conocido familiar relative pariente
concurso contest to answer contestar
darse cuenta to realize to make realizar
éxito success event suceso
fábrica factory cloth tejido and tela
fecha date data dato
fenomenal, terrific terrifying terrorífico
genial
padres parents relatives parientes
política policy police policía
real actual current actual
salida exit success éxito
tela fabric factory fábrica
COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES
WHERE ARE YOU FROM?
 PRONOUNS

Possessive Adjectives and

Personal Pronouns
Pronouns
Reflexive
Subject Object Possessive Possessive Pronouns
form form adjectives pronouns
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its (not used) itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves

FIGURE IT OUT
Check the correct box or complete the idea.

1. Subject pronouns are used  at the beginning  in the middle  at the end of a
sentence. They represent the person or group of people who  do the action  receive the
action. They usually go  before  after the main verb.

2. Object pronouns usually go  after  before a verb or a preposition. They  receive 

do the action of the verb.

3. Possessive Adjectives go  before  after a noun. They indicate the relationship between
a person and a noun (person, thing, and so on).

4. Possessive pronouns replace  a possessive adjective + noun  verb + object

pronoun.

5. Reflexive pronouns are used to clarify who or what is being referred to. The subject and the
object are  the same  different.
PRACTICE 2
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE
1. is an important author. His books talk about important discoveries.
a. He b. Himself c. His
2. Nora and her siblings are accountants. _ office is downtown.
a. Her b. Their c. They
3. Please call the doctors, and tell that this is an emergency.
a. it b. him c. them
4. Look at those children. They are enjoying .
a. themselves b. him c. them
5. This is her book because is on that shelf.
a. my b. you c. mine
6. Could you pass the salt to ?
a. She b. her c. herself
7. He cut _ with a butter knife.
a. his b. him c. himself
8. What's this music? Do you like ?
a. they b. them c. It
9. My son lives in Cusco. house is big and old.
a. His b. He c. Mine
10. What’s occupation?
a. myself b. you c. your
11. Sharon lives in Italy now with family.
a. his b. her c. mine
12. Charles lives in Canada. I can never see .
a. He b. him c. his
 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask all kind of questions. The interrogative pronoun represents
the thing or the person that we don't know and we are asking the question about.

QUESTION FUNCTION MEANING

What General information or something
What kind Type of something
When Time
Where Location or position
Which Choice
Why Reason or explanation. Use because in the answer.
Who Person
Whom Object (as a person) in a sentence
Whose Possession
How (adjective/adverb) the way something is done

EXAMPLES
• -Where is your house?
-It is across from the police station.

• -What kind of music do you like?

-I like rock and pop music.

• -Which patient will the doctor see first?

- The little kid Jimmy.

COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN.

1. A: is his occupation? B: He is a dentist

2. A: are you calling? B: My mom.
3. A: is the drugstore? B: It’s next to the police station.
4. A: are you crying? B: Because I am sad.
5. A: old is that building? B: It is about sixty years old.
6. A: color is your favorite white or black? B: Neither of them.
7. A: is your English class? B: It’s on Mondays and Thursdays.
8. A: kind of food do you like? B: Seafood
9. A: backpack is that? B: I think it’s Maria’s.
10. A: are you holding a piece of paper? B: Because I am going to write a letter.
11. A: are you going for holidays? B: I'm going to Trujillo.
12. A: books are these? B: They’re Sharon’s.
 READING COMPREHENSION

Lucy is ten years old. She is from Bristol. Her hair is long and brown. She has a dog and a
rabbit. Their names are Spot and Fluffy. Mary’s mother is Jane. She is a teacher. She’s thirty-
six years old. Her husband is Nick. He is thirty-eight. He’s a bus driver. He has got brown hair
and blue eyes. Jane’s hair is blonde and her eyes are brown. They have three children Lucy,
Sean and Peter. Sean is six and Peter is twelve years old. Sean’s hair is blonde, Peter’s hair
is brown. Sean and Peter are big basketball fans, their favorite team is Houston Rockets.

WRITE TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F) ACCORDING TO THE TEXT.

1. Lucy has got a spider. (…..)

2. Lucy’s mother is 38 years old. (…..)
3. Nick is Sean’s father. (…..)
4. Lucy has two brothers. (…..)
5. Nick is a taxy driver. (…..)
6. Fluffy is a cat. (…..)

PREPOSITIONS
They are words that go before nouns. They can have different functions, meanings and form
prepositional phrases.
COMPLETE THE TEXT WITH THE CORRECT PREPOSITION

Mr. and Mrs. Medina live Moquegua. They are both Math teachers. the
morning they usually eat breakfast home, but they have lunch noon
school because they work from seven to three the afternoon. They started to work
2010. They usually have a winter break August, but January they
never take vacations because they help the school with the summer camp. However,
Mondays they often take a day off. They always have a busy routine, but they love teaching.

PRACTICE 3 Choose the correct preposition.

1. I usually eat breakfast my bedroom 8:00.

A) in / at B) on / in C) at / in
2. spring many people travel around the country.
A) In B) On C) At
3. Kids are now school. They usually stay there the morning.
A) in / in B) at / in C) at / on
4. The Beatles were popular the 1960s.
A) at B) on C) in
5. 2017 I graduated from college.
A) At B) In C) On
6. He lives an apartment the third floor.
A) at / in B) in / on C) on / at.
7. Halloween many children wear costumes.
A) At B) In C) On
8. Leaves fall down autumn and spring everything goes green.
A) on / on B) in / in C) at / at
9. The twin tower attack took place September 11th
A) on B) in C) at
10. I usually read night my bedroom.
A) in / onB) at / at C) at / in
11. Mum always reads us fairy tales bedtime.
A) on B) in C) at
12. I am not interested buying a new house now.
A) to B) for C) in
13. I'll be ready to leave about ten minutes.
A) in B) on C) at
 UNIT 2
PRESENT CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE Subject pronoun + + + complement.

NEGATIVE + To Be (negative) + + complement.
QUESTION + Subject pronoun + + complement ?
WRITE THESE VERBS IN THE CORRECT COLUMN.
Listen write carry rain watch order travel
Permit let need eat fix cry miss
Get wake have pray mop read brush

4. One-syllable 5. Two-syllable
1. V + ing 2. E ➔ I + ing 3. V + Y + ING CVC (double CVC (double last
last consonant) consonant) + ing
+ ing

Call - calling Dance - dancing Play – playing Stop - stopping Begin - beginning
Study – studying

PRACTICE 1
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE

1. My mother-in-law at our house this week.

a. stays b. be staying c. is staying
2. Calm down, Martha. Everybody at you.
a. are looking b. is looking c. is not look
3. I’m kind of busy right now. I the baby and _ to make lunch.
a. am feeding / am trying b. feeding / try c. am feed / am trying
4. A: What are you up to?
B: Not much, I to some music.
a. just listening b. ‘m just listening c. just am listening
5. Hurry up! we late to the concert.
a. get b. got c. are getting
6. A: Where's John? B: He's in the bathroom. He a shower.
a. is making b. is taking c. is doing
7. He the maps for the project this week.
a. is building b. is designing c. is writing
8. Why are you always ? If you are not happy with your job, just quit!
a. resigning b. complaining c. screaming
9. Jules and Jane a party next Friday because of their fifteen-birthday.
a. are doing b. are making c. are throwing
10. Is your sister _ yoga for a living?
a. making b. playing c. doing

WRITE QUESTIONS IN THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS USING THE FOLLOWING WORDS.

1. Adam / run down the street?

2. They / wait for Sam at the entrance?
4. Teresa /eat lunch with them?
5. What / Pierre / do?
6. He / send a text?
7. What / you / hold?
8. Charles and Juan / watch TV / later.

COMPLETE THE TEXT WITH THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS. USE EACH OF THE VERBS ONCE.

work listen watch write study read sit play do sing

I (1) on the computer. I (2) a story for our school

magazine. My father (3) TV and my mother (4) a
magazine. My sister (5) to her Walkman because she loves music. She (6)
but she is not a good singer! My brother (7)
very hard. He (8) at a desk and he (9) his
homework. Our dog and cat (10) in the corner.
READ THE TEXT AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

WINTER FARM SCENE

The winter sun is not very warm as it shines its weak light over the snow-covered hills and fields
of New England.
Fred White is driving his horse’s home from the field. He is thinking about the good food that
awaits him at home and the warm kitchen where his wife is preparing the evening meal.
The horses, too, are thinking about home and a warm barn, they are pulling the sled easily as
they are moving slowly over the snow-covered road.
Fred expects to be home by six o’clock. Behind the trees the hills are becoming dark as the sun
goes down. Fred is happy. Another day of work is ending.

EXERCISES
1. Underline all the sentences with the present continuous.
2. Write T (true) or F (false)
A) Fred White has been on a trip to town. (
B) The scene is one of New England. (
C) Fred hopes to get home by six o’clock. (
D) The horses are having a hard time pulling the sled. (
E) Fred is glad that another work day is finished. (
F) Fred’s wife is getting his dinner (supper) ready. (
 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

FILL IN THE BLANKS BELOW TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES. USE THE WORD
ABOVE BOX.

1. Where is _______ classroom? We can’t find it.

2. Susan, is that _______ pen on the table?
3. A: What is _______ name? B: My name is Thomas.
4. I think this is _______ book. She dropped it on the floor.
5. _______ names are Kevin and Stewart. They are my friends.
6. He forgot to write _______ name on the test!
7. A: What is your phone number?
B: _______ phone number is 555-9826.
8. Did the cat eat all of _______ food?
9. The children are crying because they can’t find _______ toys.
10. Mariam and Jennifer like _______ new teacher.
11. I really like my new home, especially _______ location.
12. This is a picture of my friend. He is _______ best friend.
13. Do you think your father likes _______birthday present?
14. We still have twenty more minutes before _______ class begins.
15. Brazil is located in South America. _______ capital city is Rio de Janeiro.
16. When did Mr. and Mrs. Smith buy _______ new television?
17. Oh no! I can’t find _______ keys! Where are they?
18. A: Where is _______ brother? B: My brother is at school.
 ADJECTIVE ORDER

1. We wanted a grey metal table.

2. They bought a new red car.
3. She went home and sat on her comfortable old wooden bed.
4. He bought a fabulous British woollen suit.
5. They have black Dutch bicycles.
6. He wants some really delicious French cheese.
7. A pretty young girl walked into the room.
8. He has a lot of interesting old books.
9. She bought a new red plastic lunchbox.
10. He is looking for a stylish black leather bag.
11. She dropped the beautiful old plate and it smashed.
12. I want an amazing green silk dress.
13. She drank hot black Italian coffee.
14. He saw an old French writing desk.
15. They stayed in a cute little cottage.
16. I visited a spooky ancient German castle.
17. He has a beautiful old silver ring.
18. We ate some round green English apples.
19. I need a comfortable computer desk.
20. They went on holiday to a beautiful small wooden cabin.
 THE ADJECTIVE

WHAT IS AN ADJECTIVE?
An adjective is a word that describes something (a noun).
An adjective gives us more information about a person or thing.

Adjectives sometimes appear after the verb To Be

The order is To Be + Adjective.
• He is tall.
• She is happy.
Adjectives usually appear before a noun.
The order is Adjective + Noun.
• Slow car
• Brown hat

❖ Sometimes you want to use more than one adjective to describe something or someone.
What happens if a hat is both brown AND old?
Do we say… an old brown hat OR a brown old hat?
An old brown hat is correct because a certain order for adjectives is expected.
A brown old hat sounds incorrect or not natural.
More examples:
• It was made of a strange green metallic material.
• It’s a long new plastic brush.
• What an amazing little old Chinese saucer!

The adjectives go before nouns and they follow a specific order.

Use the acronym OSSACOMP to help you.
 ORDER OF THE ADJECTIVES

PRACTICE 2
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE:
1. Can you lend me your laptop?
a. new red American
b. red American new
c. American new red
2. Those kids are playing soccer again.
a. mischievous eight-year-old Mexican
b. eight-year-old mischievous Mexican
c. Mexican eight-year-old mischievous
3. Unbelievable! You bought that night table.
a. round old tacky melamine
b. melamine old round tacky
c. tacky round old melamine
4. I am going to buy that bag we saw at the mall yesterday.
a. long black German sleeping
b. German sleeping black long
c. black German long sleeping
5. Have you seen my purse?
a. fancy brand-new turquoise leather
b. brand-new leather turquoise fancy
c. turquoise fancy leather brand-new
6. Fortunately, he sold his car
a. Korean yellow large hideous
b. yellow hideous Korean large
c. hideous large yellow Korean
7. My uncle wore a tie to the wedding.
a. silk blue tiny
b. tiny blue silk
c. blue silk tiny
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING THE CORRECT ORDER OR THE ADJECTIVES

1. At home there is an table in the living room.

(wooden/awful/square)
2. My sister-in law has hair.
(black/medium length/ beautiful)
3. The gallery exhibited mainly paintings.
(French/old/strange)
4. It started to rain so I opened an umbrella.
(red/enormous/polyester)
5. Have you seen my _ lampshade?
(paper/new/round/huge)
6. I saw a wolf.
(huge/horrible/Canadian/gray)
7. Carlos is wearing a shirt.
(blue/cotton /nice )
8. I have a sofa.
(big/round/ leather /Spanish /old)

VOCABULARY
Fill in the blanks with one of the adjectives in the box below. 10

jealous generous suspicious curious glorious furious perilous nervous

1. The men knew they were in great danger. It was going to be a journey.
2. Pam is not a wealthy woman, yet she always gives a contribution to charity.
3. Anna dislikes her naturally curly hair. She is of her friend Misha’s straight hair.
4. The sun is shining and there is a cool breeze. It is a day for a picnic.
5. A ball of yarn was missing from Grandma’s knitting basket. When she saw a bit of yellow
fuzz in Mr. Paw’s sleeping basket, Grandma became of her cat.
6. Tony is going to visit his dad in Virginia. It is his first plane ride alone and he’s .
7. A large envelope arrived for Deanne with no return address. She was as to who
could have sent it.
8. Yvonne worked hard on her science project. She was when she discovered that
her baby brother had ruined it.
 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST
They contrast information and are used to show an unexpected or surprising result.

PRACTICE 3
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE
1. she did a lot of research; her work wasn’t really good.
a. But b. Although c. Despite
2. being the first place at school, he didn’t study at college.
a. Although b. c. In spite of
3. It was raining cats and dogs, However the temperature was hot.
a. however b. despite c. although
4. He was an excellent student. ,his twin was lazy and failed two subjects.
a. On the other hand b. But c. In spite of
5. The landscape was absolutely breathtaking, the surroundings were dirty.
a. but b. nevertheless c. in spite of
6. being so spoiled as a child, he did a lot for his family as a grown-up.
a. But b. In spite of c. Although
7. my plan could be the solution; it was unachievable due to a short budget.
a. However b. In spite of c. Even though
8. The big dog is quite tranquil, the small dog is naughty.
a. nevertheless b. while c although
9. the fact that dogs are kind animals, some humans can be merciless with them.
a. Whereas b. Nevertheless c. In spite of
10. his bad temper, he is a generous being.
a. Despite b. Although c. On the other hand
QUANTIFIERS
 COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE
(Use a/an) (They don’t have singular or plural.)
A job / jobs Money
Getting a job is not an easy thing. We need money to invest in the project.
For plural we add “S” No plural form
Jobs Money
I have a job. Having two jobs is common. Money doesn’t make a business successful.
When counting… To count, use “a ....... of ........."
Paper=a piece of paper
A job / three jobs Glue=a bottle of glue
scissors=a pair of scissors
Music=a piece of music
PLURAL COUNT NOUNS
NON COUNT NOUNS
Use SOME (+) / ANY (-/?)
I need some money to buy supplies.
Some jobs require physical strength.
The company went bankrupt; they don’t have any
They don't have any jobs.
money to pay the employees.

PLURAL COUNT NOUNS USE NON COUNT

A FEW / MANY LITTLE / MUCH
I don’t have much energy to work.
Many businesses are risky.
Little research won’t help at all.
There are few materials for the project.
How much information do you need for the
How many factories are there in the city?
project?
Use A LOT OF and NO with plural countable Use A LOT OF and NO with uncountable nouns.
nouns.
No cell phones were admitted in the reunion. A lot of investment is done by foreign companies.
A lot of complains have been reported. No training was required for the job.
PRACTICE 2
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE.
1. have you got in the bank? Is it enough to buy a house?
a. How much money b. How many money c. How many moneys
2. He needs good contacts for the company.
a. a b. much c. some
3. Can I borrow from you?
a. many paper b. a piece of paper c. a paper
4. We have new marketing software on our computers.
a. any b. a few c. some
5. There is food in the fridge. It is nearly empty.
a. a lot of b. a few c. little
6. The firm needs new consultant.
a. much b. a c. any
7. I just have money in my bank account. I can´t buy a new car.
a. a b. little c. some
8. Unbelievable! How discounts can you get in this store?
a. much b. many c. some
9. Do you have cereal? -Sure, there's in the kitchen.
a. some/any b. any/some c. some/many
10. We need to go to the grocery store. There are potatoes left.
a. few b. a little c. many

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING DIALOGUES WITH “SOME, A AND ANY”.

Waiter: Are you ready to order?
Customer: Yes, we’d like soup, please. And have you got fish today?
Waiter: No, I’m sorry but we don’t have fish today.
Customer: Oh, that’s alright. I’ll have hamburger then.
Waiter: Would you like chips with your hamburger?
Customer: No, thanks. I don’t want chips. But, could I have salad, please?
Waiter: Yes, of course. So that’s one soup and a hamburger with salad.

Customer: Good afternoon. Can we have water, please?

Waiter: Yes, of course. Would you like to see the menu?
Customer: Yes, please. We’d also like bread and bottle of water.
Waiter: Would you like wine?
Customer: No, thank you. We don't want wine.
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT CONNECTOR OF ADDITION.

1. Many youngsters work study nowadays.

2. Stephen Hawking was a brilliant professor as as a scientist.
3. This month, enjoy a dish that is healthy and delicious.
4. being knowledgeable, our teacher is experienced in his field.
5. The architects planned the project for the new bridge. , they built a new
factory downtown.
6. the need for investment, our company needs to do more research.
7. the driver the policeman were rude at the police station.
8. the mother also the child looked puzzled when they were
found by the police.
9. Eating healthy is the first step to avoid diseases. , doing exercise at least
three times a week can do the trick.
10. Children love pasta as chocolate.
11. The refugees are short of food. , they desperately need medical assistance.
12. She has a motorbike, a car.
VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE OR GERUND
 GERUND OR INFINITIVE
EXERCISE 1

1) A lot of people are worried about _______their jobs. (lose)

2) He agreed _______ a new car. (buy)

3) The question is easy _______ (answer)

4) Not everybody can afford _______ to university. (go)

5) I look forward to _______ you at the weekend. (see)

6) Are you thinking of _______ London? (visit)

7) He apologized for _______ so late. (arrive)

8) Stop _______ noise, please; I’m studying. (make)

9) She doesn't mind _______ the night shift. (work)

10) I learned ______ the bike at the age of 5. (ride)

EXERCISE 2

1) We decided _______ a new car. (buy)

2) I regret _______ you we won’t lend you the money. (tell)

3) Peter gave up _______.(smoke)

4) He'd like _______ an aeroplane.(fly)

5) I enjoy _______ picture postcards. (write)

6) He offered _______ help with the cleaning. (help)

7) Avoid _______ silly mistakes.(make)

8) My parents wanted me _______ home at 11 o'clock. (be)

9) I dream about _______ a big house. (build)

10) He advised me _______ so much money. (not spend)

 GERUND OR INFINITIVE
EXERCISE 1
FILL THE GAPS WITH THE VERB IN BRACKETS IN THE APPROPRIATE FORM.
1 I can't stand ________________ in queues. ( to wait )
2 I wouldn't like ________________ in his shoes. ( to be )
3 Jim loves ________________ in Thailand. ( to work )
4 I hate ________________ the shopping on Saturday. ( to do )
5 Blast! I forgot ________________ milk. ( to buy )
6 In the end we decided ________________ in. ( to stay )
7 I need ________________ some information about Portugal. ( to find )
8 My parents like ________________ for long walks at the weekend. ( to go )
9 Tony gave up ________________ years ago. ( to smoke )
10 I wanted ________________ and see Troy but no one else was interested. ( to
go )
11 Mrs Leith offered ________________ us to the airport. ( to take )
12 Clare refused ________________ clean up after the party. ( to help )
13 I tried ________________ him to come but it was no use. ( to persuade )
14 Do you mind not ________________ ? ( to smoke )
15 Everybody really enjoyed ________________ the cha-cha-cha. ( to dance )
16 Lionel admitted ________________ my chocolate mousse. ( to eat )
 UNIT 3
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
USES

1. We use the present simple when something is generally or always true.

• Megan always helps me.
• It snows in winter here.
• The Earth orbits the sun.
2. We use the present simple for habits or things that we do in a regular basis.
• She regularly smokes after lunch.
• I play basketball every Saturday.
• I travel abroad very often.
3. We also use the present simple to talk about future activities that are fixed or planned.
• The train leaves at noon.
• The concert starts after the ceremony.
• School begins in March.
4. When we talk about something that is true or a fact in the present.
• My brother lives in Ottawa.
• Kids doesn’t like vegetables.
• Cats drink milk.

FIGURE IT OUT
1. When we use third person (he, she, it) in an affirmative sentence the verb changes.
 Yes  No
2. The auxiliaries (do / does / doesn’t / don’t) for the simple present tense are used in the
following sentences:
 Affirmative  Negative  Question.
3. For the third person form, when a verb ends in Y (e.g. play, study, pray, cry), Y is always
changed to I + ES
 Yes  No
4. When the auxiliaries (do / does / doesn’t / don’t) are used the form of the verb is
 Base form  Ad (S / ES)
THIRD PERSON SPELLING
For the subject pronouns He / She / It. It only happens in the AFFIRMATIVE FORM.

VERB THIRD PERSON FORM

Listen, get, read, stop,
wake, check, eat 1. Add
Play, pray
2. Add
Cry, hurry, study, try
3. Change Add
Fix, brush, watch, miss,
go, do, kiss 4. Add
Have
5. Change to

COMPLETE THE PARAGRAPHS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERBS IN PARENTHESES

Manuel and Lila Vega (1) (have) a busy lifestyle. Manuel is a doctor at a hospital. He
(2) (work) at night, so he (3) (go) to work at 7:00 p.m. and comes home at 7:00
a.m. His wife Lila works at a bank. She (4) (go) to work at 8:00 a.m. and comes home
at 6:00 p.m. They don’t see each other a lot during the week. Manuel and Lila also (5)
(have) two children, Luis and Carla. Every morning they all (6) (have) breakfast
together at 7:30. Then, Luis and Carla (7) (go) to school. Manuel (8) (do) the
dishes, and then (9) (go) to bed. Carla usually (10) (do) her homework at a
friend’s house in the afternoon, and Luis (11) (have) soccer practice.

CIRCLE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB TO COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE

1. Doctor Moffett love / loves his job. 5. I start / starts work at 8:00 a.m. every day.
2. You and Anita work / works on weekends. 6. Nurses help / helps people.
3. We write / writes science books. 7. Our office close / closes at 7:00 p.m.
4. You walk / walks to work every day. 8. He study / studies ants.
PRACTICE 1
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE
1. your sister enough patience to work with children?
a. Do / have b. Does / has c. Does / have
2. Their son in an important corporation overseas.
a. work b. works c. is works
3. Simon always good scores in his exams.
a. go b. gets c. show
4. I to study every day?
a. Do / need b. Does / need c. Am / need
5. Joseph very hard in class, but I he’ll make it.
a. try / doesn’t think b. trys/ don’t think c. tries / don’t think
6. Good news what the country
a. are / needs b. be / need c. is / needs
7. My family and I to Spain every summer.
a. flys b. flies c. fly.
8. How many books you read in a year?
a. are b. does c.do
9. She loves music and to concerts whenever she can.
a. show b. goes c. go
10. Peru laws to protect animal rights?
a. Does / need b. Do / need c. Is / needing

READING COMPREHENSION
READ AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.
This is Bertha. She’s a nurse. She’s tall and pretty. She works in a hospital. She looks after sick
people. She gets up at six o’clock in the morning. She takes a quick shower and puts on her
clothes. Then she eats breakfast at half past six. At seven o’clock, she drives her car to the
hospital. Bertha starts work at eight o’clock. She cleans some rooms in the hospital and then
she helps the doctors. At twelve o’clock, she has lunch. She goes home at five o’clock. At
home, she takes a long bath and she cooks dinner. After dinner she watches TV, and finally
at ten o’clock, she goes to bed.
1. What does Bertha do?
2. Where does she work?
3. Does she get up at seven o’clock?
4. Does she help the doctors?
5. What time does she go to bed?
 ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
Frequency Adverb
Look at the following examples:
100% always
• Maria never goes r to the gym
90% usually /normally
• Carlos is always late for work.
80% often / frequently
• Children don’t often have dinner.
50% sometimes
• Do you usually visit your parents?
30% occasionally • I go to the theatre once in a while.
10% seldom/ rarely • You should always put on sunblock.
5% hardly ever • We might never see each other again.
0% never

FIGURE IT OUT
1. Adverbs of frequency are used in the
 Simple present tense  Present continuous
2. They describe we do an activity.
 How often  How long
3. They go a main verb
 Before  After
4. They go a form of the verb TO BE
 Before  After
5. If we use an auxiliary, the adverbs are placed the auxiliary and the main verb.
 Before  After  Between
6. Every day – once a month – twice a week – once in a while – every other day
• These expressions are:
 Adverbs of frequency  Time expressions
• They go of the sentence
 At the end  At the beginning  Both
REWRITE THE SENTENCES IN THE CORRECT FORM.

1. It is said that lawyers tell usually lies.

___________________________________________________

2. People waste water always.

___________________________________________________

3. Foreigners don’t respect often traditions from other places.

___________________________________________________

4. Always children love watching cartoons.

___________________________________________________

5. Does the pope have usually a lot of tolerance to critics?

___________________________________________________

6. Dogs never are sad; they are happy most of the time.
___________________________________________________

7. Some drivers respect once in a while the traffic signs.

___________________________________________________

8. Judges are not right often in my country.

___________________________________________________

PRACTICE 2
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE.
1. The baby sleeps all day long, so he cries.
a. hardly ever b. once in a while c. sometimes
2. Mr. Gutierrez is in good mood, he is _angry.
a. always / never b. hardly ever / never c. often / sometimes
3. Flies _ around garbage.
a. are always b. usually are c. aren’t never
4. I try to go to the gym but I am lazy, so I go
a. very often. b. once in a while. c. not seldom.
5. Cell phones emit so much radiation which is harmful for our health.
a. usually b. not often c. every other day
 6. You pay attention to the instructions.
a. often should b. should always c. should be always
7. Teenagers believe they right.
a. never are b. are once a week c. are always
8. Athletes train hard and they eat healthy.
a. usually / never b. always / usually c. every day / seldom
9. Politicians for their own interest and they care about the people who vote
for them.
a. often work / seldom b. never work / seldom c. not usually work / not often
10. Celebrities extravagant clothes and they buying luxuries.
a. never / love always b. usually wear / never loves c. often wear / love

USE PRESENT SIMPLE OR PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TO COMPLETE THE CONVERSATION

Sania: Hi, I´m Sania and I (stay) in this city for two months.
Alan: Nice to meet you, Sania. I´m Alan, but my friends (call) me Al. Sania is an
unusual name. Where it from? (come)
Sania: It’s Indian. It (mean) “violet-colored flower”.
Alan: That’s pretty. What you (do), Sania?
Sania: Well, I usually (sell) computer equipment, but right now I
(work) at a flower shop. My uncle (own) it.

PRESENT SIMPLE OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS.

Harold Black is a famous musician. He (give) two or three concerts
every week. He (travel) a lot and this week he's in New York. He (stay)
at an expensive hotel. He's at his hotel now. He (have) his breakfast in his room.
He (drink) a cup of coffee and he (read) a newspaper.
Harold is always verybusy. He (play) the piano regularly.
He (practise) for three hours every day. He (go)to bed late and
he always (get up) early. But he sometimes (get) dressed too
quickly, and this morning he (wear) one blue sock and one red one!
 ANALOGIES

1. PETAL : FLOWER :: 2. PERSIAN : CAT :: 3. INTEREST: OBSESSION ::

a. recliner : chair a. alligator : crocodile a. mood : feeling
b. leaf : tree b. zebra : reptile b. weeping : sadness
c. basket : ball c. parakeet : bird c. dream : fantasy
d. material : fabric d. rat : marsupial d. plan : negation
e. avocado : guacamole e. fly : bee e. highlight : indication

4. SEARCH : FIND :: 5. FOOT: SKATEBOARD :: 6. SOUND: CACOPHONY ::

a. sleep : wake a. tire : automobile a. taste : style
b. explore : discover b. lace : shoe b. touch : massage
c. draw : paint c. ounce : scale c. smell : stench
d. think : relate d. walk : jump d. sight : panorama
e. walk : run e. pedal : bicycle e. speech : oration
 TELLING THE TIME
TO TELL THE TIME WE CAN ASK THE QUESTION
-What time is it? or What’s the time?
- Do you know what time it is?
-Could you tell me what the time is?

THERE ARE TWO FORMS TO TELL THE TIME:

1. HOUR + MINUTES
What time is it?
It’s 7:20 = It’s seven twenty

2. MINUTES + PAST / TO + HOUR

It’s twenty past seven
* Be careful when using “TO” because you will have to discount the minutes that you
have for the next hour.
E.g. it’s 7. 40 = It’s twenty to eight.
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE
WHAT TIME IS IT?
1. It’s 9:30
a. half to ten b. thirty to ten c. half past nine
2. It’s 3:15
a. three past fifteen b. a quarter past fifteen c. a quarter past three
3. It’s 12: 48
a. twelve to one b. forty-eight to one c. a quarter to one
4. It’s 5:00
a. five oh b. five o’clock c. five to five
5. It’s 8: 05
a. eight five b. five past eight c. five to eight

MATCH THE PHRASES (A-H) WITH THE TIMES (1-8)

1. …… 2.30 p.m. a. Twelve noon

2. …… 6.25 p.m. b. Half past two in the afternoon
3. …… 12.00 p.m. c. Quarter past nine in the morning
4. …… 12.30 a.m. d. Five to four in the afternoon
5. …… 7.45 p.m. e. Quarter to eight in the evening
6. …… 3.55 p.m. f. Twenty to two in the morning
7. …… 9.15 a.m. g. Twenty-five past six in the evening
8. …… 1.40 a.m. h. Half past midnight

WRITE THE TIME FOR EACH CLOCK.

1.
2.
3.
4.
UNIT 4
MODALS OF ABILITY
CAN and COULD
Use
The modal verb CAN is used to express ability.
To express ability in the past we use the modal COULD.

FORM
Affirmative
I can play the guitar very well. Subject pronoun + + verb
Negative
He can’t ride a bicycle. + can’t + verb
Questions
Can she speak German? + subject p. + + c?

LOOK AT THE PICTURE AND COMPLETE THE GAPS WITH CAN / CAN’T.
9
Marita Gomez is a secretary and she is always busy. Being a secretary means doing many tasks
at once, and also you must have some skills. For example, Marita take notes in
shorthand, she deal with several phone calls; she make coffee quickly,
but she cook, by the way she always buys her lunch. Her position at the company is
so important that she be absent for more than a week, this is why she take just a
ask for permission and she take a day off, she deserves it! Nobody at
thecompany work without Marita’s help. Companies always need secretaries
or assistants, we do without them!

PRACTICE 1
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE
1. I’m sorry we much to help you.
a. can do b. can’t do c. can to do
2. He to this place it is forbidden.
a. can enters b. can to enter c. can’t enter
3. We hear you. The music is too loud.
a. can b. can’t c. could
4. Susy but she ,she is really good at it.
a. can sing / can dance b. can’t sing / can dance c. can sings / can’t dance
5. If you have some free time, you go with us to the movies.
a. cannot b. can’t c. can
6. It's really dark in here, I see anything at all.
a. can b. can’t c. could
7. Sara only speak English. She doesn't know any other languages.
a. can b. can’t c. could
8. My grandfather run really fast when he was young. He won several medals.
a. can b. can’t c. could
9. In an exam you your cell phone.
a. can to use b. can be used c. can’t use
10. the window please, it is so stuffy in here?
a. Can you open b. Could you opened c. Can’t you opening
 VOCABULARY
FOOD IDIOMS
Idioms are expressions which have ameaning that is not literal.
As cool as a cucumber = relaxed, calmunder pressure.
A butterfingers = somebody who oftendrops things.
A piece of cake = something very easy.
Bring home the bacon = to earn money to live.
Cup of tea= something is not to your interests or tastes. Basically, you don't like it.
A bad egg= someone who is not to be trusted.
Spill the beans= reveal secret information.
A hard nut to crack= a difficult problem or person to deal with.
Big cheese= A very important and powerful person.
A couch potato= someone who just sits in front of the TV. A lazy person.

COMPLETE EACH BLANK WITH THE MOST APPROPRIATE IDIOM:

1. Rap music is not my ; I prefer rock.

2. A person who lives a sedentary lifestyle may be known as a .
3. Those boys never help, they’re all .
4. He left business school and became a in the City.
5. I'm looking for a job. I need to do something to .
6. I didn’t know you were dating her. Since when? Come on, !
7. The driver was when the police stopped him.
8. Mr. Smith is such when he’s in a bad mood.
9. Sally is so clumsy, she's really !
10. Learning English is so easy, is _!
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
 FIGURE IT OUT

1. Compare two people, places or things.

 comparative adjectives  superlative adjectives

2. In comparative adjectives, when an adjective has one syllable:

 add R / ER  add MORE

3. In comparative adjectives, when a two-syllable adjective ends in “y”:

 add more  change the “y” to I, and add ER

4. In comparative adjectives, when an adjective has two or more syllables and doesn’t end in “Y”:
 add more  add ER

5. Superlative adjectives compare MORE than two people, places or things.

 true  false

6. Superlative adjectives that have one syllable use EST as a suffix

 true  false

7. Superlative adjectives don’t always use “The”

 true  false

8. When you compare two things use “than” if the two things are mentioned
 true  false
COMPLETE THE SENTENCE WITH THE SUPERLATIVE FORM OF THE ADJECTIVE IN CAPITALS.

1. Thumbelina, a miniature brown mare won the title of .............................. living horse in July 2006,
standing at just 44.5cm high. (TINY)
2. The ................................... whale recorded was over 33m in length. (LONG)
3. A specimen of king’s holly, a plant found in the rainforest of Tasmania, is one of the
………………………. plants on Earth - over 43,000 years old. (OLD)
4. The cheetah is the ........................................ creature on Earth, capable of running at over 110kph.
(FAST)
5. The ................................... part of the ocean where a fish has been found was 8,372m down in the
Puerto Rican Trench. (DEEP)
6. The ................................... fish in the sea is the sailfish, which can travel 100kph. (SPEEDY) 7. No
prizes for guessing the world’s ......................................... fish: it is the deadly piranha fish.
(FEROCIOUS)
8. The sea wasp, which lives off the north coast of Australia, is the .........................................creature in
the sea. If it stings you, you have only between 30 seconds and 4 minutes to live. (POISONOUS)
9. The ................................... spider in the world is the goliath spider from South America, which can
be 28cm across. (LARGE)
10. The ................................... whale ever caught weighed more than 171,000kg. (HEAVY)

COMPLETE THE SENTENCE WITH THE COMPARATIVE FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES IN

CAPITALS.

1. Brazil is .......................... than Peru. (BIG)

2. The Amazon River is ....................................than The Ucayali River. (LONG)
3. The Chavin Culture was .................................... than The Mochica Culture. (OLD)
4. Ceviche, a Peruvian dish, is.................................... than Patacon. (FAMOUS)
5. An SUV (Sports utility vehicle) is ................................... than a sedan. (SPACIOUS)
6. Bugatti Veyron is much ........................................ than Rolls-Royce Sweptail. (EXPENSIVE)
7. Lions are ....................................Tigers. (FEROCIOUS)
8. Fruits such as bananas and mangoes are much ................................... than strawberries and
tangerines. (SWEET)
9. In summer time, the beach is ................................... than in winter time because of the number of
people who visit that place. (DIRTY)
10. To some extent, Apple gadgets could be ...................... than Samsung gadgets. (GOOD)
PRACTICE 2
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE
1. Maria is employee in the company.
a. efficient b. the most efficient c. more efficient
2. I play chess my husband does.
a. bad b. the worse c. worse than
3. Juan usually gets up anyone else in the house.
a. earlier than b. early c. the earliest
4. If the child doesn’t eat , he will be sick
a. slowest b. slowly than c. slower
5. I play tennis than before, now that I’m employed.
a. more often b. often c. less often
6. She did test of the class.
a. the best b. better than c. good
7. The person who finishes the practice will win the prize.
a. quick b. the quickest c. quicker
8. That boy is dancer than any other child at the party.
a. the best b. a better c. good
9. You will have to study if you want to get in university.
a. the hard b. more hard c. harder
10. Don’t go on that direction because this is street in this city.
a. the dangerousness b. more dangerous c. the most dangerous

WORD SWAP
IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES TWO WORDS HAVE BEEN SWAPPED.
IDENTIFY THESE TWOWORDS AND WRITE THEM.
1. The San Francisco disasters of 1906 were the worst natural earthquakes in US history.

2. Bats and birds fly in quite different ways, with bats generating thrust on only the up and down
stroke while birds use both the down stroke.
3. After weeks of wet and often sunny weather the holiday weekend turned warm and windy.

4. He said that the construction of the hospital demand in 2013 as there was no large hospitals in
the city and there was a began from people.
5. The air pollution levels in the city saw a sharp decline during the first two of the four previous of
lockdown compared to phases years.
6. Some spiders have an irrational fear of people, even very small ones.
7. Jack Digby married an actress and became a father and actor himself and played the model in
the film ‘Four Weddings and a Funeral’.
 THE FUTURE

FIGURE IT OUT
1. The future with be going to is used to express
 intentions  plans  predictions based on evidence
2. “BE” before the “going to” expression is always changed to AM – IS – ARE
 true  false
3. After “be going to” the verb goes in
 past form  base form
4. You can use any subject pronoun + will + verb (base form)
 false  true
5. Will is used to express
 on- the-spot decisions  predictions  promises  threats
 requests  offers
READING

EMILY: Hi Paul! What are you going to do today?

PAUL: I’m going to see my dentist at three o’clock in the
afternoon. Have you got any plans for today?
EMILY: I’m meeting John and Jane at the café. We’re
going to play Scrabble. Maybe, you might join us after your
appointment at the dentist.
PAUL: Sounds good. I think my appointment will finish at four o’clock. I’ll call you when it finishes;
then I can join you.
EMILY: Great! We’re going to talk about the math project. We’ll need your advice.
PAUL: Alright! I’ll give you very valuable information about it. Look! Andy is coming.
EMILY: Oh no! He’s going to see me! He lent me his Geography book, and I’ve lost it.
Now, he’ll probably ask me about it.
PAUL: OK. I got it.
EMILY: Bye, Paul.

WRITE T (TRUE) OR F (FALSE)

1. Paul will go to the dentist at three o’clock today.

2. Paul can meet Emily and others after his appointment.
3. Paul is leaving the dentist at four o’clock.
4. Paul doesn't know anything about a math project.
5. Emily isn’t going to see Andy.
6. John, Jane and Emily have planned to play Scrabble in the café.

VOCABULARY- ODD WORD OUT

Find out the word which is different from the rest.
1. (A) Hut (B) Shed (C) House (D) Apartment (E) Capital
2. (A) Kite (B) Rat (C) Bird (D) Dog (E) Cockroach
3. (A) Apple (B) Berry (C) Grapes (D) Potato (E) Mango
4. (A) Ink (B) Pen (C) Pencil (D) Brush (E) Quill
5. (A) Star (B) Sky (C) Cloud (D) Rain (E) Moon
6. (A) Sorrow (B) Anger (C) Weep (D) Love (E) Fear
7. (A) Jupiter (B) Earth (C) Moon (D) Mars (E) Venus
8. (A) Boat (B) Ship (C) Yacht (D) Steamer (E) Sea
9. (A) Farm (B) Court (C) Arena (D) Ground (E) Rink
10.(A) Mother (B) Brother (C) Sister (D) Wife (E) Daughterin-law
PRACTICE 1
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE

1. What this summer vacations?

a. will you do b. are you do c. are you going to do
2. me a favor please?
a. Will you do b. Can you c. Are you going to do
3. How many candidates for the elections?
a. will there be b. are there be c. will going
4. The thief told me: “Give me all your money or I you.”
a. am going cut b. cut c. will cut
5. My neighbors a big party for their birthday this weekend.
a. are going to throw b. will organize c. make
6. I think the world by the end of this year.
a. is ending b. will end c. ends
7. I promise I my best to get in college.
a. will do b. do c. doing
8. The earthquake was in Mollendo, so there a tsunami.
a. will be b. is going to be c. are
9. Don’t bother, I clean this mess.
a. am going to b. will c. am going
10. They a new car next month.
a. will buy b. going to buy c. are going to buy

CIRCLE THE CORRECT FUTURE FORM

1. Are you OK?

No. I don’t feel well. I think I (won’t/ am not going to) go to work today.
2. I made up my mind. I (will / am going to) study History.
3. I don’t understand “The difference between will and be going to”
Oh, that’s easy! I (will / am going to) give you some tips.
4. We have already bought the plane tickets. We (will / are going to) travel to Mexico this summer.
5. He told me “I (will / am going to) love you forever.”
6. What are your plans for the weekend?
I don’t know yet, but I think I (will / am going to) probably hang out with some friends.
7. I guess they (will / are going to) get divorced soon or at least this is my opinion.
8. Oh no! My pen is running out of ink. Give me a second and I (will / am going to) get a new one.
9. The president said that this year (will / is going to) be important for the economy.
10. You are by far the best candidate, so they (will / are going to) contact you as soon as possible.
 UNIT 5
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Use
To describe an action or state that was completed at a specific time in the past.

• Marie moved to Paris when she was 27.

• They had their first child in 2010.

FIGURE IT OUT
1. The simple past use the auxiliary for all the subject pronouns in
form and in form + NOT.
2. In affirmative sentences the verb goes in .
3. The verbs are divided in verbs because we add “D / ED” to change
them to past form and verbs that change completely.
4. The past tense of the verb To Be:
I / He / She / It You / We / They
5. The verb to be is also an in the past tense for negative sentences and
questions.
6. The time expressions for the past tense are:
Y L A
SPELLING RULES FOR REGULAR VERBS

1. General 2. vowel + y = 3. consonant + y = 4. silent e = 5.CVC double

rule Add ED change y ➔ I + ED Add D the last
Add ED consonant.
visit = play = marry = advise = Stop =

miss = destroy = carry = admire = Mop =

watch = employ= study = damage = Commit =

finish = cry = dance = Permit =

fix = try = injure =

buzz =

call =

listen =

need =

READ THE TEXT AND COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERBS

A FUNNY DAY

What a crazy day! Yesterday was the silliest day of my life I (wake up) early
and I (take) a quick shower, then I (have) a glass of juice for
breakfast, and I (go) straight to the bus stop. I (catch) the first
bus I (see), but I (make) a mistake, it (be)
the wrong bus, so I (get off) and I (have) to wait for another.
I (spend) two hours commuting to work. When I finally (get)
to work the doors (be) closed because it was Sunday. How terrible!
PRACTICE 1
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE

1. When the teacher the room, everybody was sleeping.

a. got into b. enter c. discovering
2. Mario at the concert because he _ at home.
a. wasn’t / was b. were / weren’t c. worked / was
3. The new president to be honest in his government.
a. promises b. promised c. promising
4. Nobody to his party and he miserable.
a. came / felt b. was / feel c. comes / was
5. Eleonor a talented singer, although she deaf on one ear.
a. had / is b. was / was c. were / were
6. My laptop last night. That’s why I my homework.
a. broke downed / did b. break down / didn’t do c. broke down / didn’t do
7. My neighbor’s dog all night long, so I
a. barked / couldn’t sleep b. barks / could not slept c. was barking / can sleep
8. The simple past tense easy to learn.
a. had b. was c. were
9. The soccer players their best to classify to the last tournament.
a. always do b. did c. never done
10. I hard for my exam, this is why I .
a. study / passing b. studied / did pass c. studied / passed

READING
Nymeria was waiting for her in the guardroom at the base of the stairs. She bounded to her feet
as soon as she caught sight of Arya, Arya grinned. The wolf pup loved her, even if no one else
did. They went everywhere together. Nymeria nipped eagerly at her
hand as Arya untied her. She had yellow eyes. When they caught the sunlight, they gleamed
like two golden coins. Arya had named her after the warrior queen of the Rhoyne, who had led
her people across the narrow sea. That had been a great scandal too. Sansa, of course, had
named her pup "Lady." Arya made a face and hugged the wolfling tight. Nymeria licked her ear,
and she giggled.
WRITE THE WORDS IN BOLD WITH THEIR MEANINGS:
1. To laugh repeatedly
2. To hold someone with your arms
3. To smile cheerfully
4. To move with jumping movements
5. To press something with teeth or nails
6. To produced or reflect a bright light
 USED TO
It describes a past state or activity that is no longer true in the present.

READ THE TEXT AND COMPLETE WITH USED TO + VERB OR THE SIMPLE PAST

THE GOOD OLD DAYS

I _ (live) in Arequipa, but I (move) to Miami ten years
ago because of my job. Arequipa (be) a quiet place without night life and
safe as well. There (not be) so much delinquency and crime. Everybody
(know) one another it (be) a safe place. Without a shadow of
a doubt, the city has changed a lot. For example, there (be) a horse race
track in Porongoche Avenue, but now it is a mall. There (be) a school on
Ejercito Avenue, but now it is a mall. Now many people live there and there is a lot of chaos and
pollution. I really miss how the city (be) ten years ago.
PRACTICE 2
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE
1. She a vegetarian.
a. used to be b. use to was c. uses to be
2. She is blonde now, but she red hair.
a. did use to had b. used to be c. used to have
3. This place lots of trees.
a. used to have b. use to has c. had had
4. Nicolay , but now he does it a lot.
a. didn’t used to smoke b. did not use to smoke c. did not smoked
5. Children cell phones, now things are different.
a. did have b. didn’t use to have c. didn’t used to have
6. Teachers strict.
a. used to be b. uses to be c. didn’t used to be
7. Malls pets inside.
a. did not use to allow b. didn’t used to allowed c. did use to allowed
8. Families together and
a. use to eat / talked b. used to ate / talk c. used to eat / talked
9. People more physical work.
a. used to do b. used to did c. uses to do
10. Parents more time to spend with their children.
a. didn’t used to have b. used to have c. did had
 PAST CONTINUOUS

Once upon a time a princess was sleeping.

While he was studying, I was checking my email.
I was writing, when my pen ran out of ink.
They were dancing at the disco last night.

FIGURE IT OUT

1. Use the Past Continuous to describe

Complete actions Actions in progress
2. Use the past continuous
To describe background information Describe an action in progress that was
interrupted Both
3. Use when you describe two actions in progress
While / When Yesterday / Last
4. The structure for the past continuous is
was / were + v(ing) verb + ed

READ THE TEXT AND COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE PAST CONTINUOUS

It is a beautiful day. It is the day of my fifteen birthday. My mother and my father are the
best parents of the world. Last night they (make) a wonderful cake for me. My
dad (talk) with my mother and siblings all night long. I think they
(plan) a party for me. I could overhear them talking while I
(do) my homework, they (coordinate) something for the
next day. I am not sure about the details or the place because my dog (bark),
so It was a little bit hard to hear. Anyway, I know they have something I will certainly enjoy today!

PRACTICE 3
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE

1. While I a shower, somebody .

a. was take / call b. was taking / called c. calling / took
2. The birds while it .
a. was singing / raining b. rain / sing c. were singing / was raining
3. He _ a poem, when there was a blackout.
a. was writing b. wrote c. written
4. The kids at school all day. They are tired now.
a. studied b. were studying c. study
5. The teenagers the wall when the police _.
a. were painted / arrive b. painted / was arriving c. were painting / arrived
6. Susan a letter all yesterday afternoon.
a. was typing b. were type c. typed
7. While my mom , my dad nothing.
a. cooked / did b. cooking / didn’t do c. was cooking / was doing
8. The teacher; who the exam, was rude and cold.
a. controlled b. controlling c. were controlling
9. Their son at the pool, when he a spider.
a. swam / saw b. were swimming / seeing c. was swimming / saw
10. Yesterday evening many people for the course.
a. were enrolling b. was enrolled c. enrolled

PAST SIMPLE OR PAST CONTINUOUS. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT
FORM.
1. He (dance) at a party when he (see) his girlfriend.
2. When they (see) the shark they (swim) in the sea.
3. Susan (arrive) while I (have) dinner.
4. He (play) football, when he (break) his leg.
5. I (wait) for my friend when the bus (arrive).
6. When I (get back) my mum (cook) dinner.
READING COMPREHENSION
READ AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
In 1519, Hernan Cortez led his army of Spanish Conquistadors into Mexico. Equipped with horses,
shining armor, and the most advanced weapons of the sixteenth century, he fought his way from
the flat coastal area into the mountainous highlands. Cortez was looking for gold, and he was sure
that Indian groups in Mexico had mined large amounts of the precious metal. First, he conquered
the groups and then seized their precious gold. His methods were very organized. Initially, Cortez
defeated the Tlascalans, and then formed an alliance with them to defeat the Aztecs, their
enemies. Because of an Aztec prophecy about the return of Quetzacoatl, a legendary god-king
who was light skinned and bearded, Cortez was believed to be a god and was received by the
Aztecs with honor. Later, this warm welcome turned to mistrust and hatred when the Spaniards
mistreated the Aztec people. Eventually, the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, fell to the Spaniards.
Cortez had Tenochtitlan razed and built Mexico City on its ruins.

1. According to the text, which one of the following did NOT cause the defeat of the Aztecs?
A) The Aztecs initially thought that Cortez was a god.
B) Cortez knew how to form alliances with the Aztecs’ enemies.
C) The Conquistadors had advanced weapons.
D) The Spanish outnumbered the Aztecs.

2. The reader can infer from the passage that the Aztecs thought Cortez was the god from their
prophecy because…
A) he was light skinned and had a beard.
B) he rode a magnificent horse.
C) he spoke a foreign language.
D) he offered friendship.

3. According to the passage, what was Cortez’s major goal in his exploits?
A) to befriend the Aztecs
B) to get married
C) to return to Spain
D) to gain wealth and power

4. Which of the following sayings should the Aztecs have heeded?

A) Seeing is believing.
B) Beware of strangers.
C) There’s no place like home.
D) A friend in need is a friend indeed.
 VOCABULARY
PHRASAL VERBS
A group of words that consists of a verb with a preposition or adverb or both, the meaning of
which is different from the meaning of its separate parts.

PHRASAL VERBS WITH LOOK

Look forward to something: to feel excited about something that is going to happen.
Look something up: to find information by looking in a book or by using a computer.
Look up to somebody: to admire and respect someone.
Look into something: to investigate or research the cause of a problem or a crime.
Look out for someone: to try to make sure that someone is treated well.
Look through somebody: pretend to not notice a person you know.
Look through something: to read something quickly.
Look down on somebody: to think that you are better than the others.
Look back on: to think about something in the past
Look after somebody: to be responsible for or take care of someone or something.

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT PHRASAL VERBS.

1. I’ve been waiting for so long I didn’t think this day would arrive. I’m really
looking_______________meeting Jane for the first time. So exciting!
2. They weren’t sure about the information so they had to look it on internet.
3. She has always looked her sister. She’s one of the best students in her
class and a great person.
4. It’s frequent to find people that look others just because they are rich.
5. I have to think carefully about this. I don’t want to be 65 and look this
moment and regret not taking the right decision.
6. My parents told me to look my younger brother because he is still too
little to come alone to the swimming pool.
7. Don’t bother reading it all in detail. Just look it and find what we need.
8. The principal promised to look the matter and find a solution.
9. Whenever he meets his ex-girlfriend, she looks straight him.
10. Don't worry about Miranda ,she can look _ herself.
 CONNECTORS OF SEQUENCE

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT CONNECTOR OF SEQUENCE.

1. , boil some water. , add the pasta.
, drain the pasta.
2. he saw the message on his cell phone, he left the house.
3. Two hours , he showed up at the meeting.
4. he painted the wall, he had already sanded the wall.
5. Cut the fabric in equal pieces. switch on the hot glue gun.
6. I told her not to talk about that topic with him. She talked to him shortly

7. Fill out the form, present it in admission.

8. hours of silence, he decided to confess the crime.
9. , clean the surface. , remove the sticker.
, paste the screen protector glass carefully.
10. you leave, make sure you have the keys with you.
 UNIT 6
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
We use the Present Perfect for actions or states in the past which have a connection with the
present, the exact time is not important.11

FORM
COMPLETE THE CHARTS WITH THE AUXILIARIES.

FORM EXAMPLE
AFFIRMATIVE She has eaten Suri once.
He / She / It They have gone on a cruise many times.
I / You / We / They
NEGATIVE He hasn’t seen that movie.
He / She / It I haven’t cheated on an exam.
I / You / We / They
QUESTION Has he ever ridden a horse?
He / She / It Have they ever been to Cancun?
I / You / We / They
READING
THE FASTEST DINOSAURS
Read the text below, and choose the best alternative to fill in the gaps.

According 1) computer models that were used to estimate the running speeds of
dinosaurs, the Tyrannosaurus Rex would have been able to outrun a footballer. The study shows
that the dinosaur could reach a top 2) of 8 metres a second, which is fractionally
faster than the average professional footballer. There has been a lot of controversy 3)
whether the Tyrannosaurus Rex was a predator or a scavenger; some believe that
its highly developed sense of smell indicates that it was a scavenger, 4) others say
that its keen eyesight shows that it was a hunter. The 5) group will appreciate the
recent study, as a hunter is more 6) to require such speed
The University of Manchester study used a powerful supercomputer to calculate the running
speeds of five meat-eating dinosaurs and used data taken 7) from dinosaur fossils,
8) than referring to previous work on modern animals. The Tyrannosaurus Rex,
9) , was not the fastest dinosaur. A small dinosaur 10) which was about
the 11) of a chicken, could run at 18 metres a second, 12) is faster than
the ostrich, the fastest two-legged animal today. It could run 100 metres in a little over six seconds
and would leave modern Olympic 13) more than a third of the track behind.

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE

1. with as to
2. fast speed swift
3. about as at
4. since while however
5. former later latter
6. likely probably possible
7. direction directed directly
8. instead rather other
9. hence since however
10. called known name
11. shape size same
12. who when which
13. athletes athletic athletics
PRACTICE 1
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE
1. Has the company their sales?
a. sold b. expanded c. broken
2. Our customer service agent our client in the accident.
a. has helped b. helped c. have helped
3. In fact, novice exporters on the Asian market recently.
a. are focusing b. focus c. have focused
4. Our human resources manager in our company for more than ten years.
a. is b. has been c. was
5. Two of the most famous brands a strategic alliance to gain more market.
a. signed b. are signing c. have signed
6. The sales reps to several countries this year in order to expand our sales.
a. were b. went c. have gone
7. The price of the company shares since February.
a. has decreased b. decreased c. is decreasing
8. Our business profitable enough.
a. have been b. has not be c. has never been
9. Our suppliers to the training session. Where are they now?
a. has not go b. went c. have not been
10. I in the morning shift, my whole life.
a. have worked b. did c. have done
 EXPRESSIONS FOR THE PRESENT PERFECT - PART I
SINCE
We use SINCE to give a reference when the action probably started, but not finished.
Since November, since last year, since I graduated
Since I was a kid, since Friday, since 9:15
They have had this business since 2000.

FOR
We use for to say the duration of an activity since the moment it started until now.
For a long time, for a couple of days, for two months, for hours, for two minutes
We have studied for two months.

COMPLETE WITH SINCE OR FOR.

1. He has worked here twenty years.
2. He hasn’t talked to him Monday.
3. I have studied Business more than four semesters.
4. I haven't made a good deal last month.
5. I have been on vacation the last three weeks.
6. My sister has been waiting noon.
7. I haven’t heard from him a couple of days.
8. Marcia hasn't had a day off 2000.
9. The firm has exported such goods a long time.
10. I have been in this office 2:00 o’clock.
 PRESENT PERFECT VS. SIMPLE PAST
USE THE VERB IN BRACKETS IN PAST SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT.

1. Maria loves seafood. She (eat) Ceviche many times.

2. John _ (live) in that cabin for a month. (He still lives there).
3. I (see) that movie yesterday.
4. I (read) the newspaper twice today
5. The dog (be) here yesterday.
6. Her son (go) to Paris when he (be) only 5.
7. you (watch) TV last night?
8. He (have) a surgery a week ago.
9. He (live) in Arequipa three years ago.
10. The car looks different. you (get) it painted?
11. I _ (not see) you at college yesterday.
12. Shakespeare (write) Hamlet.
EXPRESSIONS FOR THE PRESENT PERFECT PART II
‘Just’ means ‘a short time ago’. It is used in affirmative statements.
I’ve just called the customer.
‘Yet’ tells us that something expected to happen has not happened (Use a negative sentence)
or to ask if it has happened (we use a question) we use it at the end of a question.
They haven’t offered me a bigger compensation yet.
‘Still’ tells us that something continues and has not finished. We use it in mid position and if the
sentence is negative, it comes before the negative word.
I still haven’t been able to finish the schedule. I have tons of work!
‘Already’ expresses surprise that something has happened sooner than expected. We use it in
positive sentences and questions. We use it in mid or end position.
I’ve already checked my flight.

COMPLETE WITH ONE SUITABLE WORD

1. Carlos has certified the system. He finished ten minutes ago.
2. Have you uploaded the information ?
3. The project manager hasn’t said a word.
4. The electrician has changed the wires. Now we can use our devices.
5. The man has worked as a constructor before.
6. The factory hasn’t apologized with their employees .
7. I haven’t seen our boss.
8. She has gone to work few minutes ago.
9. They have closed the factory since 2010.
10. I have not seen the secretary .

PRACTICE 2
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE.
1. The plane has had his tank filled.
a. already b. still c. always
2. The delivery has arrived. It was five minutes ago.
a. already b. always c. just
3. Has they cleared away the debris ?
a. already b. still c. yet
4. Our company needs someone with much more expertise, but they haven’t taken on a
civil engineer.
a. yet b. still c. already
5. The mechanic hasn’t finished
a. still b. always c. yet
6. The engineers have been working hard in this project, but I haven't seen the result.
a. already b. yet c. still
7. They said they were not going to make changes, but so far they have demolished two
buildings.
a. already b. still c. just
8. The doctor hasn’t given the authorization for surgery.
a. already b. just c. still
9. The resident hasn’t arrived
a. just b. still c. yet
10. The girl has been taking his medication, but I haven't seen much progress!
a. still b. already c. just

SYNONYMS
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING A WORD FROM THE BOX BELOW.
fed up brilliant messy modern wealthy

1. Mary’s family is very rich; I know her uncle is very .

2. Look at all these new buildings, Paris is more than I expected.
3. That movie was wonderful, indeed was .
4. Ann’s bedroom is untidy, I told her yesterday that it was , but she didn’t listen.
5. –I am bored with this book. – I know, I’m really with it too.
 PAST PERFECT TENSE
It describes a past event which happened before another past event.

FORM
COMPLETE THE CHARTS WITH THE AUXILIARIES

FORM EXAMPLE
AFFIRMATIVE She had been here before
He / She / It They had already started before they arrived.
I / You / We / They
NEGATIVE He hadn’t seen that movie before.
He / She / It I hadn’t been to that restaurant.
I / You / We / They
QUESTION Had he ever driven a truck?
He / She / It
I / You / We / They

PRACTICE 3
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE
1. He was sure that he had never this type of hauler.
a. had b. operated c. had showed
2. The engineer wanted to know what in the accident.
a. has happened b. had happened c. happened
3. He from the laboratory, before the supervisor arrived.
a. went b. had come back c. came back
4. This model for heavy use.
a. had already design b. has designed c. had been designed
5. Sarah in a reunion with the builders, before the engineer arrived.
a. has been b. had been c. gone
6. His baby had never such high temperature before.
a. had b. seen c. had showed
7. What to their friend was a mystery to me.
a. has happened b. had happened c. happened
8. My aunt to another doctor to get a second opinion, before the surgery.
a. went b. had gone c. has gone
CONNECTORS OF CONCLUSION
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT CONNECTOR

1. You didn’t clean your bedroom. , you won’t go out with your friends.
2. , you will be able to work in a few weeks.
3. that we need more people for the project.
4. You will be in charge of the two companies. , you are the son of the
owner, and you know the business very well.
5. There have been several mistakes in the report and your performance hasn’t been the best
these years, in you will have to leave the company for your own sake.
6. We have been working extra hours this week, and we are not going to receive a penny for
that, so I that we need another fellow to help us.
7. We had a severe drought. , there will be water shortage in the next few
months.
8. I have to go to the bank, pay the bills, clean the house, and take the dog for a walk.
, I have lots to do today.
9. I arrive we need to raise awareness about the environment.
10. _, the meeting was about the SWOT analysis.
 APPENDIX

Base Form Past Simple Past Participle Present Meaning

Participle
awake awoke awoken - despertar
be was, were being Ser/estar
become became become becoming Llegar a ser
begin began begun beginning empezar
bite bit bitten biting morder
blow blew blown blowing soplar
break broke broken breaking romper
buy bought bought buying comprar
catch caught caught catching coger
come came come coming venir
cut cut cut cutting cortar
do did done doing hacer
dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt dreaming soñar
drive drove driven driving manejar
drink drank drunk drinking beber
eat ate eaten eating comer
fall fell fallen falling caer
feel felt felt feeling sentir
fight fought fought fighting luchar
find found found finding encontrar
fly flew flown flying volar
forget forgot forgotten forgetting olvidar
forgive forgave forgiven forgiving perdonar
freeze froze frozen freezing congelar
get got got / gotten getting conseguir
give gave given giving dar
go went gone going ir
have had had having tener
learn learned/learnt learned/learnt learning aprender
leave left left leaving salir
lend lent lent lending prestar
let let let letting permitir
make made made making hacer
put put put putting poner

read read read reading leer

ride rode ridden riding montar
ring rang rung ringing timbrar

run ran run running correr

say said said saying decir
see saw seen seeing ver
sell sold sold selling vender
send sent sent sending enviar
sing sang sung singing cantar
sit sat sat sitting sentarse
sleep slept slept sleeping dormir

speak spoke spoken speaking hablar

spend spent spent spending gastar
stand stood stood - pararse
swim swam swum swimming nadar
take took taken taking tomar
teach taught taught teaching enseñar
tell told told telling contar
think thought thought thinking pensar
wear wore worn wearing usar
win won won winning ganar
write wrote written writing escribir
 Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6
P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3
1.b 1.a 1.a 1.b 1.a 1.c 1.a 1.c 1.a 1.b 1.a 1.a 1.b 1.b 1.a 1.b
2.a 2.b 2.a 2.b 2.c 2.b 2.a 2.b 2.a 2.c 2.a 2.c 2.c 2.a 2.c 2.b
3.b 3.c 3.b 3.a 3.b 3.b 3.b 3.b 3.b 3.c 3.b 3.a 3.a 3.c 3.c 3.b
4.b 4.a 4.c 4.b 4.c 4.a 4.b 4.a 4.b 4.a 4.a 4.b 4.b 4.b 4.b 4.c
5.b 5.c 5.b 5.c 5.c 5.c 5.a 5.c 5.a 5.a 5.b 5.b 5.c 5.c 5.c 5.b
6.c 6.b 6.b 6.b 6.b 6.c 6.b 6.c 6.b 6.b 6.c 6.a 6.a 6.c 6.c 6.a
7.a 7.c 7.c 7.b 7.b 7.c 7.c 7.c 7.c 7.c 7.a 7.a 7.c 7.a 7.a 7.b
8.b 8.c 8.b 8.b 8.b 8.c 8.b 8.c 8.b 8.b 8.b 8.c 8.a 8.c 8.c 8.b
9.a 9.a 9.a 9.c 9.b 9.b 9.a 9.b 9.a 9.c 9.b 9.a 9.c 9.c 9.c
10.a 10.c 10.c 10.c 10.a 10.a 10.c 10.a 10.c 10.a 10.c 10.b 10.a 10.a 10.a
11.b 11.c
12.b 12.c
13.a

Referencias Bibliográficas

International Communication Agency, U. (1978). Rapid Reader. Washington DC: Directorate

for Educational and Cultural Affairs.
Promodou, Luke. Grammar and Vocabulary for FCE. England. 2002
Bonner, Margaret. Focus on Grammar. Longman. New York. 2000

https://www.off2class.com/past-perfect-simple-free-resources/
https://www.off2class.com/past-perfect-simple-free-resources/
http://www.gutenberg.org/
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org
http://www.myenglishpages.com/
http://www.ego4u.com/
http://www.grammarbank.com