Daoism

A Short Bibliography

Fabrizio Pregadio
2016
 Daoism — A Short Bibliography

This bibliography is addressed in the first place to students of my

courses on Daoism. The earliest version dates from 1998. From time to
time I update it, adding new materials and omitting a few of the older
ones. The present version contains works dating to 2016. — FP

1. OVERVIEWS AND GENERAL WORKS

Books

Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 1997. Early Daoist Scriptures. Berkeley:

University of California Press.
Kaltenmark, Max. 1969. Lao Tzu and Taoism. Stanford: Stanford
University Press. Originally published as Lao tseu et le taoïsme
(Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1965).
Kirkland, Russell. 2004. Taoism: The Enduring Tradition. New York and
London: Routledge.
Kohn, Livia. 1993. The Taoist Experience: An Anthology. Albany: State
University of New York Press.
Kohn, Livia, ed. 2000. Daoism Handbook. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Kohn, Livia. 2009. Introducing Daoism. London and New York:
Routledge.
Lagerwey, John. 2010. China: A Religious State. Hong Kong: Kong
Kong University Press.
Maspero, Henri. 1981. Taoism and Chinese Religion. Translated by
Frank A. Kierman, Jr. Amherst: University of Massachusetts
Press. [Originally published as Le Taoïsme et les religions chinoises
(Paris: Gallimard, 1971).]

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Miller, James. 2003. Daoism: A Short Introduction. Oxford: Oneworld.

[Republished as Daoism: A Beginner’s Guide (Oxford: Oneworld,
2008).]
Pregadio, Fabrizio, ed. 2008. The Encyclopedia of Taoism. 2 vols.
London and New York: Routledge.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1997. Taoism: Growth of a Religion. Stanford:
Stanford University Press. Originally published as Histoire du
Taoïsme des origines au XIVe siècle (Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf,
1991).
Schipper, Kristofer. 1993. The Taoist Body. Berkeley: University of
California Press. Originally published as Le corps taoïste: Corps
physique, corps social (Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1979).
Schipper, Kristofer. 2008. La religion de la Chine: La tradition vivante.
Paris: Fayard.

Articles

Baldrian, Farzeen. 1987. “Taoism: An Overview.” In Mircea Eliade,

ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, first edition, 14: 288-306. New
York and London: Macmillan.
Barrett, T.H. 2000. “Daoism: A Historical Narrative.” In Livia Kohn,
ed., Daoism Handbook, xviii-xxvii. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 2005. “Daoism: An Overview.” In Lindsay
Jones, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, second edition, 4:
2176-92. New York and London: Macmillan.
Kirkland, Russell. 2000. “Explaining Daoism: Realities, Cultural
Constructs and Emerging Perspectives.” In Livia Kohn, ed.,
Daoism Handbook, xi-xviii. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Lagerwey, John. 2005. “Daoist Devotional Life.” In Lindsay Jones,
ed., Encyclopedia of Religion, second edition, 14: 9842-46. New
York and London: Macmillan.

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Lagerwey, John. 1987 and 2005. “The Taoist Religious Community.”

In Mircea Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, first edition,
14: 306-17; Lindsay Jones, ed., second edition, 4: 2192-202. New
York and London: Macmillan.
Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2016. Religious Daoism”. In Edward N. Zalta, ed.,
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <plato.stanford.edu/
entries/daoism-religion/>.
Schipper, Kristofer. 2000. “The Story of the Way.” In Stephen Little,
Taoism and the Arts of China, 33-55. Chicago: The Art Institute of
Chicago.
Seidel, Anna. 1997. “Taoism: The Unofficial High Religion of China.”
Taoist Resources 7.2: 39-72.

Daoist Canon (Daozang ) and Daoist Literature

Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 1986. “Taoist Literature. Part I: Through the

T’ang Dynasty.” In William H. Nienhauser, Jr., ed., The Indiana
Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 138-52. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press.
Boltz, Judith M. 1986. “Taoist Literature. Part II: Five Dynasties to
the Ming.” In William H. Nienhauser, Jr., ed., The Indiana
Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 152-74. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press.
Boltz, Judith M. 1987 and 2005. “Taoism: Taoist Literature.” In
Mircea Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, first edition, 14:
317-29; Lindsay Jones, ed., second edition, 4: 2202-12. New
York and London: Macmillan.
Boltz, Judith M. 1987. A Survey of Taoist Literature: Tenth to
Seventeenth Centuries. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies,
University of California. Repr. 1995, with corrigenda.

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Lagerwey, John. 2009. “Littérature taoïste et formation du Canon.”

In John Lagerwey, ed., Religion et société en Chine ancienne et
médiévale, 459-92. Paris, Les Éditions du Cerf / Institute Ricci.
Schipper, Kristofer, and Franciscus Verellen, eds. 2004. The Taoist
Canon: A Historical Companion to the Daozang. Chicago: Chicago
University Press.
Van der Loon, Piet. 1984. Taoist Books in the Libraries of the Sung
Period: A Critical Study and Index. London: Ithaca Press.
Wang Chengwen. 2010. “The Revelation and Classification of
Daoist Scriptures.” In John Lagerwey and Lü Pengzhi, eds., Early
Chinese Religion, Part Two: The Period of Division (220-589 AD), 2:
775-888. Leiden and Boston: E.J. Brill.

Daoism and Buddhism

Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 2004, “Daoism and Buddhism.” In Robert

E. Buswell, ed., Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 197-201. New York:
Macmillan.
Bumbacher, Stephan Peter. 2012. “Early Buddhism in China: Daoist
Reactions.” In Ann Heirman and Stephan Peter Bumbacher,
eds., The Spread of Buddhism, 203-46. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Mollier, Christine. 2008. Buddhism and Taoism Face to Face: Scripture,
Ritual, and Iconographic Exchange in Medieval China. Honolulu:
University of Hawai’i Press.
Robinet, Isabelle. 2004. “De quelques effects du bouddhisme sur la
problématique taoïste: Aspects de la confrontation du taoïsme
au bouddhisme.” In John Jagerwey, ed., Religion and Chinese
Society, 1: 411-516. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press and
Paris: École Française d’Extrême-Orient.
Sharf, Robert H. 2002. Coming to Terms with Chinese Buddhism: A
Reading of the Treasure Store Treatise. Honolulu: University of
Hawai’i Press.

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Wang Youru. 2003. Linguistic Strategies in Daoist Zhuangzi and Chan

Buddhism: The Other Way of Speaking. London: Routledge-
Curzon.
Zürcher, Erik. 1980. “Buddhist Influence on Early Taoism: A Survey
of Scriptural Evidence.” T’oung Pao 66: 84-147.

Daoist Art and Iconography

Cedzich, Ursula-Angelika. 2005. “Daoist Iconography.” In Lindsay

Jones, ed., Encyclopedia of Religion, second edition, 7: 4331-36.
New York and London: Macmillan.
Huang, Shih-shan Susan. 2012. Picturing the True Form: Daoist Visual
Culture in Traditional China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.
Little, Stephen. 2000. Taoism and the Arts of China. Chicago: The Art
Institute of Chicago.
Little, Stephen. 2000. “Daoist Art.” In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism
Handbook, 709-46. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Schipper, Kristofer. 2005. “The True Form: Reflections on the
Liturgical Basis of Taoist Art.” Sanjiao wenxian 4: 91–113.
Verellen, Franciscus. “The Dynamic Design: Ritual and
Contemplative Graphics in Daoist Scriptures.” In Benjamin
Penny, ed., Daoism in History: Essays in Honour of Liu Ts’un-yan,
159-86. London and New York: Routledge, 2006.

Daoism and Literature

Kroll, Paul. 1996. “On ‘Far Roaming.’” Journal of the American

Oriental Society 116: 653-69.
Kroll, Paul. 1999. “The Light of Heaven in Medieval Taoist Verse.”
Journal of Chinese Religions 27: 1-12.

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Kroll, Paul. 2010. “Daoist Verse and the Quest of the Divine.” In
John Lagerwey and Lü Pengzhi, eds., Early Chinese Religion, Part
Two: The Period of Division (220-589 AD), 2: 953-85. Leiden and
Boston: E.J. Brill.
Schafer, Edward H. 1985. Mirages on the Sea of Time: The Taoist Poetry
of Ts’ao T’ang. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Schipper, Kristofer. 1965. L'Empereur Wou des Han dans la legende
taoiste: Han Wou-ti nei-tchouan. Paris: École Française d’Extrême-
Orient.

Daoism and Women

See also titles listed in Section 10: “Alchemy: Nüdan (Internal

Alchemy for Women)”

Despeux, Catherine. 2000. “Women in Daoism.” In Livia Kohn, ed.,

Daoism Handbook, 384-412. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Despeux, Catherine, and Livia Kohn. 2003. Women in Daoism.
Cambridge, MA: Three Pines Press.

Daoism and Ecology

Girardot, Norman J., James Miller, and Liu Xiaogan, eds. 2001.
Daoism and Ecology: Ways within a Cosmic Landscape. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press.
Goldin, Paul R. 2005. “Why Daoism Is Not Environmentalism.”
Journal of Chinese Philosophy 32: 75-87.
Miller, James. 2005. “Ecology and Daoism.” In Lindsay Jones, ed.,
Encyclopedia of Religion, second edition, 4: 2635-38. New York
and London: Macmillan.

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Daoism Outside China

Jung, Jae-seo. 2000. “Daoism in Korea.” In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism

Handbook, 792-820. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Masuo, Shin’ichirō. 2000. “Daoism in Japan.” In Livia Kohn, ed.,
Daoism Handbook, 821-42. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Surveys of Daoist Studies

Barrett, T.H. 1987 and 2005. “Taoism: History of Study.” In Mircea

Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, first edition, 14: 329-32;
Lindsay Jones, ed., second edition, 4: 2212-16. New York and
London: Macmillan.
Ding Huang. 2000. “The Study of Daoism in China Today.” In Livia
Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 765-91. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Kohn, Livia. 2000. “Research on Daoism.” In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism
Handbook, xxvii-xxxiii. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Seidel, Anna. 1989-90. “Chronicle of Taoist Studies in the West
1950-1990.” Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie 5: 223-347.
Verellen, Franciscus. 1995. “Taoism,” in “Chinese Religions: The
State of the Field.” Journal of Asian Studies 54: 322-46.

2. EARLY DAOIST TEXTS

Laozi (Daode jing ): (1) Translations

Chen, Ellen Marie. 1989. The Tao te ching: A New Translation with
Commentary. St. Paul, MN: Paragon House.

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Henricks, Robert G. 1989. Lao-Tzu: Te-Tao Ching. A New Translation

Based on the Recently Discovered Ma-wang-tui Texts. New York:
Ballantine Books.
Henricks, Robert G. 2000. Lao Tzu’s Tao Te ching: A Translation of the
Startling New Documents Found at Guodian. New York: Columbia
University Press.
Ivanhoe, Philip J. 2002. The Daodejing of Laozi. Indianapolis: Hackett.
Izutsu, Toshihiko. 2001. Lao-tzu: The Way and Its Virtue. Tokyo: Keio
University Press.
Lau, D. C. 1982. Tao Te Ching. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University
Press.
Mair, Victor. Tao Te Ching: The Classic Book of Integrity and the Way.
New York: Bantam Books, 1990.
Waley, Arthur. 1934. The Way and Its Power: A Study of the Tao Te
Ching and Its Place in Chinese Thought. London: George Allen and
Unwin.

Laozi (Daode jing): (2) Studies

Baxter, William H. 1998. “Situating the Language of the Lao-tzu: The

Probable Date of the Tao-te-ching.” In Livia Kohn and Michael
LaFargue, eds., Lao-tzu and the Tao-te-ching, 231-53. Albany: State
University of New York Press.
Boltz, William G. 1993. “Lao tzu Tao te ching.” In Michael Loewe, ed.,
Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, 269–92. Berkeley:
Society for the Study of Early China and Institute of East Asian
Studies, University of California.
Chan, Alan K.L. 2000. “The Daode jing and Its Tradition.” In Livia
Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 1-29. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

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Chan, Alan K.L. 2014. “Laozi.” In Edward N. Zalta, ed., The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <plato.stanford.edu/archives/
spr2014/entries/laozi/>.
Csikszentmihalyi, Mark, and Philip J. Ivanhoe, eds. 1999. Religious
and Philosophical Aspects of the Laozi. Albany: State University of
New York Press.
Graham, A.C. 1989. Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in
Ancient China. La Salle, IL: Open Court. [Pp. 215-35.]
Kohn, Livia, and Michael LaFargue, eds. 1998. Lao-tzu and the Tao-te-
ching. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Kohn, Livia. 2008. “The Reception of Laozi.” In Gary D. DeAngelis
and Warren G. Frisina, eds., Teaching the Daode Jing, 131-45.
Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Roth, Harold D. 1999. “The Laozi in the Context of Early Daoist
Mystical Praxis.” In Mark Csikszentmihalyi and Philip J. Ivanhoe,
eds., Religious and Philosophical Aspects of the Laozi, 59-96.
Albany: State University of New York Press.
Schwartz, Benjamin. 1985. “The Thought of the Tao-te-ching.” In
Livia Kohn and Michael LaFargue, eds., Lao-tzu and the Tao-te-
ching, 198-210. Albany: State University of New York Press.
[Shorter version of a chapter in The World of Thought in Ancient
China, 186-254 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).]

Laozi (Daode jing): (3) Commentaries

Chan, Alan K.L. 1998. “A Tale of Two Commentaries: Ho-shang-

kung and Wang Pi on the Lao-tzu.” In Livia Kohn and Michael
LaFargue, eds., Lao-tzu and the Tao-te-ching, 89-117. Albany: State
University of New York Press.
Chan, Alan K.L. 1991. Two Visions of the Way: A Study of the Wang Pi
and Ho-shang Kung Commentaries on the Lao-tzu. Albany: State
University of New York Press.

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Lynn, Richard John. 1999. Lao Tzu. The Classic of the Way and Virtue: A
New Translation of the Tao-Te Ching of Laozi as Interpreted by
Wang Bi. New York: Columbia University Press.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1977. Les commentaires du Tao tö king jusqu’au VIIe
siècle. Paris: Collège de France, Institut des Hautes Études
Chinoises.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1998. “Later Commentaries: Textual Polysemy
and Syncretistic Interpretations.” In Livia Kohn and Michael
LaFargue, eds., Lao-tzu and the Tao-te-ching, 119-42. Albany: State
University of New York Press.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1999. “The Diverse Interpretations of the Laozi.”
In Mark Csikszentmihalyi and Philip J. Ivanhoe, eds., Religious
and Philosophical Aspects of the Laozi, 127-59. Albany: State
University of New York Press.
Wagner, Rudolf G. 2000. The Craft of a Chinese Commentator: Wang
Bi on the Laozi. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Wagner, Rudolf G. 2003. A Chinese Reading of the Daodejing: Wang
Bi’s Commentary on the Laozi with Critical Text and Translation.
Albany: State University of New York Press.

Zhuangzi : (1) Translations

Graham, A.C. 1981. Chuang-tzu: The Seven Inner Chapters and Other
Writings. London: Allen and Unwin.
Mair, Victor H. 1994. Wandering on the Way: Early Taoist Tales and
Parables of Chuang Tzu. New York: Bantam Books.
Watson, Burton. 1968. The Complete Works of Chuang-tzu. New
York: Columbia University Press.
Ziporyn, Brook A. 2009. The Essential Writings with Selections from
Traditional Commentaries. Indianapolis: Hackett.

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Zhuangzi: (2) Studies

Graham, A.C. 1969-70. “Chuang-tzu’s Essay on Seeing Things as

Equal.” History of Religions 9: 137-59.
Graham, A.C. 1989. Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in
Ancient China. La Salle, IL: Open Court. [Pp. 170-211, 306-11.]
Liu Xiaogan. 1994. Classifying the Zhuangzi Chapters. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan, Center for Chinese Studies.
Mair, Victor H. 2000. “The Zhuangzi and Its Impact.” In Livia Kohn,
ed., Daoism Handbook, 30-52. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1983. “Chuang Tzu et le taoïsme ‘religieux.’”
Journal of Chinese Religions 11: 59-105.
Roth, Harold D. 1991. “Who Compiled the Chuang-tzu?” In H.
Rosemont, ed., Chinese Texts and Philosophical Contexts, 79-128.
La Salle, IL: Open Court Press.
Roth, Harold D. 2003. A Companion to Angus C. Graham’s Chuang
Tzu. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Roth, Harold. 2014. “Zhuangzi.” In Edward N. Zalta, ed., The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <plato.stanford.edu/archives/
spr2014/entries/zhuangzi/>.

Huang-Lao and Huainan zi

Larre, Claude. 1982. Le Traité VII du Houai nan tseu: Les esprits légers
et subtils animateurs de l’essence. Taipei, Paris, Hong Kong:
Institut Ricci.
Le Blanc, Charles, and Rémi Mathieu, eds. 2003. Philosophes taoïstes:
II, Huainan zi. Paris: Gallimard.
Major, John S. 1993. Heaven and Earth in Early Han Thought: Chapters
Three, Four and Five of the Huainanzi. Albany: State University of
New York Press.

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Major, John S., Sarah A. Queen, Andrew Seth Meyer, and Harold
Roth. 2010. The Huainanzi: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of
Government in Early Han China. New York: Columbia University
Press.
Yates, Robin D. S. 1997. Five Lost Classics: Tao, Huanglao, and Yin-yang
in Han China. New York: Ballantine Books.

Other Studies on Daoist Thought

Assandri, Friederike. 2009. Beyond the Daode jing: Twofold Mystery in

Tang Daoism. Cambridge, MA: Three Pines Press.
Izutsu, Toshihiko. 1983. Sufism and Taoism: A Comparative Survey of
Key Philosophical Concepts. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
Kohn, Livia. 1991. Taoist Mystical Philosophy: The Scripture of Western
Ascension. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Kohn, Livia. 1992. Early Chinese Mysticism: Philosophy and Soteriology
in the Taoist Tradition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Michael, Thomas. 2005. The Pristine Dao: Metaphysics in Early Daoist
Discourse. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Schipper, Kristofer. 1993. The Taoist Body. Berkeley: University of
California Press. [Chapter 10: “Teaching without Words.”]

3. HISTORY OF DAOISM

General Perpsectives and Background

See also titles listed in Section 4: “Dao and Cosmos”

Espesset, Grégoire. 2009. “Latter Han Religious Mass Movements

and the Early Daoist Church.” In John Lagerwey and Marc

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Kalinowski, eds., Early Chinese Religion, Part One: Shang through

Han (1250 BC–220 AD), 2: 1061-1102. Leiden and Boston: E.J.
Brill.
Hendrischke, Barbara. 1992. “The Taoist Utopia of Great Peace.”
Oriens Extremus 35: 61-91.
Hendrischke, Barbara. 2004. “The Place of the Scripture on Great
Peace in the Formation of Taoism.” In John Jagerwey, ed.,
Religion and Chinese Society, 1: 249-78. Hong Kong: Chinese
University Press and Paris: École Française d’Extrême-Orient.
Hendrischke, Barbara. 2006. The Scripture on Great Peace: The
Taiping jing and the Beginnings of Daoism. Berkeley: University of
California Press.
Kaltenmark, Max. 1979. “The Ideology of the T’ai-p’ing ching.” In
Holmes Welch and Anna Seidel, eds., Facets of Taoism: Essays in
Chinese Religion, 19-52. New Haven and London: Yale University
Press.
Lagerwey, John. 1981. Wu-shang pi-yao: Somme taoïste du VIe siècle.
Paris: École Française d’Extrême-Orient.
Raz, Gil. 2012. The Emergence of Daoism: Creation of Tradition.
London: Routledge.
Seidel, Anna. 1983. “Imperial Treasures and Taoist Sacraments: Taoist
Roots in the Apocrypha.” In Michel Strickmann, ed., Tantric and
Taoist Studies in Honour of Rolf A. Stein, 2: 291-371. Bruxelles:
Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises.
Seidel, Anna. 1983. “Taoist Messianism.” Numen 31: 161-74.
Stein, Rolf A. 1963. “Remarques sur les mouvements du taoïsme
politico-religieux au IIe siècle ap. J.-C.” T’oung pao 50: 1–78.
Stein, Rolf A. 1979. “Religious Taoism and Popular Religion from the
Second to Seventh Centuries.” In Holmes Welch and Anna
Seidel, eds., Facets of Taoism: Essays in Chinese Religion, 53-81.
New Haven and London:Yale University Press.

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Deification of Laozi

Boltz, Judith M. 1987 and 2005. “Lao-tzu.” In Mircea Eliade, ed., The
Encyclopedia of Religion, first edition, 8: 454-59; Lindsay Jones,
ed., second edition, 5315-20. New York and London: Macmillan.
Graham, A.C. 1998. “The Origins of the Legend of Lao Tan.” In Livia
Kohn and Michael LaFargue, eds., Lao-tzu and the Tao-te-ching,
23-40. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Kohn, Livia. 1996. “Laozi: Ancient Philosopher, Master of
Immortality, and God.” In Donald S. Lopez, ed., Religions of
China in Practice, 52-63. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kohn, Livia. 1998. God of the Dao: Lord Lao in History and Myth. Ann
Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.
Kohn, Livia. 1998. “The Lao-tzu Myth.” In Livia Kohn and Michael
LaFargue, eds., Lao-tzu and the Tao-te-ching, 41-62. Albany: State
University of New York Press.
Schafer, Edward H. 1997. “The Scripture of the Opening of Heaven
by the Most High Lord Lao.” Taoist Resources 7.2: 1-20.
Seidel, Anna. 1969. La divinisation de Lao tseu dans le Taoïsme des
Han. Paris: École Française d’Extrême-Orient.
Seidel, Anna. 1969-70. “The Image of the Perfect Ruler in Early
Taoist Messianism: Lao-tzu and Li Hung.” History of Religions 9:
216-47.

Tianshi dao (Way of the Celestial Masters)

Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 1997. “The Xiang’er Commentary to the

Laozi.” In Early Daoist Scriptures, 29-148. Berkeley: University of
California Press.
Hendrischke, Barbara. 2000. “Early Daoist Movements.” In Livia
Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 134-64. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

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Kleeman, Terry. 2016. Celestial Masters: History and Ritual in Early

Daoist Communities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia
Center.
Kobayashi, Masayoshi 1995. “The Establishment of the Taoist
Religion (Tao-chiao) and Its Structure.” Acta Asiatica 68: 19-36.
Kohn, Livia. 2000. “The Northern Celestial Masters.” In Livia Kohn,
ed., Daoism Handbook, 283-308. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Mather, Richard B. 1979. “K’ou Ch’ien-chih and the Taoist
Theocracy at the Northern Wei Court, 425-451.” In Holmes
Welch and Anna Seidel, eds., Facets of Taoism: Essays in Chinese
Religion, 103-22. New Haven and London:Yale University Press.
Nickerson, Peter S. 2000. “The Southern Celestial Masters.” In
Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 256-82. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Puett, Michael. 2004. “Forming Spirits for the Way: The Cosmology
of the Xiang’er commentary to the Laozi.” Journal of Chinese
Religions 32: 1-27.

The “Southern Tradition”

Andersen, Poul. 1994. “Talking to the Gods: Visionary Divination in

Early Taoism (The Sanhuang Tradition).” Taoist Resources 5.1:
1-24.
Campany, Robert F. 2002. To Live as Long as Heaven and Earth: A
Translation and Study of Ge Hong’s Traditions of Divine
Transcendents. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Ware, James. 1966. Alchemy, Medicine and Religion in the China of A.D.
320: The Nei P’ien of Ko Hung (Pao-p’u tzu). Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.

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Shangqing (Highest Clarity)

Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 1997. “The Upper Scripture of Purple

Texts Inscribed by the Spirits.” In Early Daoist Scriptures,
275-372. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Miller, James. 2008. The Way of Highest Clarity: Nature, Vision and
Revelation in Medieval China. Dunedin, FL: Three Pines Press.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1984. La révélation du Shangqing dans l’histoire du
taoïsme. 2 vols. Paris: École Française d’Extrême-Orient.
Robinet, Isabelle. 2000. “Shangqing: Highest Clarity.” In Livia Kohn,
ed., Daoism Handbook: 196-224. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Strickmann, Michel. 1977. “The Mao shan Revelations: Taoism and
the Aristocracy.” T’oung Pao 63: 1-64.
Strickmann, Michel. 1979. “On the Alchemy of T’ao Hung-ching.” In
Holmes Welch and Anna Seidel, eds., Facets of Taoism: Essays in
Chinese Religion, 123-92. New Haven and London: Yale
University Press.
Strickmann, Michel. 1981. Le Taoïsme du Mao Chan: Chronique d’une
révélation. Paris: Collège de France, Institut des Hautes Études
Chinoises.

Lingbao (Numinous Treasure)

Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 1983. “Sources of the Ling-pao Scriptures.”

In Michel Strickmann, ed., Tantric and Taoist Studies in Honour of
Rolf A. Stein, 2: 434-86. Bruxelles: Institut Belge des Hautes
Études Chinoises..
Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 1997. “The Wondrous Scripture of the
Upper Chapters on Limitless Salvation.” In Early Daoist
Scriptures, 373-438. Berkeley: University of California Press.

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 Daoism — A Short Bibliography

Kaltenmark, Max. 1960. “Ling-pao : Note sur un terme du

taoïsme religieux.” Mélanges publiés par l’Institut des Hautes
Études Chinoises, Collège de France 2: 559-88. Paris: Institut des
Hautes Études Chinoises, Collège de France.
Lagerwey, John. 2004. “Deux écrits taoïstes anciens.” Cahiers
d’Extrême-Asie 14: 139-171.
Lü, Pengzhi, and Patrick Sigwalt. 2005. “Les textes du Lingbao
ancien dans l’histoire du taoïsme.” T’oung Pao 91: 183-209.
Nickerson, Peter S. 1996. “Abridged Codes of Master Lu for the
Daoist Community.” In Donald S. Lopez, ed., Religions of China
in Practice, 347-59. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Yamada Toshiaki. 2000. “The Lingbao School.” In Livia Kohn, ed.,
Daoism Handbook, 225-55. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Tang and Five Dynasties

Barrett, Timothy H. 1994. “The Emergence of the Taoist Papacy in

the T'ang Dynasty.” Asia Major, Third series, 7: 89-106.
Barrett, T.H. 1996. Taoism under the T’ang: Religion and Empire during
the Golden Age of Chinese History. London: Wellsweep Press.
Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 1994. “Time After Time: Taoist Apocalyptic
History and the Founding of the Tang Dynasty.” Asia Major,
Third Series, 7: 59-88.
Kohn, Livia, and Russell Kirkland. 2000. “Daoism in the Tang
(618-907).” In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 339-83.
Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Verellen, Franciscus. 1989. Du Guangting (850-933): Taoïste de cour à
la fin de la Chine médiévale. Paris: Collège de France, Institut des
Hautes Études Chinoises.

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Song Dynasty

Davis, Edward L. 2001. Society and the Supernatural in Song China.

Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Hymes, Robert P. 2002. Way and Byway: Taoism, Local Religion, and
Models of Divinity in Sung and Modern China. Berkeley and Los
Angeles: University of California Press.
Skar, Lowell. 2000. “Ritual Movements, Deity Cults, and the
Transformation of Daoism in Song and Yuan Times.” In Livia
Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 413-63. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Quanzhen (Complete Reality): Early Period

Goossaert, Vincent. 2001. “The Invention of an Order: Collective

Identity in Thirteenth-Century Quanzhen Taoism.” Journal of
Chinese Religions 29: 111-38.
Marsone, Pierre. 2001. “Accounts of the Foundation of the
Quanzhen Movement: A Hagiographic Treatment of History.”
Journal of Chinese Religions 29: 95-110.
Marsone, Pierre. 2010. Wang Chongyang (1113-1170) et la
foundation du Quanzhen: Ascètes taoïstes et alchimie intérieure.
Paris: Collège de France, Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises.
Reiter, Florian. 1984-85. “‘Ch’ung-yang Sets Forth his Teachings in
Fifteen Discourses’: A Concise Introduction to the Taoist Way
of Life of Wang Che.” Monumenta Serica 36: 33-54.
Yao Tao-chung. 2000. “Quanzhen: Complete Perfection.” In Livia
Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 567-93. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

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Ming Dynasty

Berling, Judith A. 1998. “Taoism in Ming Culture.” In The Cambridge

History of China, Vol. 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 2, ed.
by Denis Twitchett and Frederick W. Mote, 953-86. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
De Bruyn, Pierre-Henri. 2000. “Daoism in the Ming (1368-1644).”
In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 594-622. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Qing Dynasty

Esposito, Monica. 2000. “Daoism in the Qing (1644-1911).” In Livia

Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 623-58. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Esposito, Monica. 2004. “The Longmen School and Its
Controversial History during the Qing Dynasty.” In John
Jagerwey, ed., Religion and Chinese Society, 2: 621-98. Hong Kong:
Chinese University Press and Paris: École Française d’Extrême-
Orient.
Esposito, Monica. 2014. Facets of Qing Daoism. Wil (Switzerland):
UniversityMedia.
Mori Yuria. 2002. “Identity and Lineage: The Taiyi jinhua zongzhi and
the Spirit-Writing Cult to Patriarch Lü in Qing China.” In Livia
Kohn and Harold D. Roth, eds., Daoist Identity: History, Lineage,
and Ritual, 165-84. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.

Modern and Contemporary Daoism

Lai, Chi-Tim. 2003. “Daoism in China Today, 1980-2002.” The China

Quarterly 174: 413-27. [Also published in Daniel L. Overmyer,
ed., Religion in China Today, 107-121 (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2003).]

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Overmyer, Daniel L., ed. 2003. Religion in China Today. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.
Saso, Michael. 2000. Taoist Master Chuang. Second edition. Eldorado
Springs, CO: Sacred Mountain Press.

4. DAO AND COSMOS

Background and General Perspectives

Csikszentmihalyi, Mark. 2000. “Han Cosmology and Mantic

Practices.” In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 53-73. Leiden:
E.J. Brill.
DeWoskin, Kenneth. 1983. Doctors, Diviners, and Magicians of
Ancient China. New York: Columbia University Press.
Graham, A.C. 1989. Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in
Ancient China. La Salle, IL: Open Court. [Pp. 330-56.]
Harper, Donald J. 1999. “Warring States Natural Philosophy and
Occult Thought.” In Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy,
eds., The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins to
221 B.C., 813-84. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kalinowski, Marc. 2004. “Technical Traditions in Ancient China and
Shushu Culture in Chinese Religion.” In John Jagerwey, ed.,
Religion and Chinese Society, 1: 223-48. Hong Kong: Chinese
University Press and Paris: École Française d’Extrême-Orient.
Ngo Van Xuyet. 1976. Divination, magie et politique dans la Chine
ancienne. Essai suivi de la traduction des “Biographies des
Magiciens” tirées de l’“Histoire des Han postérieurs.” Paris:
Presses Universitaires de France.
Sakade Yoshinobu. 2000. “Divination as Daoist Practice.” In Livia
Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 541-66. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

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Cosmogony

Girardot, Norman J. 1983. Myth and Meaning in Early Taoism: The

Theme of Chaos (Hun-tun). Berkeley: University of California
Press.
Kaltenmark, Max. 1959. “La naissance du monde en Chine.” In La
naissance du monde (Sources orientales 1), 453-68. Paris: Editions
du Seuil.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1994. “Primus movens et création récurrente.”
Taoist Resources, 5.2: 29–70.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1995. “Un, deux, trois: Les différentes modalités
de l’Un et sa dynamique.” Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie, 8: 175-220.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1997. “Genèses: Au début, il n’y a pas d’avant.” In
Jacques Gernet and Marc Kalinowski, eds., En suivant la Voie
Royale: Mélanges en hommage à Léon Vandermeersch, 121-40.
Paris: École Française d’Extrême-Orient.
Robinet, Isabelle. 2002. “Genesis and Pre-Cosmic Eras in Daoism."
In Lee Cheuk Yin and Chan Man Sing, eds., Daoyuan binfen lu
[A Daoist Florilegium: A Festschrift Dedicated to
Professor Liu Ts’un-yan on His Eighty-Fifth Birthday], 144-84. Hong
Kong: Shangwu yinshuguan.

Cosmology

Graham, A.C. 1986. Yin-Yang and the Nature of Correlative Thinking.

Singapore: The Institute of East Asian Philosophies.
Graham, A.C. 1989. Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in
Ancient China. La Salle, IL: Open Court. [“Correlative Thinking
and Correlative Cosmos-Building,” pp. 319-25.]
Kalinowski, Marc. 1991. Cosmologie et divination dans la Chine
ancienne: Le Compendium des Cinq Agents (Wuxing dayi, VIe siècle).
Paris: École Française d’Extrême-Orient.

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Needham, Joseph. 1956. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. II:

History of Scientific Thought. With the research assistance of
Wang Ling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [“The
Fundamental Ideas of Chinese Science,” pp. 216-345.]
Robinet, Isabelle. 2011. “Role and Meaning of Numbers in Taoist
Cosmology and Alchemy.” In The World Upside Down: Essays on
Taoist Internal Alchemy, 45-73. Mountain View, CA: Golden Elixir
Press. [Originally published as “Le rôle et le sens des nombres
dans la cosmologie et l’alchimie taoïstes,” Extrême-Orient,
Extrême-Occident 16: 93-120.]
Schipper, Kristopher, and Wang Hsiu-huei. 1986. “Progressive and
Regressive Time Cycles in Taoist Ritual.” In J. T. Fraser, N.
Lawrence, and F. C. Haber, eds., Time, Science, and Society in
China and the West (The Study of Time, V), 185-205. Amherst:
University of Massachusetts Press.
Schwartz, Benjamin. 1985. The World of Thought in Ancient China.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [“Correlative
Cosmology,” pp. 350-82.]
Sivin, Nathan. 1995. “State, Cosmos, and Body in the Last Three
Centuries B.C.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 55: 5-37.

Yijing (Book of Changes)

Graham, A.C. 1989. Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in

Ancient China. La Salle, IL: Open Court. [Pp. 358-70.]
Ho Peng Yoke. 1985. Li, Qi and Shu: An Introduction to Science and
Civilization in China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
[Pp. 34-51: “The System of Yijing.”]
Lynn, Richard John. 1994. The Classic of Changes: A New Translation of
the I Ching as Interpreted by Wang Bi. New York: Columbia
University Press.

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Shaughnessy, Edward L. 1993. “I ching (Chou i).” In Michael Loewe,

ed., Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, 216-28. Berkeley:
Society for the Study of Early China and Institute of East Asian
Studies, University of California.
Shaughnessy, Edward L. 1996. I Ching: The Classic of Changes. New
York: Ballantine.
Wilhelm, Richard. 1950. The I-ching or Book of Changes. New York:
Bollingen.

5. DEITIES, RITUALS, AND SACRED SITES

Deities

Boltz, Judith M. 1986. “In Homage to T’ien-fei.” Journal of the

American Oriental Society 106: 211-32.
Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 2010. “Daoist Pantheons.” In John
Lagerwey and Lü Pengzhi, eds., Early Chinese Religion, Part Two:
The Period of Division (220–589 AD), 1169-1203. Leiden and
Boston: E.J. Brill.
Cahill, Suzanne E. 1993. Transcendence and Divine Passion: The Queen
Mother of the West in Medieval China. Stanford: Stanford
University Press.
Kleeman, Terry. 1994. A God’s Own Tale: The Book of Transformations
of Wenchang, the Divine Lord of Zitong. Albany: State University of
New York Press.
Little, Stephen. 2000. Taoism and the Arts of China. Chicago: The Art
Institute of Chicago. [Pp. 227-311.]
Maspero, Henri. 1981. Taoism and Chinese Religion. Amherst: The
University of Massachusetts Press. [Pp. 75-196, 364-72,
431-41.]

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Rituals

Andersen, Poul. 1995. “The Transformation of the Body in Taoist

Ritual.” In Jane Marie Law, Religious Reflections on the Human
Body, 186-208. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University
Press.
Andersen, Poul. 2001. “Concepts of Meaning in Chinese Ritual.”
Cahiers d’Extreme-Asie 12: 155-83.
Benn, Charles D. 1991. The Cavern-Mystery Transmission: A Taoist
Ordination Rite of A.D. 711. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Benn, Charles D. 2000. “Daoist Ordination and Zhai Rituals in
Medieval China.” In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 309-39.
Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Boltz, Judith M. 1993. “Not by the Seal of Office Alone: New
Weapons in the Battle with the Supernatural.” In P. Ebrey and P.
Gregory, eds., Religion and Society in T’ang and Sung China,
241-305. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Cedzich, Ursula-Angelika. 1993. “Ghosts and Demons, Law and
Order: Grave Quelling Texts and Early Taoist Liturgy.” Taoist
Resources 4.2: 23-35.
Dean, Kenneth. 2000. “Daoist Ritual Today.” In Livia Kohn, ed.,
Daoism Handbook, 659-82. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Hou Ching-lang. 1975. Monnaies d’offrande et la notion de Trésorerie
dans la religion chinoise. Paris: Collège de France, Institut des
Hautes Études Chinoises.
Lagerwey, John. 1987. Taoist Ritual in Chinese Society and History.
New York and London: Macmillan.
Lagerwey, John. 2009. “Le rituel taoïste du IIe au VIe siècle.” In John
Lagerwey, ed., Religion et société en Chine ancienne et médiévale,
565-600. Paris, Les Éditions du Cerf / Institute Ricci.
Lü Pengzhi. 2010. “Daoist Rituals.” In John Lagerwey and Lü
Pengzhi, eds., Early Chinese Religion, Part Two: The Period of

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Division (220-589 AD), 2: 1245-1349. Leiden and Boston: E.J.

Brill.
Mollier, Christine. 1997. “La méthode de l’Empereur du Nord du
Mont Fengdu: Une tradition exorciste du taoïsme médiéval.”
T’oung Pao 83: 329-85.
Nickerson, Peter S. 1994. “Shamans, Demons, Diviners, and Taoists:
Conflict and Assimilation in Medieval Chinese Ritual Practice
(c. A.D. 100-1000).” Taoist Resources 5.1: 41-66.
Reiter, Florian C., ed. 2009. Foundations of Daoist Ritual: A Berlin
Symposium. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Reiter, Florian C., ed. 2011. Exorcism in Daoism: A Berlin Symposium.
Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Schipper, Kristofer. 1971. “Démonologie chinoise.” In Génies, Anges,
et Démons (Sources orientales 8), 405-27. Paris: Éditions du
Seuil.
Schipper, Kristofer. 1974. “The Written Memorial in Taoist
Ceremonies.” In Arthur P. Wolf, ed., Religion and Ritual in Chinese
Society, 309-24. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Schipper, Kristofer. 1975. Le Fen-teng: Rituel taoïste. Paris: École
Française d’Extrême-Orient.
Schipper, Kristofer. 1985. “Vernacular and Classical Ritual in
Taoism.” Journal of Asian Studies 45: 21-57.
Schipper, Kristofer. 1993. The Taoist Body. Berkeley: University of
California Press. [Chapter 5: “Ritual.”]
Strickmann, Michel. 2002. Chinese Magical Medicine. Edited by
Bernard Faure. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Takimoto, Yūzō, and Liu Hong. 2000. “Daoist Ritual Music.” In Livia
Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 747-64. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

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Writing, Talismans, Registers, and Charts

Bumbacher, Stephen Peter. 2012. Empowered Writing: Exorcistic and

Apotropaic Rituals in Medieval China. St Petersburg, FL: Three
Pines Press.
Chen Hsiang-ch’un. 1942. “Examples of Charms against Epidemics
with Short Explanations.” Folklore Studies 1: 37-54.
Despeux, Catherine. 2000. “Talismans and Sacred Diagrams.” In
Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 498-540. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Drexler, Monika. 1994. Daoistische Schriftmagie: Interpretationen zu
den Schriftamuletten Fu im Daozang. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
Lagerwey, John. 1986. “Ecriture et corps divin.” In Charles
Malamoud and Jean-Pierre Vernant, eds., Corps des dieux (Le
temps de la réflexion, 7), 275-86. Paris: Gallimard.
Legeza, Lazlo. 1975. Tao Magic: The Secret Language of Diagrams and
Calligraphy. London: Thames and Hudson.
Mollier, Christine. 2003. “Talismans.” In Marc Kalinowski, ed.,
Divination et société dans la Chine médiévale: Étude des manuscrits
de Dunhuang de la Bibliothèque nationale de France et de la British
Library, 405–29. Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France.

Monasticism and Priesthood

Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 2011. “The Early Lingbao Scriptures and

the Origins of Daoist Monasticism.” Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie 20:
95-124.
Goossaert, Vincent. 2000. Dans les temples de la Chine: Histoire des
cultes, vie des communautés. Paris, Albin Michel.
Kim, Sung-hae. 2006. “Daoist Monasticism In Contemporary
China.” In James Miller, ed., Chinese Religions in Contemporary
Societies, 101-22. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO Press.

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Kohn, Livia. 2001. “Daoist Monastic Discipline: Hygiene, Meals, and

Etiquette.” T’oung Pao 87: 153-93.
Kohn, Livia. 2004. The Daoist Monastic Manual: A Translation of the
Fengdao kejie. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Lagerwey, John. 1987 and 2005. “Taoist Priesthood.” In Mircea
Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, 11: 547-50; Lindsay
Jones, ed., second edition, 11: 7413-16. New York and London:
Macmillan.
Schipper, Kristofer. 1993. The Taoist Body. Berkeley: University of
California Press. [Chapter 4: “The Masters of the Gods.”]
Yoshioka Yoshitoyo. 1979. “Taoist Monastic Life.” In Holmes Welch
and Anna Seidel, eds., Facets of Taoism: Essays in Chinese Religion,
229-52. New Haven and London:Yale University Press.

Temples and Monasteries

Kohn, Livia. 2000. “A Home for the Immortals: The Layout and
Development of Medieval Daoist Monasteries.” Acta Orientalia
Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 53: 79-106.
Shatzman Steinhardt, Nancy. 2000. “Taoist Architecture.” In
Stephen Little, Taoism and the Arts of China, 57-75. Chicago: The
Art Institute of Chicago.
Shatzman Steinhardt, Nancy. 2005. “Daoist Temple Compounds.” In
Lindsay Jones, ed., Encyclopedia of Religion, 13: 9056-58. Second
edition. New York and London: Macmillan.

Sacred Geography and Sacred Sites

Hahn, Thomas. 2000. “Daoist Sacred Sites.” In Livia Kohn, ed.,

Daoism Handbook, 683-708. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

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Little, Stephen. 2000. Taoism and the Arts of China. Chicago: The Art
Institute of Chicago. [Pp. 147-61.]
Raz, Gil. 2010. “Daoist Sacred Geography.” In John Lagerwey and
Lü Pengzhi, eds., Early Chinese Religion, Part Two: The Period of
Division (220-589 AD), 2: 1399-1442. Leiden and Boston: E.J.
Brill.
Robson, James. 2009. Power of Place: The Religious Landscape of the
Southern Sacred Peak (Nanyue ) in Medieval China.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.
Verellen, Franciscus. 1995. “The Beyond Within: Grotto-Heavens
(dongtian ) in Taoist Ritual and Cosmology.” Cahiers
d’Extreme Asie 8: 265-90.

6. SOTERIOLOGY

General Perspectives

Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 1990. “Stages of Transcendence: The Bhūmi

Concept of Taoist Scripture.” In Robert E. Buswell, ed., Chinese
Buddhist Apocrypha, 119-47. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i
Press.
Boltz, Judith M. 1983. “Opening the Gates of Purgatory: A Twelfth-
century Meditation Technique for the Salvation of Lost Souls.”
In Michel Strickmann, ed., Tantric and Taoist Studies in Honour of
R.A. Stein, 2: 487-511. Bruxelles: Institute Belge des Hautes
Etudes Chinoises.
Cedzich, Ursula-Angelika. 2001. “Corpse Deliverance, Substitute
Bodies, Name Change, and Feigned Death: Aspects of
Metamorphosis and Immortality in Early Medieval China.”
Journal of Chinese Religions 29: 1-68.

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Chen, Ellen Marie. 1973. “Is there a Doctrine of Physical

Immortality in the Tao Te Ching?” History of Religions 12:
231-47.
Lagerwey, John. 1987 and 2005. “Chen-jen.” In Mircea Eliade, ed.,
The Encyclopedia of Religion, first edition, 3: 231-33; Lindsay
Jones, ed., second edition, 9: 958-60. New York and London:
Macmillan.
Penny, Benjamin. 2000. “Immortality and Transcendence.” In Livia
Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 109-33. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Poo, Mu-Chou. 2005. “Afterlife: Chinese Concepts.” In Lindsay
Jones, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, second edition, 1: 169-72.
New York and London: Macmillan.
Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2004. “The Notion of ‘Form’ and the Ways of
Liberation in Daoism.” Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie 14: 95–130.
Puett, Michael. 2004. “The Ascension of the Spirit: Toward a
Cultural History of Self-Divinization Movements in Early
China.” In John Jagerwey, ed., Religion and Chinese Society, 1:
193-222. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press and Paris: École
Française d’Extrême-Orient.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1979. “Metamorphosis and Deliverance from the
Corpse in Taoism.” History of Religions 19: 37-70.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1986. “The Taoist Immortal: Jesters of Light and
Shadow, Heaven and Earth.” Journal of Chinese Religions 13-14:
87-105.
Seidel, Anna. 1987. “Afterlife: Chinese Concepts.” In Mircea Eliade,
ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, 1: 124-27. New York and
London: Macmillan.
Seidel, Anna. 1987. “Post-mortem Immortality, or: the Taoist
Resurrection of the Body.” In S. Shaked, D. Shulman, and G. G.
Stroumsa, eds., Gilgul: Essays on Transformation, Revolution and
Permanence in the History of Religions, 223-37. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

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Immortals and Hagiography

Berkowitz, Alan J. 1996. “Record of Occultists.” In Donald S. Lopez,

ed., Religions of China in Practice, 446-70. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
Bumbacher, Stephan Peter. 2000. The Fragments of the Daoxue
zhuan: Critical Edition, Translation and Analysis of a Medieval
Collection of Daoist Biographies. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Cahill, Suzanne E. 2006. Divine Traces of the Daoist Sisterhood:
“Records of the Assembled Transcendents of the Fortified Walled
city,” by Du Guangting (850-933). Cambridge, MA: Three Pines
Press.
Campany, Robert F. 2002. To Live as Long as Heaven and Earth: A
Translation and Study of Ge Hong’s Traditions of Divine
Transcendents. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Campany, Robert F. 2009. Making Transcendents: Ascetics and Social
Memory in Early Medieval China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i
Press.
Kaltenmark, Max. 1953. Le Lie-sien tchouan (Biographies
légendaires des Immortels taoïstes de l’antiquité). Pékin: Université
de Paris, Publications du Centre d’Études Sinologiques de
Pékin.
Katz, Paul R. 1999. Images of the Immortal: The Cult of Lü Dongbin at
the Palace of Eternal Joy. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Ethics, Morals, Precepts

Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 2010. “Imagining Community: Family Values

and Morality in the Lingbao Scriptures.” In Alan K.L. Chan and
Yuet-Keung Lo, eds., Philosophy and Religion in Early Medieval
China, 203-26. Albany: State University of New York Press.

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Csikszentmihalyi, Mark. 2009. “Ethics and Self-Cultivation Practice

in Early China.” In John Lagerwey and Marc Kalinowski, eds.,
Early Chinese Religion, Part One: Shang through Han (1250 BC–
220 AD), 519-42. Leiden and Boston: E.J. Brill.
Hendrischke, Barbara. 1991. “The Concept of Inherited Evil in the
Taiping jing.” East Asian History 2: 1-30.
Kleeman, Terry. 1991. “Taoist Ethics.” In John Carman and Mark
Juergensmayer, eds., A Bibliographic Guide to the Comparative
Study of Ethics, 162-95. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kohn, Livia. 2004. Cosmos and Community: The Ethical Dimension of
Daoism. Cambridge, MA: Three Pines Press.
Lagerwey, John. 2007. “Evil and Its Treatment in Early Taoism.” In
Jerald D. Gort, Henry Jansen, and Hendrik M. Vroom, eds.,
Probing the Depths of Evil and Good: Multireligious Views and Case
Studies, 73-86. Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi.
Lai, Chi-Tim. 2010. “Illness, Healing, and Morality in Early Heavenly
Master Daoism.” In Alan K.L. Chan and Yuet-Keung Lo, eds.,
Philosophy and Religion in Early Medieval China, 173-201. Albany:
State University of New York Press.
Mollier, Christine. 2006. “Visions of Evil: Demonology and
Orthodoxy in Early Daoism.” In Benjamin Penny, ed., Daoism in
History: Essays in Honour of Liu Ts’un-yan, 74-100. London and
New York: Routledge.
Schipper, Kristofer. 2001. “Daoist Ecology: The Inner
Transformation. A Study of the Precepts of the Early Daoist
Ecclesia.” In Norman J. Girardot, James Miller, and Liu Xiaogan,
eds., Daoism and Ecology: Ways within a Cosmic Landscape, 79-93.
Cambridge, MA: Center for the Study of World Religions,
Harvard University Press.

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7.VIEWS OF THE HUMAN BEING

Despeux, Catherine. 1996. “Le corps, champ spatio-temporel,

souche d’identité.” L’Homme 137: 87-118.
Despeux, Catherine. 2005. “Visual Representations of the Body in
Chinese Medical and Daoist Texts from the Song to the Qing
Period (Tenth to Nineteenth Century).” Asian Medicine: Tradition
and Modernity 1: 10-52.
Huang, Shih-shan Susan. 2010, 2011. “Daoist Imagery of Body and
Cosmos.” Part 1: “Body Gods and Starry Travel”; part 2: “Body
Worms and Internal Alchemy.” Journal of Daoist Studies 3: 57-90;
4: 32-62.
Ishida, Hidemi. 1989. “Body and Mind: The Chinese Perspective.” In
Livia Kohn, ed., Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques, 41-71.
Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.
Kohn, Livia. 1991. “Taoist Visions of the Body.” Journal of Chinese
Philosophy 18: 227-52.
Lévi, Jean. 1989. “The Body: The Daoists’ Coat of Arms.” In Michel
Feher et al., eds., Fragments for a History of the Human Body,
105–26. New York: Zone.
Lewis, Mark Ed. 2006. The Construction of Space in Early China. State
University of New York Press. [Chapter 1: “The Human Body.”]
Neswald, Sara Elaine. 2009. “Internal Landscapes.” In Livia Kohn
and Robin R. Wang, eds., Internal Alchemy: Self, Society, and the
Quest for Immortality, 27-52. Cambridge, MA: Three Pines Press.
Pregadio, Fabrizio. Forthcoming. “The Alchemical Body in Daoism.”
In Manuel Vasquez and Vasudha Narayana, eds., The Wiley-
Blackwell Companion to Material Religion. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-
Blackwell.

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Saso, Michael. 1997. “The Taoist Body and Cosmic Prayer.” In Sarah
Coakley, ed., Religion and the Body, 231-47. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Schipper, Kristofer. 1978. “The Taoist Body.” History of Religions 17:
355-81.
Schipper, Kristofer. 1993. The Taoist Body. Berkeley: University of
California Press. Originally published as Le corps taoïste: Corps
physique, corps social (Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1979).
Sivin, Nathan. 1995. “State, Cosmos, and Body in the Last Three
Centuries B.C.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 55: 5-37.

8. “NOURISHING LIFE” (YANGSHENG )

General Studies

Despeux, Catherine. 2009. “Culture de soi et pratiques

d’immortalité dans la Chine antique des Royaumes
combattants aux Han.” In John Lagerwey, ed., Religion et société
en Chine ancienne et médiévale, 241-75. Paris, Les Éditions du
Cerf / Institute Ricci.
Despeux, Catherine. 2009. “Pratiques bouddhiques et taoïques du
IIIe au VIe siècle (221-581).” In John Lagerwey, ed., Religion et
société en Chine ancienne et médiévale, 643-83. Paris, Les
Éditions du Cerf / Institute Ricci.
Engelhardt, Ute. 2000. “Longevity Techniques and Chinese
Medicine.” In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 74-108. Leiden:
E.J. Brill.
Eskildsen, Stephen. 1998. Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion. Albany:
State University of New York Press.

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Harper, Donald J. 1998. Early Chinese Medical Literature: The

Mawangdui Medical Manuscripts. London and New York: Kegan
Paul International.
Kohn, Livia, ed. 1989. Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques. Ann
Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.
Kohn, Livia. 2012. A Sourcebook in Chinese Longevity. St. Petersburg,
FL: Three Pines Press.
Maspero, Henri. 1981. Taoism and Chinese Religion. Amherst: The
University of Massachusetts Press. [Pp. 443-554. This section
originally published as “Les procédés de nourrir le principe
vital dans la religion taoïste ancienne,” Journal Asiatique, 229
(1937): 177-252, 353-430.]

Yangsheng Practices

Campany, Robert F. 2005. “The Meanings of Cuisines of

Transcendence in Late Classical and Early Medieval China.”
T’oung Pao 91: 1-57.
Despeux, Catherine. 1981. Taiki k’uan: Technique de combat,
technique de longue vie. Paris: Guy Trédaniel.
Despeux, Catherine. 1989. “Gymnastics: The Ancient Tradition.” In
Livia Kohn, ed., Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques,
225-61. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of
Michigan.
Engelhardt, Ute. 1989. “Qi for Life: Longevity in the Tang.” In Livia
Kohn, ed., Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques, 263-96. Ann
Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.
Kohn, Livia. 2008. Chinese Healing Exercises: The Tradition of Daoyin.
Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Kohn, Livia. 2012. A Source Book in Chinese Longevity. Dunedin, FL:
Three Pines Press.

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Miura Kunio. 1989. “The Revival of Qi: Qigong in Contemporary

China.” In Livia Kohn, ed., Taoist Meditation and Longevity
Techniques, 331-62. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies,
University of Michigan.
Palmer, David A. 2006. Qigong Fever: Body, Science, and Utopia in
China. New York: Columbia University Press.
Raz, Gil. 2008. “The Way of the Yellow and the Red: Re-examining
the Sexual Initiation Rite of Celestial Master Daoism.” Nan Nü
10: 86-120.
Raz, Gil. 2013. “Imbibing the Universe: Methods of Ingesting the
Five Sprouts.” Asian Medicine:Tradition and Modernity 7: 65-100.

9. MEDITATION

Inner Gods

Lagerwey, John. 2004. “Deux écrits taoïstes anciens.” Cahiers

d’Extrême-Asie 14: 139-171.
Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2005. “Early Daoist Meditation and the Origins
of Inner Alchemy.” In Benjamin Penny, ed., Daoist Books and
Daoist Histories: Essays in Honour of Emeritus Professor Liu Ts’un-
yan.
Puett, Michael. 2010. “Becoming Laozi: Cultivating and Visualizing
Spirits in Early Medieval China.” Asia Major, Third Series, 23:
223-52.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1993. Taoist Meditation: The Mao-shan Tradition of
Great Purity. Albany: State University of New York Press.
[Chapter 2.]
Schipper, Kristofer. 1993. The Taoist Body. Berkeley: University of
California Press. [Chapters 6 and 8.]

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Schipper, Kristofer. 1995. “The Inner World of the Laozi zhongjing.”

In Huang Chun-chieh and Erik Zürcher, eds., Time and Space in
Chinese Culture, 114-31. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Shangqing Practices

Andersen, Poul. 1989-90. “The Practice of Bugang.” Cahiers

d’Extrême-Asie 5: 15-53.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1976. “Randonnées extatiques des taoïstes dans
les astres.” Monumenta Serica 32: 159-273.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1989. “Visualization and Ecstatic Flight in
Shangqing Taoism.” In Livia Kohn, ed., Taoist Meditation and
Longevity Techniques, 159-91. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese
Studies, The University of Michigan.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1993. Taoist Meditation: The Mao-shan Tradition of
Great Purity. Albany: State University of New York Press.

“Guarding the One” and “Guarding the Three Ones”

Andersen, Poul. 1979. The Method of Holding the Three Ones: A Taoist
Manual of Meditation of the Fourth Century A.D. London and
Malmö: Curzon Press.
Kohn, Livia. 1989. “Guarding the One: Concentrative Meditation in
Taoism.” In Livia Kohn, ed., Taoist Meditation and Longevity
Techniques, 125-58. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, The
University of Michigan.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1993. Taoist Meditation: The Mao-shan Tradition of
Great Purity. Albany: State University of New York Press.
[Chapter 4.]

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“Inner Training” (Neiye ) and Early Practices

Graziani, Romain. 2009. “The Subject and the Sovereign: Exploring

the Self in Early Chinese Self-Cultivation.” In John Lagerwey
and Marc Kalinowski, eds., Early Chinese Religion, Part One:
Shang through Han (1250 BC-220 AD), 459-517. Leiden and
Boston: E.J. Brill.
Roth, Harold D. 1996. “The Inner Cultivation Tradition of Early
Daoism.” In Donald S. Lopez, ed., Religions of China in Practice,
123-48. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Roth, Harold D. 1997. “Evidence for Stages of Meditation in Early
Taoism.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 60:
295-314.
Roth, Harold D. 1999. Original Tao: Inward Training (Nei-Yeh) and the
Foundations of Taoist Mysticism. Columbia University Press.

Concentration and Contemplation

Kohn, Livia. 1989. “Taoist Insight Meditation: the Tang Practice of

Neiguan.” In Livia Kohn, ed., Taoist Meditation and Longevity
Techniques, 193-224. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies,
The University of Michigan.
Kohn, Livia. 2010. Sitting in Oblivion: The Heart of Daoist Meditation.
Dunedin, FL: Three Pines Press. [Revised and enlarged edition
of Seven Steps to the Tao: Sima Chengzhen’s Zuowanglun (Nettelal:
Steyler Verlag, 1987).]
Kohn, Livia. 1992. Early Chinese Mysticism: Philosophy and Soteriology
in the Taoist Tradition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
[Chapter 5.]

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10. ALCHEMY

Waidan (External Alchemy)

Ho Peng Yoke. 1985. Li, Qi and Shu: An Introduction to Science and

Civilization in China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
[Pp. 171-217.]
Ho, Peng Yoke. 2007. Explorations in Daoism: Medicine and Alchemy in
Literature. Edited by John P.C. Moffett and Cho Sungwu. London
and New Tork: Routledge.
Needham, Joseph. 1974, 1976, 1980. Science and Civilisation in China.
Vol. V: Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Parts 2-4. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2000. “Elixirs and Alchemy.” In Livia Kohn, ed.,
Daoism Handbook, 165-95. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2006. Great Clarity: Daoism and Alchemy in Early
Medieval China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Sivin, Nathan. 1968. Chinese Alchemy: Preliminary Studies. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press.
Sivin, Nathan. 1977. “Chinese Alchemy and the Manipulation of
Time.” Isis 67: 513-527. Repr. in Nathan Sivin, ed., Science and
Technology in East Asia. Articles from Isis, 1913-1975, 109-122
(New York: Science History Publications, 1977).
Sivin, Nathan. 1980. “The Theoretical Background of Elixir
Alchemy.” In Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China,
vol.V.2, 210-305. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Strickmann, Michel. 1979. “On the Alchemy of T’ao Hung-ching.” In
Holmes Welch and Anna Seidel, eds., Facets of Taoism: Essays in
Chinese Religion, 123-92. New Haven and London: Yale
University Press.

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Ware, James. 1966. Alchemy, Medicine and Religion in the China of A.D.
320: The Nei P’ien of Ko Hung (Pao-p’u tzu). Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.

Neidan (Internal Alchemy)

Baldrian-Hussein, Farzeen. 1984. Procédés Secrets du Joyau Magique:

Traité d’Alchimie Taoïste du XIe siècle. Paris: Les Deux Océans.
Cleary, Thomas. 1987. Understanding Reality: A Taoist Alchemical
Classic. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Crowe, Paul. 2012. “Nature, Motion, and Stillness: Li Daochun’s
Vision of the Three Teachings.” Journal of Daoist Studies 5: 61-88.
Crowe, Paul. 2014, “Dao Learning and the Golden Elixir: Shared
Paths to Perfection.” Journal of Daoist Studies 7: 88-116.
Despeux, Catherine. 1979. Zhao Bichen: Traité d’Alchimie et de
Physiologie taoïste (Weisheng shenglixue mingzhi). Paris: Les Deux
Océans.
Despeux, Catherine. 1994. Taoïsme et corps humain: Le Xiuzhentu.
Paris: Guy Trédaniel Editeur.
Komjathy, Louis. 2008, 2009. “Mapping the Daoist Body.” Part 1:
“The Neijing tu in History”; part 2: “The Text of the Neijing tu.”
Journal of Daoist Studies 1: 67-92; 2: 64-108.
Liu, Xun. 2009. Daoist Modern: Innovation, Lay Practice, and the
Community of Inner Alchemy in Republican Shanghai. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Asia Center.
Liu Yiming [ , 1734-1821]. 2013. Cultivating the Tao: Taoism and
Internal Alchemy. The Xiuzhen biannan (ca. 1798). Translated by
Fabrizio Pregadio. Mountain View, CA: Golden Elixir Press.
Needham, Joseph. 1983. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. V:
Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part 5: Spagyrical Discovery

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and Invention: Physiological Alchemy. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.
Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2005. “Early Daoist Meditation and the Origins
of Inner Alchemy.” In Benjamin Penny, ed., Daoism in History:
Essays in Honour of Liu Ts’un-yan, 121-58. London: Routledge.
Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2011. The Seal of the Unity of the Three: A Study
and Translation of the Cantong qi, the Source of the Taoist Way of
the Golden Elixir. Mountian View: Golden Elixir Press.
Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2014. “Destiny, Vital Force, or Existence? On the
Meanings of Ming in Daoist Internal Alchemy and Its
Relation to Xing or Human Nature.” Daoism: Religion,
History and Society (Daojiao yanjiu xuebao ) 6:
157-218.
Pregadio, Fabrizio, and Lowell Skar. 2000. “Inner Alchemy (Neidan).”
In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 464-97. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1989. “Original Contributions of Neidan to
Taoism and Chinese Thought.” In Livia Kohn, ed., Taoist
Meditation and Longevity Techniques, 297-330. Ann Arbor: Center
for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.
Robinet, Isabelle. 1995. Introduction à l’alchimie intérieure taoïste: De
l’unité et de la multiplicité. Avec une traduction commentée des
Versets de l’éveil à la Vérité. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf.
Robinet, Isabelle. 2011. The World Upside Down: Essays on Taoist
Internal Alchemy. Edited and translated by Fabrizio Pregadio.
Mountain View, CA: Golden Elixir Press.
Steavu, Dominic. 2015. “Cosmos, Body, and Gestation in Taoist
Meditation.” In Creation and Animation: Embryological
Discourse and Reproductive Imagery in East Asian Religions,
ed. Anna Andreeva and Dominic Steavu, 186-211. Leiden: E.J.
Brill.

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Van Enckevort, P.G.G. 2014. “The Three Treasures: An Enquiry into

the Writings of Wu Shouyang.” Journal of Daoist Studies 7:
117-45.
Wang Mu [ ]. 2011. Foundations of Internal Alchemy: The Taoist
Practice of Neidan. Translated by Fabrizio Pregadio. Mountain
View, CA: Golden Elixir Press. [Originally published as “Wuzhen
pian danfa yaozhi” in Wuzhen pian qianjie
(Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1990).]
Zhang, Guangbao. 2009. “History and Early Lineages.” In Livia Kohn
and Robin R. Wang, eds., Internal Alchemy: Self, Society, and the
Quest for Immortality, 53-72. Cambridge, MA: Three Pines Press.

Quanzhen Self-Cultivation

Eskildsen, Stephen E. 2004. The Teachings and Practices of the Early

Quanzhen Taoist Masters. Albany: State University of New York
Press.
Komjathy, Louis. 2007. Cultivating Perfection: Mysticism and Self-
transformation in Early Quanzhen Daoism. Leyden and Boston: E.J.
Brill.
Komjathy, Louis. 2013. The Way of Complete Perfection: A Quanzhen
Daoist Anthology. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Nüdan (Internal Alchemy for Women)

Despeux, Catherine. 1990. Immortelles de la Chine ancienne: Taoïsme

et alchimie féminine. Puiseaux: Pardès.
Valussi, Elena. 2009. “Blood, Tigers, Dragons: The Physiology of
Transcendence for Women.” Asian Medicine: Tradition and
Modernity 4: 46–85.

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Valussi, Elena. 2009. “Female Alchemy: An Introduction.” In Livia

Kohn and Robin R. Wang, eds., Internal Alchemy: Self, Society, and
the Quest for Immortality, 141-62. Cambridge, MA: Three Pines
Press.

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