THE TURKISH LETTERS OF OGIER GHISELIN DE BUSBECQ. Imperial Amba TRANSLATED FROM THE LATIN oF 1633, EDWARD SEYMOUR FORSTER With a Foreword by Karl A. Reider OGIER GHISELIN DE BUSBECQ ‘ LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS BATON ROUGETHE FIRST LETTER Vienna, 1 Sept. 1555 (n. | __ Lpnowsep, when I parted from you, that you should al have @ full account of my journey to Constantinople ig tive | 6 promia —— sive ELS | | Lam now preparing to fulfil this promise ; nay more, | RUSHES TR | iene tae Ishall discharge the debt with interest, for to the story of my journey to Constantinople 1 intend to add that of my expedition to Amasia, a much less hackneyed and ordinary undertaking. If you find that I have met with delightful adventures, you will partake of my enjoyment; we are such old friends ‘that we share in each other’s pleasures. If, on the other hand, as must necessarily happen in a journey of such length and difficulty, any disagreeable incidents oc- curred, you must not take them to heart; they are past and over, and the greater the annoyance they caused me at the time the greater is the pleasure which Ltake in relating them. ‘You will remember my return home from attending the marriage of King Philip and Queen Mary (m) in Eng. land (where I was in attendance upon Don Pedro Lasso, Whom my most gracious master Ferdinand, King of the Romans, sent to do honour to the royal pair), and the summons which I received from Ferdinand to under- __ lake this journey. I was at Lille when his letter reached Re on 3 November, and I only delayed my journey to turn aside to Busbecq and bid farewell to my father and my friends, and then hurried through Tournai to Brussels. There I met Don Pedro himself, and he, as ‘they say, spurred on the willing horse by showing me “letter from the King, in which he commanded him to1 TURKISH LETTERS 3 lipssome information about ther customs and character and advice about theit previous poliey. Malvezzi had been for some yeas Ferdinand’ representative atthe fortable mode of transport, court of Soleiman, in fact ever since the Emperor posted to tis uncomfortable mode of SNE? Charles had, for very good reason, made the truce with ASct he season of the yeah wit A ou the Turks which was negotiated by Gerard Velduvic (n); Thue roads and short days, was MISIE ST Taco _—_for on that oocanon he had made an eight years” truce et craving, was oie a ch in the name of King Ferdinand as well. Malvezzi had ‘the night and to hurry in a ¢iTer ech were almost teen attached to Velduvic’s mission, and on his return whe. densest darkness over TOR Ferdinand had sent him back to Constantinople as his impassable. « introduced by John representative, ‘On my arsival in 1 vas introduce {[Busbecq then tells how Malvezzi had been thrown an deta, one of the Prey Couns ah those into prison by the Turks, when Ferdinand annexed presenee of Fer ihich Hin Majesty always shows Transylvania, and barbarously ill treated, and had rar of goodwill which, His Mujer oe has eventually been released and had returned to Vienna marty those of whose logalty and onesy MM He was setting out aguin for Constantinople when he ‘Gnerved a favourable opinion. He ed of was taken ill at Komorn,] the hopes which he entertained of ny ese The illness caused. by Malvez's imprisonment the importance which he attact te departure. He had broke out again with such violence that, feeling his Pervnida that his Mle to be in danger, he halted and sent a letter to OGIER DE pusanca sox immediate departure. I therefore bast mei hurried. to. Vienna vi at Te was a trying journey ; for Twas secure my took _post-hor possible speed. Vienna Jf the Privy Couns mma che eobasey and my immediate departs : given am undestaing 10 15,0 hour fail by the Ferdinand begging him to appoint some one else to Siresenative should real “his post as ambassador. Ferdinand neither entirely was ansious not t2 ; beginning of December aad be ws am net fee mai, “Pen! er ee give the Turks any excuse, BY part, for not performing the engagements which they 77 Bt he was inclined to suspect that his desire to with- wie in reliance on his promise. ‘ orion spat wa Sn hhad made in reliance OF ed—abrif period toprepare. bet acted vi Sie rahe reo sie at ost abrietPrionga joumne? © Bidshipe than to any serious illness ; yet he thought for a short journey all O° “ie short space several da att would be hardly seemly to compel one who had lay before me, Even from fay a visit, by ofc good service to himself and the State to continue Ba oe sub pad to John Maia Malet Giussion which he wished to avoid. The death of Xn wy Majesty deve mst importa Wveezi a few months later made it quite clear that rite 2 om illness was neither a pretence nor assumed to suit since I had no knowledge or Pehould meet Malvezai and obtain from, Baan ot Nelle ¢ preenc nr seed to at fair, T should meet MilI Pey tonepowwooor Ayy “soreufeur ueLesungy ay suoquIwop YSN, Suowe yey sues spew ses pe Aone jo ues aq wien SATHOH WHY amp ‘EAD sprEwor GUN! 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Ths rare hat he amassed large sums of money and filled Soleiman’s treasury. "The position of fa most unhappy one 5 Gueceeds his father, the rest are inevitably die, ‘The Turks tolerate n¢ indeed, the attivude of th ‘makes ;t impossible for them to do so, of the reigning monar shever stop demanding largesses + re refused, cries of © Long live the brother ! save the brother !” pretty clear that they intend Boltans of Turkey are thus compels hands with their brothers their reign by murder, of this fate or Roxolana wish children by sacrificing hi Sf the one or the other of them suggested to Solel the advisability of slaying his son. "The Sultan being at war with $ 7° ‘This was the only qui vere a cause of c his administration he neg! for as soon 28 one i the sons of the Turkish Sultans is of them doomed to (0 rival tothe throne 5 soldiers of the bodyguard For if a brother ch chances to remain alive, they ‘and if their requests “God ‘are heard, whereby they make it to put him on the throne: id to stain theit lod and to inaugurate ‘Whether Mustapha was afraid hed to save her owl sm, it is certain that the actio® ima 1 TURKISH LET: LETTERS Persia, Roostem hid been sent against him a8 com. manderinchef.| Ashe was approaching th 3c Persian frontier, he suddenly halted and sent a ispatch to ren he and sent a dispat fics at Si eer chery , and that the soldiers had | bated and were zou fr no one exe ve Mastin the Sultan, he added, alone possessed the ere. authority; he himself could not cope with the situ on, which required the Sultan's presen oe tige’ i he wished to eave his throne he meat ome st ce, Alarmed at this news, Soleman huss! 0 the spot and wrote summoning Mustaphs, warning im that he must cea himself ofthe crimes of which fe was suspected and now openly accused; if he could do soy no danger threatened him. Mustapha ss confronted by a df chief he entered resence of his angry and offe i eee that he had contemplated an at of treason fe chose eared ame ome Amaia, the seat of his government, he sought his father’s camp, which lay not far of Either be relied a his innocence, or else he was confident that no ld come to him in the presence of the army. - Be that as it may, he went to meet certain doom. Soleiman before he left cet re he left home had determined upon ae having first taken the ad ie of he TuSk (whois the hie religious authority among the mts 8 the Pope of Rome is among us), so that he seem to have neglected the dictates of Religion. . On cong i arrival of Mustapha in the camp there was able excitement among the soldiers. 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When this was accomplished, the attendants again saluted the guests and returned in ‘the same weer as they had come, except that those who had been last when they came were the first to withdraw, and those who were nearest to the table now brought up the rear. The other courses were ‘brought to the table in the same manner, ‘Thus in matters of small sae tment the ‘Turks like to observe due order, whereas wre neglect to do so in matters of the gravest impor- Tunce, The ambassador's suite was entertained by some Turks not far from their master’s table. ‘Peace having been, as I have said, ratified with the Persians, we'could obtain from the Turks no terms which had even the semblance ‘of justice. All that Mould. be arranged between us was a truce for six fronths, during which an answer might be sent to Vienna and a further reply brought back. Thad come to assume the functions of an ambassador in ordinary, tut, since nothing had been arranged about a peaces the Pashas were resolved that I should depart to my royal master with a letter from Soleiman ‘and bring back a reply ifthe King were pleased to send it. Lwase therefore, again introduced into the Sultan's presence: Mfwo aniple embroidered robes reaching to my ankles were thrown about me, W were as much as 1 could Coy. My attendants were also presented with site? sepes of various colours and, clad in these, accom: panied me, 1 thus proceeded in a stately processiom: Js though I were going to play the part of Agamemndh ‘or some similar hero in a tragedy, and bade farewell fo the Sultan after receiving his dispatch wrapped "21 TURKISH LETTERS 6s in cloth of gold and sealed. ‘The more distinguished of my suite were also admitted to salute the Sultan. Having afterwards paid my respects to the Pashas in Tike manner, I left Amasia with my colleagues on June the and. It is customary to offer a breakfast to ambassadors who are on the point of departing in the Divan, as they call the place where the Pashas administer justice ; but this is only done when they are friendly, and our relations had not yet been placed on a footing of peace. ‘You will probably wish me to describe the impres- sion which Soleiman made upon me. He is beginning to feel the weight of years, but his dignity of demeanour and his general physical appearance are worthy of the sruler of so vast an empire. He has always been frugal and temperate, and was so even in his youth, when he might have erred without incurring blame in the eyes _ of the Turks. Even in his earlier years he did not indulge in wine or in those unnatural vices to which _ the Turks are often addicted. Even his bitterest crities can find nothing more serious to allege against him “than his undue submission to his wife (n) and its “result in his somewhat precipitate action in putting ‘Mustapha to death, which is generally imputed to her employment of love-potions and incantations. It is __kenerally agreed that, ever since he promoted her to the rank of his lawful wife, he has possessed no con- “exbines, although there is no law to prevent his doing He is a strict guardian of his religion and its ionies, being not less desirous of upholding his ith than of extending his dominions. For his age— has almost reached his sixtieth year—he enjoys ite good health, though his bad complexion may be6 OGIER DE BUSBECQ ‘due to some hidden malady ; and indeed itis generally relieved that he has an incurable ulcer or gangrene on his leg. ‘This defect of complexion he remedies by painting his face with a coating of red powder, when he wishes departing ambassadors to take with them a strong impression of his good health ; for he fancies that it contributes to inspire greater fear in foreign potentates if they think that he is well and strong. T noticed a clear indication of this practice on the present occasion 5 for his appearance when he received the in the final audience was very different from that Awhich he presented when he gave me an interview on sy arrival. ‘We started on the return journey in the extreme ‘heat of June, which was more than I could endure, with the result that I fell into a state of fever. Tt was ecompanied by headache and catarrh, and, though ‘mild and gentle, it was continuous, and only left me when I reached Constantinople. we Persian am day as ourselves, starting along the same route ; fory gs T have already said, there is only one way in and ‘out of the city, the ruggedness of the surrounding hills preventing any easy access on the other sides. ‘This road soon divides into two, one of which leads to the east, and was taken by the Persians, the other to the west, which we followed. As we left Amasia wwe could see the Turkish camp with its closely tents extending in every direction over the wide plains. ‘do not think that I need detain you by deseribing my return journey ; for we passed through practical the same places and halted at the same spots a8 in 00 ‘way out, except that we returned more quickly, for-tetAmasia on the same _ TURKISH LETTERS or sometimes went twice as far in the day. We reached Constantinople on 24 June. T leave a imagine how trying the journey was to me sufferi from continual fever. I arrived back ina much reduced condition ; but afterwards, thanks to the rest which I could take and the warm baths, in which I indulged on the advice of my physician Quacquel- ben, I easily recovered my lost strength. He also made me take a douche of cold water on lea , b leaving she Dats though T did not enjoy i it was most While T was at Constantinople, a man reumed from the Tush canp tld me a toe “which I shall be glad to record as ilastrating how much the Asiatic peoples dislike the religion and rule of the Ouomans, He sid that Soliman, she ws , had enjoyed the hospital certain Asiatic and had spent 4 night at his Rowe. On th Sultan's departure, his host, considering his house to bave been defied and contaminated by the presence Af such a guest, pure fe with lstral water, much wmigation, and due ceremonial ritual. When thi ‘was reported to Soleiman, he ordered the man to be But to death and his house razed tothe ground. Thue ¢ man paid the penalty for his aversion of the Turk dis zeal for the Persians (n). sq Met emining about a fortnight at Constantinople ‘onder to regain my strength, I started on my journey “enna, the beginning of which may be said to have n ill omened. Just as we were leaving the city, fe were’ met by wagon-lads of boys and gils who se being brought from Hungary to be sold in Con= antinople. ‘There is no commoner kind of mer-