CHAPTER 1.

0 - STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Week 1

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this week, students should be able to:

1) Identify the types of structures.

2) Calculate the degrees of static indeterminacy for beam,

frame and truss.

3) Classify the structure to unstable, statically determinate

and statically indeterminate.
Engineering Structures

DAM OFFSHORE PLATFORM

Hoover Dam Las Vegas, Nevada. Offshore Platform Holly, South Ellwood Field, CA.
BRIDGE

BUILDING

Sundial Bridge in Redding, California

The Burj Al Arab Hotel, Dubai

Awesome Building Structure

Building in Span
Float with Aerohotel
Cybertexture Egg
The Beautiful Strate Tower
 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Structural analysis comprises the set of
What? physical laws and mathematics required to
study and predict the behavior of structures.

Goal Computation of deformations, internal

forces, and stresses.

Application In practice, structural analysis can be viewed

more abstractly as a method to drive the
engineering design process or prove the
soundness of a design without a
dependence on directly testing it.
 Types of structures

Beam
Truss
Frame

Shell Cable Arch

Arch & Cable Bridge
Framed Building

ƒThe vertical elements are the

columns

ƒThe horizontal bands are the

beams

ƒThe flat surface on which you

can stand is the slab .

ƒThis building has ground floor,

first floor , second floor, and
terrace floor .

ƒThis building is a framed

building .
Deformation of Structures

i) Axial
ii) Shearing
iii) Flexural (bending)
iv) Torsion

Axial Shearing

Flexural Torsion
Structural idealization
-To recognize the actual problem and then
formulate the idealized problem (modelling), so
that the structural engineer can perform a
practical force analysis of the members
-Generally, actual structure in 3-D can be
idealized to 2-D.
Idealized Structure
e.g. consider the jib crane & trolley
For analysis, we neglect the thickness of the 2 main
member & will assume that the joint at B is fabricated
to be rigid
– The support at A can be modeled as a fixed support
– Details of trolley can be excluded

Idealized
to
Support Reactions
‰ The loads applied to a structure must be resist by
support reactions.
‰ The number of reactions depend on the support
conditions.

Support Conditions
Pin Fix
Roller M
H
H

V V
V
Support Reactions
Actual Steel Structure Support

Pin Supported (2 Reactions) Fixed Supported (3 Reactions)

Idealized support

M
H
H
V
V
1 Horizontal, 1 Vertical 1 Horizontal, 1 Vertical, 1 Moment
Support Reactions

Concrete structure

Roller Supported (1 Reaction) Fixed Supported (3 Reactions)

H
Back
V V
1 Vertical 1 Horizontal, 1 Vertical, 1 Moment
Newton’s laws of motion,

Static Equilibrium Equations

„For 3-D structures

∑ Fx = 0 ∑ Fy = 0 ∑ Fz = 0
∑ M x =0 ∑ M y =0 ∑ M z =0

„For 2-D structures, it can be reduced to:

∑ Fx = 0
∑ Fy = 0
∑ M o =0
 Structure

Stable unstable

Statically Statically Statically Geometrically

determinate indeterminate

External Internal
 Statically Statically
Determinate VS Indeterminate
Structure Structure

when the static when the static

equilibrium equilibrium
equations are equations are not
sufficient to sufficient to
determine the determine the
unknown support unknown support
reactions. reactions.
Degree of static indeterminacy (d)
Is the excess of unknown reactions as compared to the
static equations (known as Redundant).

d=r-n-c For beam & frame

n=3 for 2D structure, Thus

For beam & frame

d=r-3-c
d = degree of static indeterminacy
r = number of support reactions
n = number of static equilibrium equations (n=3 for 2D structures)
c = number of internal hinge
Degree of static indeterminacy (d)

d = m + r - 2j For plane truss

d = degree of static indeterminacy

m = number of members
r = number of reactions
j = Number of joints
Degree of static Classification of
Indeterminacy (d) structure
d is negative (-ve) statically unstable

d is zero (0) statically determinate

d is positive (+ve) statically indeterminate

 Examples of beam:

a)

d = 2 – 3 = -1
statically unstable

b)

d=3–3=0
statically determinate

c)
d=4–3=1
statically indeterminate to 1
degree
Examples

Frame

B C
d=5–3
=2
Statically indeterminate to 2
A D degree.

Truss

A
B d = 6 + 4 – 2(4)
=2

D
Statically indeterminate to 2
C
degree.
Stability
It is not only necessary to satisfy the equations of
equilibrium, but the members must also be properly held
or constrained by their supports

2 constraints situations make a structure unstable:-

i) Partial Constraints
ii) Improper Constraints
i) Partial constraints
Fewer reactive forces than eqns of
equilibrium

∑ Fx = 0 will not be satisfied

Member will be
unstable
 ii) Improper constraints
In some cases, unknown forces may equal to the equilibrium.
However, instability or movement of structure could still occur if
support reactions are concurrent at a point

The summation of moments

about point O will not equal to
zero
Pd ≠ 0
 Similarly instability can occur if all reactive
forces are parallel

Here when an inclined force P is applied, the summation of forces in the

horizontal direction will not equal zero.
Kinematic Indeterminacy
- When loads are applied on structure, each joint will
undergo displacements (translation and rotation).
- Some displacements may be known, some are
unknown.
- The number of unknown joint displacements is the degree
of kinematic indeterminacy or the number of DEGREE
OF FREEDOM for joint displacement.

Possible joint displacements

(ii) beam & frame will
(i) (iii)
consider (i), (ii) & (iii)
truss will consider (i) &
Horizontal Vertical Rotation (ii) only
translation translation
 Boundary Conditions

(i) Pin support (ii) Roller support

9 Vertical reaction occur, Vertical displacement = 0 9 Vertical reaction occur, Vertical displacement = 0
9 Horizontal reaction occur, Horizontal displacement = 0

™DOF = 1 (rotation) ™DOF = 2 (1 rotation & 1 horizontal displacement)

(iii) Fix support

9 Vertical reaction occur, Vertical displacement = 0

9 Horizontal reaction occur, ™DOF = 0
Horizontal displacement = 0
9 Moment reaction occur, Rotation = 0
Examples of External & Internal Redundant

d = m + r -2j
m = 11, r = 3, j = 6
A B C d = 11 + 3 – 2(6)
=2
Stable & statically indeterminate to 2
E
degree
D F
External or internal?
r–3=3–3=0
Thus, there is no redundant in external
support.
**2 internal redundants.
 d = m + r -2j
A m = 6, r = 3, j = 4
B
d = 6 + 3 – 2(4)
=1
Stable & statically indeterminate to 1 degree

C D r–3=0
Thus, there is no redundant in external support.
**1 internal redundant

A d = m + r -2j
B
m = 5, r = 4, j = 4
d = 5 + 4 – 2(4)
=1

C D Stable & statically indeterminate to 1 degree

r–3=1
**Thus, 1 external redundant
 d = m + r -2j
A m = 6, r = 4, j = 4
B
d = 6 + 4 – 2(4)
=2
Stable & statically indeterminate to 2 degree

C D since no. of unknown reactions = 4

No. of equilibrium equations = 3
Thus, there is 1 external redundant and 1 internal redundant
Examples of kinematic indeterminacy

0 DOF at joint A
A B
2 DOF at joint B
™ DOF = 2
If axial deformation is ignored, joint B has
only rotation
Thus, DOF = 1
B
C

Joint A, B, C, D, E each has 2 DOF

A D
Joint G has 1 DOF
Joint F has zero, 0 DOF
F G ™ DOF = 11
E
Examples of kinematic indeterminacy

A B C
Joint A, B, C each has 3 DOF
Joint D, E, F has zero, 0 DOF
™ DOF = 9

D E F