k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, afudtL k|b]z

Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf, d]sflgsn ;d"x cGtu{tsf hg/n d]sflgsn / lgdf{0f pks/0f ;+ef/ pk;d"xx?sf ;ftf}F
txsf] v'nf v'nf, cGt/ tx / cfGtl/s cGt/ ;]jf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd

o; kf7oqmd of]hgfnfO{ b'O{ r/0fdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M

k|yd r/0f M— lnlvt k/LIff (Written Examination) k"0ff{Í M— @))
låtLo r/0f M- -s_ ;fd"lxs k/LIf0f (Group Test) k"0ff{Í M— !)
-v_ cGtjf{tf{ (Interview) k"0ff{Í M— #)
k/LIff of]hgf (Examination Scheme)

k|yd r/0f M lnlvt k/LIff (Written Examination) k"0ff{Í M— @))

kq ljifo v08 k"0ff{Í ptL{0ff{Í k/LIff k|0ffnL k|Zg;Vof × cÍ ;do
Part I:
General
Awareness %) k|Zg × ! cÍ
& General
General 100 40 j:t'ut ax'j}slNks k|Zg ! 306f
k|yd Ability Test
Subject
Part II:
(Objective) (MCQs) #) ldg]6
General
Technical
%) k|Zg × ! cÍ
Subject
100 40 ljifout 5f]6f] pQ/ $ k|Zg × % cÍ
låtLo Technical Subject
(Subjective) nfdf] pQ/ # 306f
* kZg × !)cÍ
låtLo r/0f M ;fd"lxs k/LIf0f (Group Test) / cGtjf{tf{ (Interview) k"0ff{Í M— $)
kq ÷ljifo k"0ff{Í ptL{0ff{Í k/LIff k|0ffnL ;do
;fd"lxs k/LIf0f 10 ;fd"lxs 5nkmn (Group Discussion) #) ldg]6
(Group Test)
cGtjf{tf{ (Interview) 30 Aff]8{ cGtjf{tf{(Board Interview) –
b|i6Jo M
1. lnlvt k/LIffsf] dfWod efiff g]kfnL jf c+u|]hL cyjf g]kfnL / c+u|]hL b'j} x'g]5 .
2. k|ydkq / låtLokqsf] lnlvt k/LIff 5'§f5'§} x'g]5 .
3. j:t'ut ax'j}slNks (Multiple Choice) k|Zgx?sf] unt pQ/ lbPdf k|To]s unt pQ/ afkt @)
k|ltzt cÍ s§f ul/g]5 . t/ pQ/ glbPdf To; afkt cÍ lbOg] 5}g / cÍ s§f klg ul/g] 5}g .
4. ax'j}slNks k|Zgx? x'g] k/LIffdf Sofns'n]6/ (Calculator) nufotsf s'g} klg ljB'tLo pks/0f k|of]u
ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
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efu (Two or more parts of a single question) jf Pp6f k|Zg cGtu{t b'O{ jf a9L l6Kk0fLx?
(Short notes) ;f]Wg ;lsg] 5 .
6. låtLo kqdf -ljifout k|Zg x'g]sf] xsdf_ k|To]s v08sf nflu 5'§f5'§} pQ/k'l:tsfx? x'g]5g\ .
kl/IffyL{n] k|To]s v08sf k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ ;f]xL v08sf] pQ/k'l:tsfdf n]Vg'kg]{5 .
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k/]sf sfg"g, P]g, lgod tyf gLltx? k/LIffsf] ldlt eGbf # dlxgf cufl8 -;+zf]wg ePsf jf
;+zf]wg eO x6fO{Psf jf yk u/L ;+zf]wg eO{_ sfod /x]sfnfO{ o; kf7\oqmddf k/]sf] ;Demg' kb{5 .
8= oyf;Dej k|Zgx? g]kfn / afudtL k|b]zsf] ;Gbe{df ;f]lwg] 5g\ .
9. k|yd r/0fsf k/LIffaf6 5gf}6 ePsf pDd]bjf/x?nfO{ dfq låtLo r/0fsf] k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt
u/fOg]5 .
10. o; eGbf cufl8 nfu' ePsf dfly pNn]lvt ;]jf, ;d"xsf] kf7Øqmd vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .
11.kf7Øqmd nfu' ldlt M –

Page 1
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Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf, d]sflgsn ;d"x cGtu{tsf hg/n d]sflgsn / lgdf{0f pks/0f ;+ef/ pk;d"xx?sf ;ftf}F
txsf] v'nf v'nf, cGt/ tx / cfGtl/s cGt/ ;]jf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd

k|yd kq (Paper I): General Subject

Part (I) : - General Awareness & General Ability Test (50 Marks)

1. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg tyf ;fGble{s sfg"gx¿M [10 ×1 Mark = 10 Marks]

1.1 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
1.2 sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g, @)&%
1.3 ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#
1.4 ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$
1.5 k|b]z ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)&^
1.6 e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)^$
1.7 ;DkQL z"l4s/0f P]g, @)^$
1.8 k|b]z ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)&^
1.9 k|b]z ;'zf;g P]g, @)&&
1.10 ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwL sfg"gx¿
2. General Awareness and Contemporary Issues [20 ×1 Mark = 20 Marks]
1.1 Physical, socio-cultural and economic geography and demography of Nepal
1.2 Major natural resources of Nepal
1.3 Geographical diversity, climatic conditions, and livelihood & lifestyle of people
1.4 Notable events and personalities, social, cultural and economic conditions in
modern history of Nepal
1.5 Current periodical plan of Nepal and Bagamati Province
1.6 Information on sustainable development, environment, pollution, climate change,
biodiversity, science and technology
1.7 Nepal's international affairs and general information on the UNO, SAARC &
BIMSTEC
1.8 Governance system and Government (Federal, Provincial and Local)
1.9 Functional scope of public services
1.10 Public Service Charter
1.11 Concept, objective and importance of public policy
1.12 Fundamentals of management: planning, organizing, directing, controlling,
coordinating, decision making, motivation and leadership
1.13 Government planning, budgeting and accounting system
3. Major events and current affairs of national and international Importance
[4 X 1 Mark = 4 Marks]
4. General Ability Test [10×1 Mark = 10 Marks]
4.1 Verbal Ability Test
Jumble words, Series, Analogy, Classification, Coding-Decoding, Matrix,
Ranking Order Test, Direction and Distance Sense Test, Common Sense Test,
Logical Reasoning, Assertion and Reason, Statement and Conclusions
4.2 Numerical Ability Test
Series, Analogy, Classification, Coding, Arithmetical reasoning/ operation,
Percentage, Ratio, Average, Loss & Profit, Time & Work, Data interpretation &
Data verification
4.3 Non-verbal/Abstract Ability Test
Figure Series, Figure Analogy, Figure Classification, Figure Matrix, Pattern
Page 2
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Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf, d]sflgsn ;d"x cGtu{tsf hg/n d]sflgsn / lgdf{0f pks/0f ;+ef/ pk;d"xx?sf ;ftf}F
txsf] v'nf v'nf, cGt/ tx / cfGtl/s cGt/ ;]jf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd

Completion/Finding, Analytical Reasoning Test, Figure Formation and Analysis,

Rule Detection, Water images, Mirror images, Cubes and Dice &Venn-diagram

5. g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL efiffM [6 X 1 Mark = 6 Marks]

5.1 English: Knowledge on writing correct English sentences, letters, and reports according to
English grammar based on the following syntactic functions: [3 X 1 Mark = 3 Marks]
a. Parts of Speech:
b. Noun
c. Pronoun
d. Adjective
e. Determiner
f. Verb
g. Adverb
h. Preposition
i. Conjunction and
j. Interjection
k. Infinitives and gerunds, reported speech and tenses
5.2 g]kfnLM g]kfnL efiffdf :t/Lo z'4 zAb, jfSof+z / jfSo n]vgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ x|:j bL3{, a /
j, tyf z, if, ; nufotsf Jofs/0fut z'4 n]vgz}nLdf s]lG›t z'4 zAb, jfSof+z / jfSo
n]vg;lxtsf] g]kfnL efiffsf] z'4fz'l4sf] 1fg [3 X 1 Mark = 3 Marks]

Page 3
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txsf] v'nf v'nf, cGt/ tx / cfGtl/s cGt/ ;]jf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd

Part (II) : - General Technical Subject (50 Marks)

1. Material Science and Metallurgy (5 marks)

1.1 Types of materials and material selection
1.2 Imperfections in atomic arrangement: Slip and twinning, dislocation, points and
surface defects
1.3 Mechanical properties and testing: Tension, impact, fatigue and hardness tests
1.4 Cold working and hot working
1.5 Types of steel
1.6 Phase transformation and heat treatment: Iron-carbon equilibrium diagram,
hardening, tempering, annealing and normalizing

2. Fluid Mechanics (5 marks)

2.1 Fluid properties: Viscosity, surface tension, compressibility, Vapor Pressure
2.2 Fluid statics: Pressure variations in static fluid, pressure head, manometer, force
on submerged surfaces
2.3 Equations of fluid flow: Types of flow, continuity equation, Bernoulli's equation,
and momentum equation
2.4 Viscous effects: Reynold’s number, boundary layer, frictional resistance to flow
in pipes
2.5 Flow measurement: Pitot-static tube, orifice, venturimeter, nozzle, rotameter

3. Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer (10 marks)

3.1 Basic concepts: Thermodynamic system, thermodynamic property, pure
Substance, laws of thermodynamics, heat engine, refrigerator and heat pump
3.2 Refrigeration: Reversed Carnot cycle, vapor compression cycle, absorption
refrigeration systems, refrigerants and their properties
3.3 Air Conditioning: Psychometric properties and psychometric chart, heating,
cooling, humidification and dehumidification process, air conditioning systems
3.4 Thermodynamic cycles: Carnot cycle, Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, Brayton cycle,
Rankine cycle
3.5 IC engines: Classifications, components, two-stroke and four-stroke operations,
performance of IC engines
3.6 Modes of heat transfer: Conduction, convection and radiation

4. Workshop Technology and Metrology (5 marks)

4.1 Machine tools operation and application: Lathe, shaper, milling, grinding, drilling
machines
4.2 Metal joining operation and application: Oxy-acetylene welding and arc welding
4.3 Limits, fits, tolerances and gauges
4.4 Linear measurement: Block Gages, length bars, comparators
4.5 Angular measurement: Bevel protractor, sine bar, spirit level, clinometers and
angle gauges
4.6 Errors in measurement

5. Advance Machines and Machining Techniques (5 marks)

5.1 Numerical Control (NC) and Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines,CNC
machine tools, machine control units, general introduction to CNC programming

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txsf] v'nf v'nf, cGt/ tx / cfGtl/s cGt/ ;]jf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd

5.2 Modern Machining techniques: Ultrasonic machining, abrasive jet machining,

abrasive water jet machining, electro chemical machining, electrical discharge
machining, laser beam machining, electron beam machining, plasma arc
machining

6. Hydraulic and Electric Machines (8 marks)

6.1 Working principle and characteristic of water turbines: Pelton, Francis, Kaplan
and Cross flow turbines
6.2 Working principle and Characteristic of Pumps: Centrifugal pump and
Reciprocating pump , Hydraulic ram
6.3 DC Motors: Shunt field, Series field and Compound field motors, Torque- speed
characteristics
6.4 DC Generators: Shunt, Series and Compound field machines, Voltage/speed/load
characteristics, Effects of variable load, variable torque
6.5 Synchronous and Induction Machines: Basic structure of synchronous machines,
Generator on isolated load, Generator on large system, Synchronous motor

7. Instrumentation and Control (5 marks)

7.1 Basic concepts of control system: Classification, transfer function, block diagram
and signal flow graph
7.2 Sensors and transducers: Mechanical detector-transducer elements, resistance,
variable inductance, mutual inductance, capacitive, piezo-electric, linear variable
differential, thermoelectric, Hal effect, photo electric and photo emissive
transducers, strain gauges
7.3 Basic concepts of microprocessors and microcontrollers and their applications
7.4 Basic Boolean algebra and numbering systems, basic logic gates
7.5 Control system: Components, derivative, proportional and integral controllers
and their combinations, hydraulic and pneumatic control systems, response
characteristics of control systems

8. Automobile Engineering (7 marks)

8.1 Classification of automobiles and their features, parts and components of engine
8.2 Fuel Systems: Fuel system for petrol engine, fuel injection for diesel engine,
petrol fuel injection system
8.3 Cooling and lubrication systems for engines
8.4 Electrical system : Battery, ignition system, charging system, accessories
8.5 Chassis layout and frames, suspension system, wheels, tyres and brake
8.6 Transmission system and steering system
8.7 Automobile emission and its control: combustion, constituents of exhaust, effect
of air fuel ratio and driving mode, control of automobile emission
8.8 Automobile service stations and service procedure: types of service stations,
location and lay out, equipment, tools, service procedures

------------------

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pk;d"xx?sf ;ftf}F txsf] v'nf, cGt/ tx / cfGtl/s cGt/ ;]jf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd

låtLo kq (Paper II) : Technical Subject

Section (A) - 20 Marks

1. Geology and Tectonics of Nepal Himalaya

1.1 Geological and stratigraphical framework of Nepal Himalaya.
1.2 Engineering geological characteristics of various tectonic zones of Nepal.
1.3 Main characteristics of the major folds and thrust structures of Nepal Himalaya and
its stratigraphic implications.
1.4 The study of the Himalayan geology and its inference in infrastructure development.
1.5 Primary and secondary structures in structural geology; importance of regional, local
and microstructures in geological mapping and mineral exploration and major
geological structures identification. Problems in structural mapping in Nepal
Himalaya.
1.6 Pre and post mineralization structures versus control of economic minerals in the
Himalayan regions.
1.7 Seismotectonics of Nepal Himalaya: Earthquake seismology, earthquake sources,
active faults and seismicity in Nepal Himalaya.
1.8 Paleontology, index fossils, stratigraphy and fossils of Nepal.
2. Remote Sensing and GIS
2.1 Development in aerial and space photography, advantages and limitations of photo
geological techniques.
2.2 Aerial Photography and Satellite Imagery: Use of conventional aerial photographs
and satellite imageries, basic geometrical relations of scale parallax and heights using
stereoscopes, quantitative determination of geological data.
2.3 Photo/Image Interpretation: Principles and elements of photo/image for geological
applications, interpretation of SLAR imagery.
2.4 Digital Image Processing: Image rectification and restoration. Image enhancement.
Contrast manipulation. Spatial feature manipulation. Multi-image manipulation.
Image classification. Supervised classification. Unsupervised classification.
Classification accuracy assessment.
2.5 GPS: Data acquisition, error in GPS data, applications in mapping and seismic
monitoring.
2.6 GIS and Maps: Development of GIS and its uses, GIS data sources and database
management. Maps characteristics, projections, coordinate system, precision and error.
2.7 Spatial Data Models: Concept of data model, vector and raster data model, topology,
TIN data model.
2.8 Spatial Analysis and Preparation of Maps: Spatial interpolation methods, raster and
vector analysis, map overlay, map calculations, statistics, integrated spatial analysis.
Map design, map elements, choosing a map type, exporting map in different format,
printing a map.

Section (B) - 30 Marks

3. Mineral Resources and Processing

3.1 Mineral Resources of Nepal: Metallic, nonmetallic, industrial and fuel minerals;
construction materials, block stone, dimension stones and decorative stones.
3.2 Use of physical, optical and other specific properties in mineral identifications.
3.3 Determination of minerals by chemical compositions.

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pk;d"xx?sf ;ftf}F txsf] v'nf, cGt/ tx / cfGtl/s cGt/ ;]jf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd

3.4 Basic principles and objectives of mineral processing/ beneficiation.

3.5 Introductory aspects of applicability of mineral concentration techniques such as
hand picking, panning, jigging, heavy fluid separation, magnetic separation,
decrepitation, agglomeration, floatation, amalgamation, cyanidation, leaching,
roasting, smelting, refining and calcinations in mineral concentration/ separation.

4. Mineral Evaluation, Development and Production

4.1 Potential, exploration, development and production of mineral resources in Nepal
Himalayas.
4.2 Global tectonics as guide to mineral deposits, spatial and temporal position of mineral
deposits in Nepal.
4.3 Estimation, evaluation and assessment of mineral resources in Nepal Himalayas.
4.4 Tonnage and grade of various mineral resources in Nepal and adjoining Himalayas:
Tonnage, cut-off grade, prices and specification of commodities for mining.
4.5 Factors involved in the mineral economics and viability assessment of mineral deposits.
Importance of tonnage versus grade in mineral development.
4.6 Potential, exploration and development of hydrocarbon or fuel mineral resources in
Nepal in particular and in the Himalayan region as a whole.
4.7 Prospectivity and exploration of trace elements and gem minerals in Nepal Himalaya and
adjoining region.
4.8 Application of techniques and methods in open cast and underground mining in Nepal
Himalaya and adjoining regions.
4.9 Surface exploration versus subsurface exploration and their comparative importance.
4.10 Classification of various types of rocks and mineralization associated with sedimentary,
igneous and metamorphic terrain.

5. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration

5.1 General principles of geophysical exploration and its applicability and limitations,
physical properties involved in geophysical exploration and factors controlling
geophysical anomalies, application and significance of local and regional
anomalies.
5.2 Principles, application and limitation of gravity survey; identification and
interpretation of anomalies; importance of correction factors in gravity survey.
5.3 Basic principles, application and limitation of magnetic survey; identification and
interpretation of anomalies; significance of correction factors in magnetic survey.
5.4 Basic principles, application and limitation of Electrical Resistivity, Induced
Polarization, Self Potential, Telluric and Electromagnetic methods; basic factors
essential in such survey; identification and interpretation of anomalies.
5.5 Basic principles, application and limitation of Seismic Reflection and Refraction surveys;
factors important in seismic reflection and refraction surveys. Earthquake seismology,
seismic waves propagation through interior of earth. Seismic wave velocity model.
Recent development in seismic research in Himalayan region particularly in Nepal
Himalaya.
5.6 Principles of geochemistry, application and limitation of geochemical exploration.
5.7 Primary and Secondary Dispersion: Clastic and hydromorphic dispersion;
mobility of elements, indicator and path finder elements.
5.8 Trace element abundance in natural materials, common geochemical association
of the trace elements in different types of mineral deposits and rocks.
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pk;d"xx?sf ;ftf}F txsf] v'nf, cGt/ tx / cfGtl/s cGt/ ;]jf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd

5.9 Soil Survey: Drainage sediment survey, Heavy concentrate survey, Water and
Vegetation survey, Background and threshold values and geochemical anomalies.
5.10 Stages of geochemical exploration.
5.11 Analytical methods involved in geochemical exploration, statistical analysis of
geochemical data and interpretation.
5.12 Dating techniques of rocks and sediments.

Section (C) - 25 Marks

6. Basics of Engineering Geology

6.1 Role of Engineering Geology in Different Stages of Project Development: Planning,
identification, feasibility, detailed design, evaluation and maintenance stages.
6.2 Basic Principle, Techniques of Engineering Geological Study with its Engineering
Significance: Geological mapping, engineering geological mapping, use of remote
sensing and GIS, geophysical survey and interpretation, in-situ and lab tests. Preparation
of engineering geological reports for the projects.
6.3 Graphical Presentation of Geological Data: Introduction, equal area and equal angle
projections, stereographic projection of a plane and its pole, line and intersection of two
planes. Relationship between true and apparent dips, plotting and analysis of field
measurements.
6.4 Geological Hazards and Applied Geomorphology
6.4.1 Classification of landslides. Landslides in Nepal. Study of an individual
landslide. Factors controlling landslide, analysis and control of landslides,
problem of landslides, glacier lake outburst flood (GLOF) in Nepal, methods for
mitigation. Concept of danger, hazard, vulnerability, and risk analysis. Detection
and control of landslide. Basic principle of geohazard management.
6.4.2 Earthquakes, debris flow and soil erosion as geological hazards. Earthquakes:
mechanism of earthquakes, magnitude and intensity, liquefaction, earthquake
induced landslides, mitigation of earthquake hazard.
6.4.3 Basic principles of geomorophology, geomorphic processes and
application of geomorphology for geological and engineering geological
study.
6.5 Construction Materials: Sources and types of construction material with their
geotechnical and geochemical properties. Method of investigation, testing and
quantification of construction materials. Use of various maps (geological, engineering
geological and topographic maps) and aerial photographs in searchof construction
materials.

7. Soil and Rock Mechanics

7.1 Soil Mechanics
7.1.1 Soil Formation, Classification and Exploration: Introduction, nature, and
composition of soils, soil formation, soil classification, soil exploration, in-situ
and laboratory testing.
7.1.2 Strength and Deformation: Introduction, principle of effective stress, concept of
failure, principles of strength and deformation testing, field testing for strength
and deformation. Laboratory tests, strength and deformation parameters of soils.
7.1.3 Flow of Water through a Soil Mass: Introduction, flow laws, field measurement
of permeability, flow rate, flow nets, solutions of flow equations.
7.1.4 Settlement and Consolidation: Introduction, compressibility of soils, rate of
primary settlement, multidimensional settlement, secondary compression,
measurement of soil parameters.

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pk;d"xx?sf ;ftf}F txsf] v'nf, cGt/ tx / cfGtl/s cGt/ ;]jf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd

7.1.5 Retaining Structures: Introduction, limiting stress state in a soil mass,

intermediate stress state pressures on a rigid retaining wall, passive pressure
analyses, stability analysis.
7.1.6 Stability of Slopes: Introduction, types of instability mechanisms, methods of
stability analysis, applicability of stability analysis.
7.1.7 Foundations: Introduction, foundation systems, stability analysis, stress
distribution analysis, settlement analysis of shallow foundations, settlement
analysis of foundations, dynamic analysis of foundation.
7.1.8 Soil Treatment: Introduction, types, surface and subsurface soil treatment.

7.2 Rock Mechanics

7.2.1 Use of Rock Mechanics in Engineering: Introduction, classification of rock and
rock mass. Geological factors affecting strength of rock and rock mass.
7.2.2 Strength of Rock and Rock Mass: Introduction, brittle and ductile behaviour,
laboratory testing of intact rock samples, an empirical failure criterion for rock,
use of rock mass classification for rock strength prediction. Approximate
equations defining the strength of intact rock and heavily jointed rock masses.
7.2.3 Classification of Rock Masses: Introduction, Terzaghi’s rock load classification,
classifications by Stini and Lauffer, Deere’s rock quality designation (RQD).
Influence of clay seams and fault gouge. CSIR classification of jointed rock
mass. NGI tunnelling index, discussion on rock mass classification systems.
7.2.4 Stress around Underground Excavations: Introduction, components of stress,
two-dimensional state of stress, stress distribution around single excavation,
stresses around a circular excavation, calculation of stresses around other
excavation shapes. Stresses around multiple excavations.
7.2.5 Underground Excavation: Engineering geological tests (both in-situ and
laboratory) for planning, design and execution of underground excavation.
8. Engineering Structures and Engineering geology
8.1 Dams:
8.1.1 Introduction, types of dam, classification according to use, hydraulic design, used
materials.
8.1.2 Physical Factors of Dam Selection: Topography, geology and foundation
conditions, materials availability, spillway, size and location, earthquake and
available technology.
8.1.3 Surface Investigation of Dam Site: Fluvial soils, glacial deposits, residual soils,
colluvial soils.
8.1.4 Subsurface Exploratory Methods: Test pits, trenches, and test adits. Auger
boring, rotary drilling, geophysical exploration.
8.2 Irrigation canals: Site selection, problems of instabilities, erosion and
sedimentation, measures for their control.
8.3 Tunnels: Classification and nomenclature, surface and subsurface exploration for tunnel,
determination of rock loads, methods of tunneling including NATM, case histories of
tunnels in Nepal.
8.4 Roads, bridges and buildings: Location and site selection, use of engineering
geological maps and aerial photographs for road corridor building site studies. Problem

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of slope stability and erosion, drainage, landslide hazard maps, stable cut slopes in soil
and rocky areas: subsurface exploration for bridge and building foundation, construction
materials.
Section (D) - 25 Marks

9. Origin, Occurrence and Movement of Groundwater

Groundwater occurrence, unconfined and confined aquifers, influent and affluent
streams, factors influencing infiltration, groundwater flow, lithology of aquifers,
Darcy’s Law, porosity, permeability, hydraulic gradient, safe yield, groundwater
storage. Factors affecting infiltration capacity, soil moisture, compaction due to rain,
compaction due to man and animals, methods of determining infiltration, infiltrometers.
10. Groundwater Exploration
Geologic and Hydrologic studies
Stream Flow Records: Methods of obtaining discharge records, measurement of
velocity, calibration of current meter, type of current meters, methods of making
discharge measurements.
Water Losses: Evaporation from free water surfaces, evapotranspiration, influence of
depth, methods of determining evaporation, influence of high or low water table,
measurement of soil evaporation, total water loss, factors affecting total water loss.
11. Well drilling and well design
11.1 Basic principles of well drilling, cable-tool percussion method, direct rotary
drilling, drilling fluid and drilling mud, reverse circulation drilling, jet drilling, air
rotary drilling, driven wells, pipe casing selection, grouting and sealing casing,
plumbness and alignment.
11.2 Grain-size analysis, plotting sand analysis curves, types of grain-size curves, well
depth, selection of housing and casing pipe (casing diameter, casing material),
well screen design(screen length, well screen diameter, well screen slot openings,
selection of well screen material), installation of well screens, formation
stabilizer, entrance velocity, gravel pack design, sanitary protection.
11.3 Well Point System: Multiple wells for water supply, installing well points,
dewatering well point systems, design and layout.
12. Development of Wells
12.1 Importance of development work, sand bridging, mechanical surging, surging
with compressed air, over pumping, back washing, high velocity jetting,
successful development procedures.
12.2 Water Well Pumps: Kinds of pumps, suction and cavitation, positive
displacement pumps, variable displacement pumps, centrifugal pumps, jet pumps,
air lift pumping, pump selection.
12.3 Measuring pumping rates, water level measurements, aquifer tests, estimating
well yield, estimating open pipe flow, equilibrium well equation, yield vs. well
size, yield vs. draw down, non-equilibrium well equation, modified non-
equilibrium equation, time-drawdown relations, boundary effects, distance-
drawdown relations, partial penetration of aquifers, water level recovery, well
interference, radius of influence, well efficiency.
13. Groundwater Quality and Water Treatment
Chemical components affecting groundwater quality (atmospheric, human and
industrial waste, agricultural practices, disasters), processes affecting groundwater
quality (soil type, human activities, and groundwater flow on contaminants),
PPSC/Page 5
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groundwater quality monitoring (selection of water quality parameters, sampling

methods and density of observation networks, data processing and analysis, preventing
measures and implementation), determining groundwater quality, (chemical, physical,
and biological), units of measurements, water quality requirements, drinking water
standards, aeration softening, demineralization, disinfecting wells-use of hypochlorites,
chlorination.
14. Groundwater Resources of Nepal and Conservation and Management of
Groundwater
14.1 History of groundwater study in Nepal, review of hydrological data, groundwater
resources, groundwater use, groundwater recharge calculation, methods of
groundwater estimate, groundwater balance.
14.2 Conservation attitudes, optimum development of aquifers, subsurface water
storage, artificial recharge, conjunctive management of groundwater and surface
water, pollution control, groundwater level control-structural measures,
administrative measures, monitoring, implementation measures for groundwater
management.
--------

PPSC/Page 6
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dWo] s'g} Ps Topic dfq lbOg]5 .

PPSC/Page 7