[go: up one dir, main page]
Scribd
Upload
384 views7 pages

Assignment Hydrolysis

The document discusses hydrolysis, defined as the reaction of a chemical compound with water to form two or more products. It provides examples of hydrolysis such as the conversion of starch to glucose. There are two main types of hydrolysis - ionic and molecular. Ionic hydrolysis involves salts interacting with water, while molecular hydrolysis cleaves drug molecules more slowly. Hydrolysis can also be classified by the type of drug degradation, such as ester, amide, and ring hydrolysis. Hydrolysis has several uses including generating energy in living organisms and aiding digestion. Methods to protect against hydrolysis include proper packaging, buffering drug formulations, and using complexing agents.

Uploaded by

Naqeeb Ullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
384 views7 pages

Assignment Hydrolysis

The document discusses hydrolysis, defined as the reaction of a chemical compound with water to form two or more products. It provides examples of hydrolysis such as the conversion of starch to glucose. There are two main types of hydrolysis - ionic and molecular. Ionic hydrolysis involves salts interacting with water, while molecular hydrolysis cleaves drug molecules more slowly. Hydrolysis can also be classified by the type of drug degradation, such as ester, amide, and ring hydrolysis. Hydrolysis has several uses including generating energy in living organisms and aiding digestion. Methods to protect against hydrolysis include proper packaging, buffering drug formulations, and using complexing agents.

Uploaded by

Naqeeb Ullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

NAME : IQTIDAR

PROGRAM : PHARM-D, BATCH-5


ASSIGNMENT : PHYSICAL PHARMACY
SUBMITTED TO : MISS IQRA MUKHTAR
DATE : 30-MARCH-2022

INTRODUCTION OF HYDROLYSIS

    DEFINITION :
The reaction of water with another chemical compound to
      

form two or more products. Involving ionization of water


molecules and usually splitting the other compounds.

EXAMPLE :
        Include the catalytic conversion of starch to glucose,
saponification, and the formation of acids and bases from
dissolve ions.

 The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction


with water called hydrolysis.
 Hydrolysis literally means reaction with water.
 It is a chemical process in which a molecule is cleaved into
two parts by addition of molecules of water.
 One fragment of the parent molecule gains a hydrogen ion
(H+) from the additional water molecule. The other collect
the remaining hydroxyl group (OH-)
TYPES OF HYDROLYSIS ON THE BASIS OF
CHEMICAL REACTION

        IONIC HYDROLYSIS     MOLECULAR HYDROLYSIS

It occurs when salt of weak acid It envolve the cleavage of drug


and weak base interact with molecule. It is much slower and
water to give either acidic or irreversible processes. It is catalyzed
alkaline sol. by H+ or OH- ion and specially acid
and base catalyzed. Rate of
decomposition is depend upon the
pH of system
Example: CH3COOK gives Example: The local anesthestics,
alkaline while codeine amethocain, benocain.
phosphate gives acidic solution
interact with water

TYPES OF HYDROLYSIS ON THE BASES


OF DRUG DEGRADTION
 Hydrolysis is usually catalyzed by hydrogen ion (specific acid of
hydrolysis) or hydroxyl ion( specific base of hydrolysis) and also by
other acidic or basic species commonly encountered as
components of buffers.
 There are three types of hydrolysis.
 Eater hydrolysis
 Amide hydrolysis
 Ring hydrolysis

ESTER HYDROLYSIS :
An acid-catalysed ester hydrolysis involves the breakdown of an
ester into its corresponding carboxylic acid and alcohol. This is
done by addition of water molecule, using an acid catalyst.
EXAMPLE:
 Tetracaine
 Atropine
 Procaine
 Aspirin

AMIDE HYDROLYIS:
Although amides are more stable than ester, these are also
susceptible to specific and general acid-base hydrolysis. Amides
hydrolysis genrally involved the cleavage of the amide linkage to
given an amine instead of an alcohol as in case of ester
hydrolysis.
EXAMPLE:
 Dibucaine
 Niacinamide

RING HYDROLYSIS:
Hydrolytic reactions in certain drug proceed by ring cleavage
with subsequent attack by hydrogen or hydroxyl ion
 Benzodiazepines
 Penicillin
 Cephalosporin

Uses of hydrolysis
 In nature living organism energy is very important,
this energy obtain from food and stored in the form
of ATP molecules. ATP hydrolysis gives energy to the
body.
 The digestion of food is an example of hydrolysis.
 Soap is one product created by hydrolysis is called
saponification.
 Hydrolysis an result in the sysnthesis of helpful
chemicals.
 Hydrolysis of cellulose, used to make all sorts of
things from pages to biofuels.
 Sulphonylureas and organophosphates can be
hydrolyzed certain types of pestisides and insects
killer.

Protection against hydrolysis:


 Avoiding contact with moisture at the time of
manufacture.
 Packaging in suitable moisture resistant pack such as Strip
pack and storage in control humidity and temperature.
 In liquid dosage form since, hydrolysis is acid or base
catalyzed, an optimum pH for maximum stability should be
selected and formulation should be stabilized at this pH by
inclusion of proper buffering agents.
 Hydrolysis of cedrtain drugs like benzocaine, procaine can
be decreased by the addition of specific complexing agents
like caffeine to drug solution.
 Hydrolysis susceptible drug such as penicillin and their
deribatives can be prevented by formulating them in dry
powder form for reconstitution or dispersible tablets
instead of a liquid dosage form such as solutions or
suspensions.

Reference :

www.slidesshare.net

www.researchgate.net ,author: james speights

You might also like