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Lab Report 2 (Titration) (CHE142) (EH110) (Diploma in

Chemical Engineering UiTM)
Diploma in Chemical Engineering (Universiti Teknologi MARA)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

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CONFIDENTIAL EH/OCT 2020/CHE142

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

LABORATORY

COURSE : INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

COURSE CODE : CHE142
ASSESSMENT : EXPERIMENT 1/2/3/4

Course Outcomes:

 Construct laboratory work to display the concept of chemical reactions in chemistry

Item Marks
Introduction &
objective
Materials,
procedure & safety
precaution
Data, results &
discussion
Organization &
appearance
Question & answer
(Post-experiment)
Peer evaluation
GRAND TOTAL
/100
(CO4,LO3)

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

UiTM Cawangan Sarawak, Kampus Samarahan
94300 Kota Samarahan
Sarawak, Malaysia.
Tel : 6082-677200

TECHNICAL/EXECUTIVE REPORT : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Title of
Standardization of NaOH solution
Exp No. : 2 Experimen and analysis of unknown acidic
solution
t:

Topic : Titration of Acid & Bases Mark :

10
Date : 9/12/2020
Students Group
Course : EH110 Semester : 1 2
:
No Signatu
Name Matrix No.
. re
202061703
1 Muhammad Nazrul Syahmi Bin Nizam
2
202046922
2 Muhammad Faiq Hakimi bin Ruzlan
4
202088247
3 Syafiq Ehsan Bin Mohd Suhkeri
2
202082446
4 Mohammad Zulkhairi Bin Zamli
2
5
Lecturer 1. Geraldine Chan Sue Ching
2.

Introduction :

Titration is an experiment whereby a volume of a solution of known concentration

is added to a volume of another solution to determine its concentration. The aimed
of titration is to detect the equivalence point, the point in titration when a
stoichiometric amount of reactant has been added. Acid and base were used in this
experiment, hence called acid-base titration experiment. The unknown
concentration of a solution is obtained when it reached the equivalence point
where the pH of the solution (the known concentration of acid and the unknown
concentration of base or vice versa) mixed is 7.0 because it contained salt. To

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detect the equivalence point, an indicator that changes color within the pH 3-11 is
added. There is two experiment conducted here.

For the first experiment is to determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide

solution. The concentration of sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH can be calculated
after measuring weight of the sample (unknown acidic sample) and dissolves it
with water, the solution were then put into the Erlenmeyer flask. A few drops of
phenolphthalein (change color from colourless to pink at the pH of 9) were added
into the flask as an indicator. Then, burette filled with NaOH solution placed at the
top of the flask. NaOH were added slowly into the flask containing KHP in unknown
sample until the color of the solutions turns completely pink. The burette reading is
recorded and used find concentration of the sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution.

The second experiment is to find the standard molarity of NaOH. Sodium hydroxide
can be standardized by titrating it against pure sample of potassium hydrogen
phthalate (KHP), KHC8H4O4 of own weight. KHP is a monoprotic acid with the acidic
with molecular mass of 204.2g. From that, the molarity of NaOH can be calculated.
In this titration, an equal number of moles of KHP and NaOH are present at the
equivalence point. The balanced equation for the neutralization of KHP would be:

KHC8H4O4(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + KNaC8H4O4(aq)

Moles(NaOH) = Moles(KHP)

Both of the experiments were repeated three times to ensures a two thirds (66%)
probability that the averaged results are more accurate than a single experiment.
The three determination should be within 1.0% and if it’s not, the standardization
should be repeated again. The average values should be the molarity of NaOH. The

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formula for standard deviation (SD) is:

Σ| Χ i −μ|
¿
¿2
¿
¿
¿
SD= √¿

X =Molarity of NaOH
μ=average molarity of NaOH

Objective :
This activity requires the team to calculate percentage of potassium hydrogen
phthalate (KHP) in the unknown acidic sample using the provided diagram of
titration procedure.

Upon completion, create a discussion based on the given questions.

Materials Apparatus
,
50mL burets, 600mL beaker, 250mL Erlenmeyer flasks, 500mL
Procedur volumetric flask, weighing paper, retort stand, analytical balance, hot
e& plate.
Safety
Precauti Chemicals
ons
10M NaOH, potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP, primary standard),
phenolphthalein solution, unknown acidic sample.

Procedure (part1- standardization of NaOH solution)

1. 1L of CO2 free water was prepared by boiling distilled water

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2. Three samples of pure KHP between 0.4grams and 0.6 grams

were weighed with weighing paper.

3. Each KHP sample were separated into 250mL Erlenmeyer flasks

4. The masses were recorded and the flasks were labeled

5. Boiled water between 15 and 50mL was added to each

Erlenmeyer flask.

6. The contents of each flasks were swirled.

7. Two or four drops of phenolphthalein were added to each flask.

8. NaOH solution was poured into and allowed to flow through the
buret. Small beaker was used to collect it.

9. The stopcock was turned to the closed position.

10. The buret was filled completely to the 0mL mark with NaOH
solution.

11. The initial reading was recorded.

12. NaOH solution was added to one of the flasks containing

KHP solution while swirling the contents of the flasks, as shown in
Figure 1.

13. NaOH solution was added until the KHP turned completely
pink.

14. The buret reading was recorded.

15. Steps 4 and 5 was repeated for the other two Erlenmeyer
flasks.

Procedur (part 2- Analysis of unknown acidic solution)

1. The approximate masses of the unknown sample that should be

taken.
i) The percentage of KHP in the unknown acidic sample was
assumed to be 75%
ii) 20mL of the standardized NaOH was assumed to be needed
in the titration process

2. Three samples of unknown sample was weighed with weighing

paper.

3. The sample was dissolved in boiling water to each Erlenmeyer

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No Measurements Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

.
1 Mass flask.
of weighing 0.3391 0.3676 0.3618
paper + KHP(g)
4. The contents was swirled in each flask.
2 Mass of weighing 0.0021 0.0023 0.0020
paper
5. A(g)
few drops of phenolphthalein solution was added to each flask.
3 Mass of KHP used 0.337 0.3653 0.3598
6. For better visibility, distilled water was added to each flask.
(g)

4 7. The
Final buret
buret was filled19.30
reading completely with NaOH solution.
35.6 45.10
(mL)
8. The initial buret reading was recorded.
5 Initial buret reading 4.90 20.1 30.10
(mL)9. NaOH solution was slowly added to the first Erlenmeyer
containing KHP in unknown sample.
6 mL of NaOH used 14.4 15.5 15.0
(mL)10. The contents of the flask were gently swirled during this
7 titration.
Molarity of NaOH 0.1146 0.1154 0.1175
(M)
11. NaOH solution was added until it turned completely pink.

12. The buret reading was recorded.

13. The steps were repeated for the other two Erlenmeyer
flasks.

Data, Part I: Standardization of NaOH solution

Results
&
Discussio
n

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Molarity of NaOH (M)

Moles of KHP :

1mol −3
TRIAL 1 : 0.0337 x = 1.6502 x 10
204.22 g

1mol
TRIAL 2 : 0.3653 x = 1.7888 x 10−3
204.22 g

1mol −3
TRIAL 3 : 0.3598 x = 1.7618 x 10
204.22 g

Volume of NaOH reacted

TRIAL 1 : 14.4 ml = 0.0144 L

TRIAL 2 : 15.5 ml = 0.0155 L
TRIAL 3 : 15.0 ml = 0.0150 L

Molarity of NaOH (M)

−3
1.6502 x 10
TRIAL 1 : = 0.1146 M
0.0144 L

1.7888 x 10−3
TRIAL 2 : = 0.1154 M
0.0155 L
−3
1.7618 x 10
TRIAL 3 : = 0.1175 M
0.0150 L

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No Measurements Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

.
1 Mass of weighing 0.9467 0.9266 0.9515
paper + unknown
(g)
Part II:
2 Mass of weighing 0.0022 0.0026 0.0019
Analysis
paper (g)
of
3 Mass of unknown 0.9445 0.924 0.9496
used (g)

4 Final buret reading 21.40 39.9 41.05

(mL)

5 Initial buret reading 1.05 20.05 20.65

(mL)

6 mL of NaOH used 20.35 19.85 20.4

(mL)
7 Mass of KHP in 0.4812 0.4694 0.4824
unknown(g)

8 Percent of KHP in 50.95 50.80 50.80

unknown (%)

unknown acidic solution

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Mass of KHP in unknown(g)

Moles of NaOH

20.35 −3
TRIAL 1 : x 0.1158 = 2.3565 x 10
1000

19.85 −3
TRIAL 2 : x 0.1158 = 2.2986 x 10
1000

20.4 −3
TRIAL 3 : x 0.1158 = 2.3623 x 10
1000

Mass of KHP in unknown

−3
TRIAL 1 : 2.3565 x 10 x 204.22 = 0.4812 g

TRIAL 2 : 2.2986 x 10−3 x 204.22 = 0.4694 g

−3
TRIAL 3 : 2.3623 x 10 x 204.22 = 0.4824 g

Percent of KHP in unknown(%)

0.4812
TRIAL 1 : x 100% = 50.95%
0.9445

0.4694
TRIAL 2 : x 100% = 50.80 %
0.924

0.4824
TRIAL 3 : x 100% = 50.80 %
0.9496

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Discussion

1.The percentage of the potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHP is almost

the same for each trial in the sample. This is due to the mass of KHP
obtained in each trial 1, trial 2 and trial 3 are almost the same too
which are 0.4819g, 0.4697g, and 0.4819g respectively. Thus, in order to
get the percentage of KHP, we need to divide the mass of KHP obtained
by the mass of the sample and then multiply by 100. By doing so we
will obtain the percentage of KHP in each trial which is for trial 1, 2 and
3 is 51.02%, 51.83% and 50.75% respectively.

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2. Standard Deviation must be calculated in the experiment as the

standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or
dispersion of a set of values. A low standard deviation indicates that the
values tend to be close to the mean of the set, while a high standard
deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range.
To calculate Standard Deviation, we can use the formula

√
2
Σ ( X−µ ) , where X = molarity of NaOH and µ = average
SD=
(m−1)
molarity of NaOH. After substituting the value to the equation, we got
SD = 0.0014.

3. From the data that we get, we can also calculate the average
Σ −μ
Σ⃒X μ
deviation by using the formula . As a final result, we will get
N
average deviation = 0.0010. Unlike standard deviation, average
deviation was calculated by getting mean of absolute values to find the
dispersion. In general, standard deviation is more accurate compare to
average deviation. But both show a really small amount of dispersion
which means the data accuracy is most likely to be correct.

4. If the molarity of NaOH is about to be changed when conducting the

exact same experiment, it does not affect the percentage of KHP in
unknown sample. This is due to the percentage of KHP is fixed. Instead,
if the molarity changed the volume of NaOH solution needed will
change as well. Molarity of NaOH is inversely proportional to the volume
of NaOH. By means, as molarity increases, volume needed will
decrease.

5. As we conducted the experiment, we need to be aware on how the

way we were doing it. Wrong titration techniques can lead to a wrong
data collected. First, the use of indicator which is phenolphthalein in the
experiment to know the ‘end point’ of the experiment. The color of
indicator must become pink so that neutralization is completed. If
excess of NaOH was added, there might be an error while calculating
the molarity of it. Secondly, make sure to take the reading correctly by
means to avoid parallax error. Eye must be perpendicular to the scale of
burets and beaker. This to ensure that the data we get for every trial
are almost or exactly the same. Last but not least, KHP or the unknown
sample must be stirred well so that it ionized in water. If residue can
still be seen, it might not neutralize completely with NaOH. So
percentage of KHP calculated will be wrong.

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Conclusi In, conclusion. Titration is aimed to detect the equivalent point in

on: titration when a stoichiometric amount of reactant is added. To detect
the equivalent point, an indicator that changes colour within the pH 3-
11 was added. Two experiments were conducted. The first experiment
was to determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution and
the second experiment is to find the standardized molarity of NaOH.
Both of the experiments was repeated three times to ensure a two
thirds (66%) probability that the average results are more accurate
than a single experiment. The three determination should be within
1.0% and if its not, the standardization should be repeated again.

Referenc
e: References:
Darrell D. Ebbing Steven D. Gammon, General Chemistry, Eleventh
Edition. Detroit, Michigan: Cengage Learning
https://www.webassign.net/question_assets/ncsugenchem102labv1/lab_9/manual.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titration

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