Muscular system Cheat Sheet
by jonahenry via cheatography.com/19875/cs/2810/
Definitions Definitions (cont) Basics (cont)
acetylcholine- neurotransmitter released from origin* body segment with the most mass, -Myofibrils are threadlike structures and are
the synaptic vesicles that initiate action in the usually proximally located, large surface area of located in the sarcoplasm.
muscle fiber. attachment -Thick Myofilaments are composed of
actin- a cellular protein that contains two other spasm an involuntary and abnormal myosin
proteins contraction of muscle or muscle fibers or of a -Thins Myofilaments are composed of actin
antagonist- counteracts with agonist hollow organ that consists largely of -Troponin and tropomyosin associate with
aponeuroses- a broad flat tendon involuntary muscle fibers actin filaments
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)* is the -Transverse tubules are membranous
biochemical way to store and use energy. For Cellular Structure& Function channels that extend into the sarcoplasm as
your muscles -- in fact, for every cell in your invaginations continuous with the sarcolemma
A membrane is permeable when materials
body -- the source of energy that keeps and contains extracellular fluid
can pass through it.
everything going is called ATP.
Diffusion is the movement form an area of
axon -the long threadlike part of a nerve cell Skeletal Muscle Structure
high concentration to an area of low
along which impulses are conducted from the
concentration. EPEN- (EP)imysium- a strong connective
cell body to other cells.
Molecules, gas ions, nutrients, and waste tissue that covers all muscle fibers to form a
contraction- shortening of the muscles
are able to pass through the cell membrane bundle called fasciculi.
cross bridges- the
Muscle cells provide movement (PE)rimysium- connective tissue that binds
head of a myosin molecule that projects from a
Nerve cell provide communication groups of muscle fibers together
myosin filament in muscle and in the sliding
Red blood cells provide oxygen transport (EN)domysium- connective tissue that covers
filament of muscle contraction is held to attach
Movement can occur up or down a cell the muscle fiber.
temporarily to an adjacent actin filament and
Muscle Belly to hold all muscle fibers together
draw it into the A band of a sarcomere between membrane
also to shorten when contracted.
the myosin filaments. A cell membrane is a boundary wall
Skeletal Muscles are named in relation to
elasticity- ability of a muscle tissue to surrounding cytoplasm of a cell
Muscle tissue has the property of contractility. their attachment
elongate or stretch
A sarcolemma is a membrane that lays
fascia- layers of dense. fibrous, connective collagen is a protein which comprises
beneath the (EN)domysium
tissue which compartmentalize muscle adding bundles of flexible but strong white fibers.
to structure. Adipose is known as fat tissue (protection, Sacroplasmic reticulm surrounds the
hypertrophy- to increase in bullk energy storage, and insulation myofibrils
insertion- : the part of a muscle by which it is TTS (Transverse Tubule System)- storage for
Fibrous connective tissue is found in the
attached to the part to be moved, usually calcium
ligaments and tendons
distally located, and has a small surface area.
muscle- body tissue made of long cells that Muscle Contraction
Basics
contract when stimulated and produce motion
Tension within the muscle but no change in
- Skeletal Muscle is an organ of the muscular
myofibril- contractile unit composed of myosin
length isotonic
system
and actin Tension and the muscle changes in length
-Skeletal Muscle is composed of skeletal
myosin- fibrous protein that forms (together isometric
muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood, and
with actin) the contractile filaments of muscle
concentric is when the muscle shortens
connective tissue**
cells and is also involved in motion in other
Eccentric is when the muscle lengthens
- Tendons Connect a muscle to bone it
types of cells.
Motor neuron- a nerve that carries impulses
consist of dense connective tissue.
-Deep Fascia is fascia that surrounds or from the brain and stimulates muscle
contraction
penetrates the muscle
neuromuscular junction- the end of the axon
-Subcutaneous fascia is fascia beneath the
terminal where it attaches to the muscle fiber
skin
-Subserous fascia is a connective tissue layer motor end plate- the location on the muscle
fiber at the end of the axon terminal
of the serous membranes covering organs in
motor unit- a motor neuron and the muscle
various body cavities.
fibers it innervates
By jonahenry Published 6th November, 2014. Sponsored by Readability-Score.com
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Muscular system Cheat Sheet
by jonahenry via cheatography.com/19875/cs/2810/
Muscle Tissue 3 Processes for producing ATP (cont) Characteristics of Fiber Types (cont)
A single twitch is a simple muscle However, since there is a limited amount of Slow Twitch- The speed of contraction is low.
contraction stored CP and ATP in skeletal muscles, fatigue The force(power) is low. It takes along time
A kymograph is a machine used to record occurs rapidly.. 2. Glycolysis- Glycolysis is for the slow twitch muscles to become tired.
muscle activity the predominant energy system used for all-out Carbohydrates and fats fuel the slow twitch
A myogram is a machine that traces the exercise lasting from 30 seconds to about 2 fibers. Slow twitch muscles are aerobic which
muscle twitch minutes and is the second-fastest way to means they need oxygen. carbon dioxide,
Latent period before contraction starts resynthesize ATP. During glycolysis, water, and heat is the waste that slow twitch
contraction phase during muscle shortening carbohydrate—in the form of either blood muscles produce.
relaxation phase after the contraction phase glucose (sugar) or muscle glycogen (the
Recovery Period is a short interval where the stored form of glucose)—is broken down Energy Continuum- Energy Pathways
muscles are supplied with oxygen. It last through a series of chemical reactions to form Diagram
about 60 sec. pyruvate (glycogen is first broken down into
all or none principle- the principle that under glucose through a process called
glycogenolysis). Conversion to lactate occurs
given conditions the response of a nerve or
when the demand for oxygen is greater than
muscle fiber to a stimulus at any strength above
the supply (i.e., during anaerobic exercise).
the threshold is the same: the muscle or nerve
Conversely, when there is enough oxygen
responds completely or not at all.
available to meet the muscles’ needs (i.e.,
Principle source of heat in the body is
during aerobic exercise), pyruvate (via acetyl-
muscle contraction example: shivering
CoA) enters the mitochondria and goes through
aerobic metabolism.. 3. Aerobic System- The
Energy Sources
oxidation of carbohyrates or fats. Unlimited
- ALL energy is from the sun source of Energy ATP produced by aerobic
- Immediate energy in humans is from ATP glycolysis, from Kerb's cycle and a huge source
- ATP is made by energy released from the from fat metabolism
Digaram of muscle contraction
breakdown of foods and other compounds of
food Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle
-ENERGY IS THE CAPACITY TO PREFORM Contraction
WORK
During muscle contraction, the globular heads
-WORK: APPLICATION OF OFRCE of the myosin attach to the active site of the
THROUGH A DISTANCE actin myofilament and “ratchet” or swivel pulling
the actin toward the center of the sarcomere
3 Processes for producing ATP (unit of contraction). This causes the actin
Sliding filament theory proposes that the a-
myofilaments to slide past one another
1.. Phosphagen System- During short-term, band contain flexible cross bridges that come
resulting in a shortening of a sarcomere. The
intense activities, a large amount of power in contact with energy sites on more numerous
sarcomere shortens and the muscle contracts.
needs to be produced by the muscles, creating I-band and with the availability of energy, the
a high demand for ATP. The phosphagen
Characteristics of Fiber Types cross-bridges pull the active filament a short
system (ATP-CP system) is the quickest way to distance and release it and attach to another
resynthesize ATP). Creatine phosphate (CP), Fast Twitch- The speed of contraction is high. site, resulting in a shortening of the H-zone
which is stored in skeletal muscles, donates a The force(power) is high. It takes ashort between the I-bands
phosphate to ADP to produce ATP: ADP + CP time for the fast twitch muscles to become
— ATP + C. Since this process does not need tired. Carbohydrates(glycogen) fuel the fast
oxygen to resynthesize ATP, it is anaerobic, or twitch fibers. Fast twitch muscles are
oxygen-independent. As the fastest way to anaerobic which means they don't need
resynthesize ATP, the phosphagen system is oxygen. Lactic acid and heat** is the waste
the predominant energy system used for all-out that fast twitch muscles produce.
exercise lasting up to about 5- 10 seconds.
By jonahenry Published 6th November, 2014. Sponsored by Readability-Score.com
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