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DWDM

This document discusses dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) for building high-data rate optical fiber communication systems for long-haul communications over 100 km. DWDM works by combining multiple wavelengths into the same fiber, allowing each wavelength to carry separate data streams and greatly increasing total bandwidth. Key components are lasers emitting different wavelengths, modulators, multiplexers to combine wavelengths, demultiplexers to separate them, and amplifiers. DWDM enables tens of terabits per second of overall data capacity.

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60 views20 pages

DWDM

This document discusses dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) for building high-data rate optical fiber communication systems for long-haul communications over 100 km. DWDM works by combining multiple wavelengths into the same fiber, allowing each wavelength to carry separate data streams and greatly increasing total bandwidth. Key components are lasers emitting different wavelengths, modulators, multiplexers to combine wavelengths, demultiplexers to separate them, and amplifiers. DWDM enables tens of terabits per second of overall data capacity.

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Dense Wavelength Division

Multiplexing

DWDM 1
Outline

n Introduction and principle of DWDM

n DWDM implementation and related functions

n DWDM in networks

DWDM 2
Problem statement of today’s lecture

building a high data rate optical fiber


communication system for long haul
communications (>100 km)

Appications: internet core-network to


support extremely heavy data traffic

DWDM 3
Reminder on optical fiber communication
system (single wavelength system)
n A signle laser with emitted wavelength (λ) is used
n Here, basic OOK intensity modulation is considered with data rate, Rb
direct detection is used

Digital signal (OOK) Digital signal (OOK)

Fiber Fiber

Laser λ Modulator Photodiode


- Direct modulation Optical
of a laser diode amplifier
or
- External modulation

Typical data rates for OOK: Rb= 10 to 40 Gbps


DWDM 4
Fiber attenuation dependency with
wavelength
n Fiber intrinsic attenuation is a function of wavelength

n Window 1.28-1.3 μm
- Fiber attenuation is 0.6 dB/km
- No fiber chromatic dispersion

n Window 1.525-1.625 μm
- Fiber attenuation is 0.2 dB/km
- Fiber chromatic dispersion

best window for long haul


communications?

DWDM 5
WDM principle
n Idea: combining different wavelengths (= colours) into the same fiber (which
has an extremely large available bandwidth)
n Benefits of this approach?

Photo
Mod.
lasers diodes
PD
laser
laser

Mux Demux

DWDM 6
WDM implementation
n Implementation:
Ø Need for N different lasers emitting N different wavelengths, N

modulators, N photodiodes.
Ø Need for special devices for

i) combining all the wavelength together at transmitter (i.e multiplexer)


ii) separating the different wavelengths at receiver (i.e demultiplexer)

DWDM 7
WDM and data rate
n Consider a WDM system using N wavelengths, each one
carrying bit rate Rb
è The overall data rate of the WDM system is NRb
Capacity (Gbps)

Year

DWDM 8
CWDM and DWDM

n Coarse WDM (CWDM)


n Window = 1210-1610 nm
n l separated of 20 nm
n Wavelength window is not compatible with optical amplification
n Application: metropolitan network (<100 km)
n Dense WDM (DWDM)
n Windows: C Band = 1530-1565 nm & L Band = 1565-1625 nm
n l separated of ∆l≈0.8 nm (100 GHz) or ∆l≈0.4 nm (50 GHz) or
even ∆l≈0.2 nm (25 GHz)
n Wavelength windows are compatible with optical amplification
n Application to long haul (>> 100 km), core network and now
metropolitan networks

DWDM 9
CDWM vs DWDM

Exercise:
- find the overall data rate of a CWDM system using 10 Gbps OOK modulation
per wavelength

- find the overall data rate of a 25 GHz spacing DWDM system in the full C-
band using 10 Gbps OOK modulation per wavelength
DWDM 10
Optical multiplexers/demultiplexers
n General principle

- Can be used either as mux or demux


- Can be realized with integrated optics

DWDM 11
Optical Add and Drop Multiplexer (OADM)
n Purpose: to extract or combine one wavelength
n Application: wavelength routed networks, for backbone
networks

l1+l2+l3+l4 l'1+l2+l3+l4

l'1 l1 tunable
Injected Extracted
Local I/O
data data

Note: λ1= λ1’ but they do not carry the same data

Optical Fiber Communication Systems 12


OADM implementation

l1+l2+l3+l4 Add
FSR

ΔfFP
New signal at l1
= Mirrors at l1
Dropp
signal at l1
l1+l2+l3+l4
Reflection at l1
Transparent for at l2 , l3 , l4

Bragg grating= “wavelength dependent mirror”

DWDM 13
DWDM ring

λ2 λ3
OADM λ1, λ2, λ3 OADM

λ1 λ1
OADM OADM

OADM OADM

λ3 λ2

DWDM 14
Optical cross connects
n Wavelength router between DWDM rings

l1 Fiber #1 Fiber #1 ln

Fiber #3 l1
Fiber #4
ln

controller

In this example, OXC routes wavelength l1 from input fiber #1 to output


fiber #3

DWDM 15
OXC as interconnect between DWDM rings

WDM ring WDM ring

WDM ring WDM ring

WDM ring WDM ring

DWDM 16
DWDM routed networks

λ1

λ2

λ2

λ1
DWDM 17
DWDM undersea optical cables

DWDM 18
Issues in DWDM systems
n Non-linearity in optical fibers: Kerr effect
- Fiber refractive index depends on the optical power (square of the
optical field)

n Consequences of Kerr Effect


- Self Phase Modulation (SPM)
=> new spectral components => higher sensitivity to chromatic
dispersion
- Intermodulation between optical channels (wave mixing)
=> channel crosstalks

nSolutions
=> laser diode power limitation
=> more optical repeaters in long haul systems

DWDM 19
Issues in DWDM systems
n limited spacing between DWDM optical channels

è 50 GHz spacing between WDM mux channels is not enough to


allow 40 Gbps data rate per channel with OOK modulation (channel
crosstalk)

è necessity to use high spectral efficiency modulations like M-PSK


with coherent detection

DWDM 20

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