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Unit 2 Polynomial Notes

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128 views31 pages

Unit 2 Polynomial Notes

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Marta Brun
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Ch. 3.1 - Polgnomiel Finchons A PoryNomiAL FuNcTioN Is of Ye form: hel 2 de AnL™ + Ani X +--+. + a,x + at A, where: 7 On, Ant, ete. are REAL number fhceievts (that b ual to each coe thc ( meg e 4 oiler), 2 an F oO > nr is a WHOLE number 20. 2 a,x = a,x! wh Ao = Ao* > the poly nomcal is described as being of cen, wh Qn is the ° Leaping COEFFICIENT (ie. ihe coe ici ent ot he bighest-olegree ferm feghes Tote nomiak js sal to be in STANDARD xe poly Form whom 4 is woter in descenoli oroler (haghast to lowest) of exponents, gl Gill jn the able: : POLYNOMIAL IN STANDARD poRM | Degree |lLeADniq@ COEFF | f(x) s-x% 43x84 2x -5 4 (aveenie) “po =n a)= Di - xP + He -) 3 (were) z= ye Bee? a Z (quevasnc | Te k(ays -4x +2 T(tmenny> -# YE)+ 3 O (censravr) 3 AB Why dre tach of the Pllowieg not Considered to be polgnomial fuachous 7 a) f(x) = Bx * + 22+5 * -2 is Not a whole number > O. x b) gle) = [22% 4 J3Bx+1 # FFB is Nor a Real number. : \ te) hes 2x3 \ ~ | ehG@)= 2 a 2 de B= 223 ee a d) jl) = 32-5 # jl)= 3x- Sut > wot a Whole #. atl Functone Grapes of Felgnomiak Tenehor’ - tea are ConTINVOUS wit Smoot Curves Caw be draw whout Ait tng ur puncei| 5 have no ‘Corners! pr peel 3 ee ~ see top of p. litt for tka les and Counter examples ie End Behaviour of Polynomials fla)= x" and tle) -x™ ) (« cack known as a MonoMi At ) Where wZ!l (n a whole number ) End Behaviour - gag finchen's y-value for ‘octreme ” negative aud posibee x -veluts ie a funchen'’s output as 2 —>» =O- f(x) = x f(x)+-x yo ane ie. Stat up, wd dou. ie. Start down, Ny as x30, ©, Od up Jr-w f@)= x* f(x) + -x* aS L>-O, “oa. yr ie. Sturt down, und down. ie owt “se, “? asx ~ as x 00, 47? -a0 Yrre f@)= -x? J = as 2-7 00 4? -x* y7 7 WS > ie Start up, yoo wad down < > > ie. start down, as L>-O Ud up. asz-> W, Yr-@ j7-” f(x) = x4 x WW “traces a poly now iad mow possess nore than one tem) wd behaviour ts ONLY detuned by a pelgnomiak = leading coctheient (PD ow ©) and sts daqree (ww or ool). SUMMARY i Pola nomial Erol Behawiour DEGREE cover ien Even obp Steet UP, Start Down, fosiTive wa ve. end uP. Neganve Stavt Down, Start UP, awk Down. tnd Down. Constant Velue of a Polynomiak Funebhen_ lt Ye nr" + Qn xe! tue. + a,x+ Q,X+ a, a, represents he ConsTAT value of the polgnomiad . Also, dhe represents he - intercept of the qrr* of pe pe! nomial. it. te yovalue of the fnetion win %= O. a Find tee seer of each of he Following poligne naval factions : 4) dj? oxi -bx?+ x -4 4 weit. In STANDARD form , So ay = -4, anh y= -4 [(0,-4) oes Ye 2(0)*-6(0)" #(0) -4 4-4 [=] ¥ not im STANDARD yoru! b) f= -2 (x3) Z SS Pla) = -2 (x*+bx+9)(2+3) £(0)= -2(0+3) 42) = -2 (x? + Gxt e L7Fe + 27) > -2 (27) = -5¢ fle) = -2x>- 192* -S¢x - SY de = -5¥ (-] qint (0, -s¥] L- INTERCEPTS OF A ForyNom iat PYM, ~ Om x-intercept is also Known as a RooT ew a PERO of a Anchen. found when we set =O BL Fink the reek gero(s) of each: 3) £(x)= x 2-4) (2x+1) (x+I) set f(x) - 4 =O O- x (2-4) (2x+1) (+1) = -LooL LZ 0,4, -3 =I b) Ye 3x t+ 3x* O= -3x%+ 3x? O = -3x*(x*- 1) 0 -38(e2 le) 2+ 0,0,-1, | [z= 0, #! >) Yo ere O- x (x? +1) *x7+1 20 has No [x= 0 | Solwtinn. A) #le)2 x?- 228-2 O-= (x? - 22-2 +2, O + x (x-2)- 1 (*-2) O> (2-2)(%*-') 0 = (x-2)(z+ (2-1) [z= 2, +1 Nodes : — polymomiad functirn of dares n has, at most, Nn real Zeros. ~ if n is wer , jtere Courlol be Onn roots 5 -if wn is odd, tere could be 1 tinh reots. fen Turning Points of a Polgnomial Pumehen - a poly nomad functor of cen has, at most, Aol herning points (TR) further info: - an Even vee fxn has Ow opp number of TR. - an ODD vee fem has an Even number of TPs EVEN odd. vn dee t agree odd TFS, an hn VY LY ae 5: For each of fe follow ov S 1, required info: 2 p a) d° -2x%+... b) y= 327s. End Behaviow : UP, Down ve, ve Max. Real Roots: 5 4 Min. Real Roots : | 0 Nae Tonys A c) & Min. Deyree: 4 “(ble 3 TPs) Mu Lig lici-hy of Polynemiok Roots If a determineh root is repeated rr Hmes, that root has a mult plicity of 6. Refer back +o exam ple Ua and b: a) unc root has a MULT. of 1 b) O has a mutt. of 2, yb Givew the fllowing poly mom iad furs, ford Huir roots anol each root's respective multiplicity: 2 a) YF xt, x*>-bx O= x* (x*+x~-6) O- x? (x+3)(x-2) Le 0,0, -3 2 @ oO o b) #(xe)= 2% + x4 - 223 20% 4 +! 0 =( x84 x2? 2x07 x +1) Ox xt (eer) - 2et(e1) +1 Cet) O = (+1) (xf = 224 +1) O = (xr) -1)(2-) 0 =GrNe Neda) xe -l,-1,-1, 1, | @'® ) lo. 119 ri tna Ch.3.2- Graghing Polgnomink Fametons Graphirg roots of iftrent mulhpliertes : i) Roots with a mulbplicity of ent ; - the gork will CRoss +e x-axis af Yhose roots. ii) Roots with a ims Hig lerhy of Two (or any Won nusesber) ~ the avers will Bouncé off of He z-axis at thse roots (ie. it touches, but does ned cross) iii) Roots with a mnucltip Wer ot THREE for odd # >1) ~ the graph will CRoss Yon x-axis at tose roots (however, it flattens out Hlar Yhe root le. it seams Jie it is a5 to bounce, but oloes not )). ~ Generally, aM dk. maul tig lievty has the grag Cress Hee Hanis , whereas an ever mn Hip remy has the oy gh bounce of of c ee L-OKNS TO GRAPHING A PeLyNOoMiar Function: af the STEPS O Deteemine he enc behaviour ky leaker ent (is tO 7 O7F and he olegree of heading coethre the Piaction (use he deqree fo eg timate # of Purnty points); Q@ Fiad tee ze intertepts (eel FH) y = 0 ard solve); ©) Find the y-interept (set =O md solve); ® Using the a -interecpts multplerbes, determine the feteal Shape at ¢ach root; ) Use tee 2- values’ around heltiay between z-intercepts to estmate Hee felatve maxima avd Minima (hii < and feows’) of She rer .* * nay be PRECISELY dene with Calculus 0) Draw % Smooth, contuucus Curve Connecting spe points | Graph fG)= (2+ 1) (2-4) (z+ 3) END BEHAVIOUR = f(z) = w+... -QAn is PosinvEe down wm @ - DEGREE is ODD { y n~® - most Like ) Z turning points zeints: O (x+1)(x-¥) (+3) ‘« z+ -l,¢,-3 ath wv) multiplier of ome, pt re (9+!) (0-4) (043) y= -12 (9, -12) Plot points Rua fore et Jenin: ty “xe -2 . (2-2-4) 6-243) te CN0COM ys 6 (-2,6) try X- 2 fey a~3 “< ye (241) (2-4) (243) = BN BYE) gr 2G) y- (ENC) yr ~30 yes yo ge Gk gs CH (re) END BEHAVIOUR f° air... c - Anz -t doun @ - peanee= 4 (wen) } down @ ~ most Likely, 3 arming porate L-iats: O= (2-1)? (I-a) (x-2) Be ech I 2 Two ONE & fot > (0+1)? (1-0) (0-2) y= (1)() (-2) yro2 (0,-2) Prot Points & Relative max main 2 ¥ pie / ona of Hew (0,-2) tye te S (3+1¥ (1-3)G-2) NC) A)/4) 2 28 £2 os G (4) ie 2) he, ° te iP Be Graph y sett ee) END cindate eet « ~Ane Up om» eet wh slot) § ale down a cmost likely, 4 purning points zeintss Of -x (x- 1) (z+2)° Le et iF 2, 7 -2, Te yo q7 -0(0-1)(0+2)? ye 0 (0,0) Plot Points Pelative ras [rnin : ‘« wy Zen) ye ~(9CI- (e142)? ne (Nl-2)(1) ye -2 (-1,-2) ty zet (4G -1)(4+2)° (EF iy ¥) Gf Gop yo x’ (x*+1) END “cuabrve & ate 28 4 - ae | op ~ Decree = ¢ (ems) up 8 ~ most likely, 3 hanins points z-ints. > D> x?(x7+1) x 0,0 (27+ /)=0 has ho solutions / “iat : 2 O(e 1) d Wo (9,¢) PLoT points «4 Do “Terrible Photocepied Polynomial Graphs” Equatron oF Por y Nomad FUNCTIONS 4p A poly armiel has roots of -/,-1, O, and 2 and fii): &. Wht is its equakion? f(z) -aleri)(x+!) (2) (=-2) fixj= a (211)? (2) (2-2) 5 = a (11? O) (1-2) Se Cag [Pe Gri On2) Ae Write an ey nation of a polipnein inl in lowest aegree foot represeats the Following ® qe F 1 Z~ ateveepte : wa ° —4 (ove) -2 (two) 3 I (one) {tweet = (0, -3) ie. Wun 220 ge3 f(0)>-3 f(x) -a(e+¥)(n+2Y (2-1) -—3B-a (0+4) (0+2)* (0-1) s -3= -\|ba arte | Fl) (x2) (a) (a1) 1. Given Yhe following '5i ciagram |, sletel Hag LY fh fa polyno el finer a 1 Hoe lowest Gi Yala of F@)\ + | ~ 4-4 j- Zeros of & | | 3 0 2 3 O has a multiplicity of Two fle)= a (213) Yx-2)&-3) also, up on (O) s ¢ 9 4 aa Lips Vv 20 62h) -3 = -4¥ JTL ey fle) = 28+ 2(2)'- bays 2(e)-3 > UF itt Tey f(16) = -0.7834 2 ay Jere btwn. Lb 4 17 £ (na) = Leys 5 ve mee et] Witt - (1634 109d 0) Heng "Bere" fmetin under “CALC” P 124 * (-% + ty ge, refer +o rangle 7 p. 126 (A. 3.3 - Division of Folgnomials Divisroal TERMI NOLO G9 & 3<— Quohet 2 | F< — dvdr eee - 7 it mes 2*3+12F | dinser “pee remoi noler DiseR x QUONENT + Remmmree OS = Divipewd> mn eB r pl): (x-a)(4@)) +6 Two Tyres OF “Divistond : Lig Dum? eg £-2 | bx -14x* + Iz +6 © bx” ~ NOx J ~Fx? + Ie “Fee ltx J ~3Bx+6 ~3n +6 Dd Since r= | X-1 divides wel ttn bx Gate llxeb, hus, U-2 is a factor of beste lle +e. This also means that 2-2 is a vero of this Polgnoveial because P(2z)=0. Se bx? = Nx? «Ile +b = ((x-2)(bx*-4x-3) © G2) (be? 4x 42-3) { = (x-2) [3e(22-)+1 (2x3)), - (2-2) (22-3) (3+!) \ ff a ave facts } a -L | aves : Re Z, 2 a PP sl, Dove Ba'-Ze! #1 by woe f Ide xz-2 3x?-22°+ Ox + I Oe 3x - 6x* F Dem 4a Ox fe? - Bx Sx +l $x 16 [7 3x? 2x? + [ = (2-2) (3x Yx+B)+ (Fz oR 3. 2 32 -2e"*] 3 ag + xu-d | a-2 Sythe Division : = olerived from 4b (egos) 3° 22°41 <= (x-2) using 3 ~,2)°3 -2 0 1 6 g # LONG Division! (see P 132.) NTHENCE Div. bo oot [e-ink ise 3 4 g Ih | quonenT { ROMA NER ee (x-0)327. 42 +8) +/F = By? 2x*4 | al: Divide P(x): 4x ?- 30x? - SOx +2 be x+3 e — -30 0 -SO0 2 (3) 4 ° / egg HID eb se [eto | iow be tLe - (0 Plx) = (23) Get 12x? + be 1B 8, - 0 PG) : Ga 2x74 bx’ - 18x 4 -+5 x13 GB Deke Pad» et teh Yat tind by Qx-!. KNoler Qe-1 = 2(x-#) Zz} 6 -F 4% - 449 3-2 | -s é -¥ 2 -/0 ( So, PG) = (x-$) (ex 4e ede 10) +4 é Bur, we wanted to oliviole by 2x-! so divide “the quotient by Z in order +o double Han diviser : 7 Plx)~ (2x-1)(323-2x4 42-5) +4 Pix) PO) gt eters + 5 2x-\ 2x-! % so) whew leading coefficient of diviser binemiad ic @ (where agi), divide He coeficients of “the cheat’ by & 5 otter Synthet cally dividing. je. When wHrtically dividling with a fraction (vig. ) divide dhe quohend by Yea fraction's dlewomnsclor wader. symbetic olivisien suck that . Find bb ye Qt dee of -3. -S le os Dvede 24+ Fx?-Se*- Ben +4 by * diviser is ou werk w/ LINEAR binemials = (e+!) hes a remainde k+Yr- 5 [k=-F | xy ADL c | re ol, will only x>-4 fects +o (1+2)(x-2) Divide by both iw ~2 | 1 4 -§ -36 ¥ -2 -4 35 -¥ | 7-19 z oH 2) 2 (g -% oO r 49-2 Lol Pel |e se -1| Poo) = G(s Sat) succession + wr, use LONG div.) # if diviser is unmole te be factrad He binomials, you Must uce [ers hivisioe d 135 # | -Y Ch 3.4 - The Remainder Tresrenm amol Tae Remo nclew Theron Wham davidieg @ polyrsmial by a binomial, fhe romaindsy Can be dekemined using infor maf iorm— provided o toe binomied. x) — - Sq: 2-0 PES Qi ALF gg | Fle): (xa) le) 40 © let xra | t(2)= (a-a)(gla)) +r i = 2 (g(a) te = Or Qo Thue, Ye value of Yue polynemisl af x= a ? is egual to the remainder of te pelgnewial whur it is aided 4 wna. The Remainler Theorem > If te pelynouiaf P(x) is divided by ea Ye remauder is O(a). Corellavy : If P(x) is olivided bg bx -a, the remainoler is dave 4k Vong Har Kemoincler Theorem, Pind foe remainder of each of the following Aivisions. Than, usiag jes rr NO, answer he gueshor, “Ts tHe pinemiok a preter of the polynomial 2 a) Ple)= 2xt-3x*+ 22-3 =(x-z) aed Play> 2 (2) ~ 3(2)*+ 2(2) -3 ezine s0-8 5 [| anu ote p) Qe) =2° 342-2212 4 (2x -)) [y=] Stace Y= O (+) (Mo | ace vo x cam check w/ Syetourre div, (Hough w/ € ) 2: For what value of & will the remoinde, wh 5S whe P(x)» 22-22 +x +k is dovted by x-27 P(2) = S = QP-2( 22k 5+ B-B+De te 7 [v-3 } Chee! The Facter Theevenn Ifa polynemiak P(x) is divicled oy (z-a) and r= 0, foun L£-@ iS & factrr of P(x) (ie. xa divides wenly awto fee)) 42 Ils 242 4 factor of Plc)= BxteYx?-3x* -3x-l0! x cam use long div, synthe div, wr Lemainder 9 fe ct| 3 4-3 -3 -lo —~ 6 4 2 10 | fes lj 3 2 | -S Jo} a C D(u)> Gerd) (3x? - ae . a- 5) [ ree: -L is a feet of 10 ab Is 2-1 a freter of Plx)= Bate tx? 3x2 Bx ~107 ' 3 ¢ -3 -3 -(0 P(x) = (#-") (32? +Fe 4x4!) =F Se... The Fact Theorene: Po! nemiak Plx) has 4 factr L-4 rf wd mig Pla) 22} ie. OD IE Pla)+ 0, then za isa factor ot Pls). @ lf x-a 5 * fact of F(x), ther Pl~)=0 Fl)= 2. Rational fact Theerene lf £{G)= anz™+ On rt t AX 41a Is aw polynomial function with INTEGER coeticients him bey ratienal root (20) of -(x) has fle form ima (where pis a Retr of the comstunt, Oe, andl g Sa factor of the Heading coe ficient, an.) a | The Rational Root “theorem, treretrre, may be utilized to selye pol nomial equahon’ (ie And roots_(x-iets.) of prigeneied fretions). Prssible Ratinal Zeros ij, Taetres of errstent \U factors of Heading coethcient 5: Find He zeros of ¢(z)= x Fx°4 202-12 Possible 2eros + (Teer valu for syntiche desir) petl,42,232¥,26,412) PF gree ge/ ) yet t F ( “ : HY ol -4 200-12 4 ie a rook | -3 12 -l) is 0 fae a = @z 1) factor wat) | -3 12 lo} so is 2?- Bx +12 (" G2 Find the x -intercepts whim fl) = G's (227+ 52-6 b: ig is qr aoe Prsible aivoe pe 21, 22,23,26 7 02S oy wg ng tees qe tl,t2,24 vou We, ¥ -6 -8 6 X42 is a factor YO 4-3 [o| So is Yun -3 #5 (24-)(@*9) a ) port | flare (eorXteNl2ees)-0 ee -2 8) Be =2| 4 (2 gs -6 -2 is a root r ai Chapter 3.5 - Polynomial Applications (Word Problems) Many reablife situations can be modeled by polynomial functions. Solutions to these functions may be rational, and can be solved by methods learned in this Unit. Other solutions are purely irrational, requiring the help of a graphing calculator. Any word problems that appear on the Unit Test will not require the use of a graphing calculator. Thus, while graphing calculator questions will be assigned in the homework, they are not testable, Tha! said, aay werd prot len Hace’ is fecfable, but wenlel not reqvire a mpiies cake. fo solve. Cee «3.4) Egl: A box is constructed such that the length is twice the width and thé Height is 2 cm longer than the width. The volume of the box is 350 cm’. Find the dimensions of the box. V (ox = Lwh let x= width Harr 2x2 fang th Eg2: A vitamin capsule has the shape of aright circular cylinder with hemispheres on each end. The total length of the capsule is 14 mm and its volume is 108m mm, Find the radius of the capsule. be 14-26 \/2 Weth + $e? ~ % Solve: Jo8 ~ Tr (i4-20) 4 > The? ov ef 4st r*-l8r-S4 =O : + £76)? ¢[-8) > 162 fT 3 2 idyte t Ox 20 ore EF - 108 yp, aoe, BE = -z > O = ~Se8 + Ie*~ 108 r Cannot be L0.b O- -2r*+ ¢ar*_ 32¢ a) wowld be ney. | ous (-) 2 3 mel £g3: An open rectangular box is constructed by cutting a square of length x from each corner of 2 12.cm by 15 cm rectangular piece of cardboard, then folding up the sides. What is the length of the square that must be cut from each corner if the volume of the box is 112 cm*? Note: x must be larger than 1. = 2 V> dw b A= IS -2x We12-2x [[2- (is-2x)(ir-2x)z) 2 < x? ~ Sx? + [50x Oe $x3- Sexi 4 (50x - 1/2 O- 2x7- 132+ Jox - 5b ¢| 2 -27 4 -Sb ~~ tT is a root Ge en a -— y L-4 is 0 factor 2-4 MH Le Solu: 2x*-19x4 1% =O x= 197 LOM - 08), 569 0.81 < | (reject) (5-23.69) < O (reject) hk axe Yow / ( Eg4: The production of x Tesla Model S cars produces revenue of: R(x) = 4x? + 6x and costs: 3 Ge) = Gx — Gx? — xr + 100 At what point does Tesla make a profit? (ie. within what domain is a profit produced?) Hint: Profit is gained when Revenue > Costs R(x) > C(x) \ boage > xO-Fx>-4x 4100 ho \ -L yt, 14 5? - 100 ° \ aaa gett x +lOx-! > | \ 5 <— t £ t> ~x? 4 19x74 4ox -4eo > oO | 2% uP, DowN VY iV, 14 40 HOO ~-4 60 Yoo is wo [op rath it nde = when 74 | bat (x-4) (-x? + 1S 100) = 0 4 < 20 “1 (x-#) (22-15% ~Vo0) = 0 (x-4) (4-20) (x48) = 0 [i

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