ECV 3204 Sem.
2, 2015/2016
1
Click toIntroduction
edit Master title style
• An influence line is a graph of
the variation of a particular
load effect at a specific location
on a structure as a unit load
transverses the structure.
• Load Effect- R, M, V, etc.
Click toIntroduction
edit Master title style
• The main purpose of influence lines for both statically determinate and
indeterminate structures is to determine where to position moving
loads to cause the maximum effects of a design function (reaction,
shear, moment, axial force).
• For example, an influence line can be used to forecast where the design
live load should be placed on a continuous beam of a building floor
system to cause maximum positive bending moment; another influence
line can be made for a bridge truss member to determine where to
place the live loads that will result in maximum member force.
• The same method used in determinate structures can also be used to
construct influence lines for indeterminate structures.
Re-call
Click Influence
to edit Lines
Master title style
Load from A to C
Load > C
Re-call
Click Influence
to edit Lines
Master title style
Load from A to C
Load > C
2
Re-call
ClickConjugate-Beam
to edit Master title Method
style
Actual Beam Conjugate Beam
d2y M
dx 2
EI V
y M
Load=load M
Load=
EI
Re-call
ClickConjugate Beam
to edit Master title Method
style
• The conjugate beam method, a variation of the elastic load
method, applies to members with a variety of boundary
conditions. This method requires that actual supports be
replaced by fictitious supports to impose boundary conditions
that ensure that the values of shear and moment in the
conjugate beam, loaded by the M/EI diagram, are equal at
each point to the slope and deflection, respectively, of the real
beam.
Conjugate Beam title
Click to edit Master method
style
Internal Loadings Beam Theory
dV d M
w
dx dx EI
d 2 M dV d 2 y d M
2
w 2
dx dx dx dx EI
Conjugate Beam title
Click to edit Master method
style
Internal Loadings Beam Theory
V wdx M
dx
EI
M wdx dx M
y
EI
dx dx
M
Let w
EI
Conjugate beam title
Click to edit Master method
style
• Conjugate Beam Method essentially computing the
slope and deflections of the beams by computing the
shear & bending moment in the corresponding
Conjugate Beam.
Actual Beam Conjugate Beam
V
y M
Load=load M
Load=
EI
Re-call Conjugate
Click Beam
to edit Master titleSupports
style
• Shear and Moment at Supports of Conjugate Beam should
account for the corresponding slope and deflection of real beam
at its supports
Re-call Conjugate
Click Beam
to edit Master titleSupports
style
Re-call
ClickConjugate-Beam
to edit Master title Method
style
• The conjugate beam is loaded with the M/EI diagram derived
from the load w on the real beam.
• The loading is assumed to be distributed over the conjugate
beam.
• M/EI positive, arrow directed upward
• M/EI negative, arrow directed downward.
(always away from the beam)
Recall Conjugate-Beam
Click to edit Master titleExample
style
Recall Conjugate-Beam
Click to edit Master titleExample
style
Re-call
ClickConjugate-Beam
to edit Master titleExample
style
(clockwise)
(downward)
Influence lines
Clickfor
to Statically
edit MasterIndeterminate
title style Beams
• For statically determinate beams, the deflected shapes will be
a series of straight line segments
• For statically indeterminate beams, curve will result
Influence lines
Clickfor
to Statically
edit MasterIndeterminate
title style Beams
• Muller –Breslau principle states that the influence line for a function
(reaction, shear or moment) is to the same scale as the deflected shape of
the beam when the beam is acted upon by the function.
• In order to draw the deflected shape properly, the capacity of the beam to
resist the applied function must be removed so the beam can deflect when
the function is applied.
Influence lines
Clickfor
to Statically
edit MasterIndeterminate
title style Beams
Influence lines
Clickfor
to Statically
edit MasterIndeterminate
title style Beams
• Reaction at A
– To determine the influence line for the reaction at A, a unit load is placed on the beam
at successive points
– At each point, the reaction at A must be computed
– A plot of these results yields the influence line
– The reaction at A can be determined by the force method
Influence lines
Clickfor
to Statically
edit MasterIndeterminate
title style Beams
The principle of superposition is applied as shown
Ay AA
AD
The compatibility eqn. for point A is:
0 AD Ay AA Ay AD / AA
Influence lines
Clickfor
to Statically
edit MasterIndeterminate
title style Beams
Other example of Maxwell’s theorem
AA
DA
• Reaction at A
– By Maxwell’s theorem of
reciprocal displacement
AD DA
1
Ay DA
AA
Influence lines
Clickfor
to Statically
edit MasterIndeterminate
title style Beams
Compatibility Equation:
1 j 11 R1 1 0
11 j 1 j
R1
jj 11
11
j1
11
j1
Influence lines
Clickfor
to Statically
edit MasterIndeterminate
title style Beams
2 j 22 R2 2 0
2 j
R2
2 2 j
22
jj
22 j2 j2
22
Influence lines
Clickfor
to Statically
edit MasterIndeterminate
title style Beams
j1
41 R1
11 11
11
11
j1
22 11 j2
42 R2
22
22 j2
22
22
j3
33 R3
33
33
43 j3
33 33
Example
Click to edit Master1title style
Draw the influence Lines for
a) The vertical reaction at A and B
b) Shear at C
c) Bending moment at A and C
EI is Constant. Plot Numerical Values every 2 m
Click to Example
edit Master1a
title style
DB
AB CB
BB BB
BB BB
BB
Click to Example
edit Master1a
title style
Click to Example
edit Master1a
title style
xB
xB xB / BB
BB
xB
BB
BB
Click to Example
edit Master1a
title style
CA
DA
AA
AA AA
AA
Click to Example
edit Master1a
title style
Click to Example
edit Master1a
title style
xA
xA xA / AA
AA xA
AA
AA
Click to Example
edit Master1a
title style
Influence
Click lines -title
to edit Master shear
style
1
• Shear at E
– The shear can be
determined cutting
open the beam at E &
a sliding device is
inserted
– This device will
transmit a moment & EE
a normal force but no
shear DE
– VE represents the
ordinate of the
influence line at D
Influence
Click lines -shear
to edit Master title style
• Shear at E
- Using the force method & Maxwell’s theorem of reciprocal disp,
it can be shown that
1
VE DE
EE
Influence
Click lines -shear
to edit Master title style
Click to Example
edit Master1b
title style
Influence
Click to editlines - moment
Master title style
• Moment at E
– The influence line for the moment at E can be determined by placing
a pin or hinge at E
– Applying a +ve unit couple moment, the beam then deflects to the
dashed 1
DE
Influence
Click to editlines – moment
Master title style
• Moment at E Using the force method & Maxwell’s theorem of
reciprocal disp, it can be shown that
1
ME DE
EE
Influence
Click to editlines – moment
Master title style
Click to Example
edit Master1c
title style
Click to Example
edit Master1c
title style
Example
Click to edit Master2title style
