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S No Topic Page No
1 Abstract 4
2 Objective 4
3 Prism 5
4 Working of Prism 6
5 Principle of Prism 8
6 Refraction of Prism 9
7 Materials Required 11
8 Procedure 12
9 Observations 14
10 Results 19
11 Precaurions 20
12 References 21
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Abstract :
A prism is a transparent optical element with flat,
polished surfaces that refract light. Prisms can be made
from any material that is transparent including glass,
plastic and fluorite.
A prism can be used to break light up into its
constituent spectral colors. Prisms can also be used to
reflect light, or to split light into components with
different polarizations.
Objective :
To find refractive index of different liquids using
hollow prism.
Theory :
PRISM:
A prism is a transparent optical element with flat,
polished surfaces that refract light.
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Prisms can be made from any material that is
transparent including glass, plastic and fluorite.
A prism can be used to break light up into its
constituent spectral colors.
Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or to split
light into components with different polarizations.
Working of hollow prism
A hollow glass prism does not give any spectrum
because this simple deviation of light takes place
parallel to the incident ray like in a glass slab.
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In cases other than glass, a hollow prism can be
used to determine the angle of minimum deviation.
In simple terms, a hollow prism is a prism that can
be filled with a medium such as kerosene or spirit
to take readings with minimum deviation.
When mediums other than glass must be used,
these prisms are used.
Hollow prism is a prism which can be used to find
the angle of min. deviation in cases except that of
glass.
In simple terms, a hollow prism is a prism that can
be filled with a medium such as kerosene or
spirit to take readings with
minimum deviation.
When mediums other than
glass must be used, these
prisms are used.
Principle of glass prism:
Refraction of light through a prism at minimal
deviation is used to assess the refractive indices of
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liquids and glass. A glass prism is a transparent
structure with two plane surfaces that are inclined
to each other.
Note: Now, we can ask a question: what happens when
a beam of white light is incident on a hollow prism of
glass? So, the light that emerges from the prism
produces a rainbow, but all of the colours bend away
from the centre. The light that emerges from the prism
creates a spectrum, in which all colours bend towards
the base, with violet being the most intense and red
being the least intense.
Refraction:
The refractive index of the liquid is given by the
formula:
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Where:
μ = refractive index of the liquid
δm = the angle of minimum deviation
r = angle of refraction
i = angle of incidence
A = angle of prism
Refractive Index for various liquids:
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Materials Required:
1. Hollow glass prism
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2. Various liquids like water, carbon disulphide,
benzaldehyde etc.
3. Bell pins
4. Drawing board
Procedure :
1. Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with
help of drawing pins.
2. Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.
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3. Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
4. Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the
normal PQ and place 2 pins so that they appear to be
in the straight line.
5. Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid, on
the marked outline ABC.
6. Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so
that all the 4 pins appears to be in same line.
7. Remove the prism and draw the line joining the
points so obtained.
8. Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.
9. Repeat this with different liquids and different angle
of incidence
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Observation:
Benzaldehyde
µ = sin((60+40)/2)/sin(30)
µ = sin(100/2) / sin 30
µ = sin 50 / sin 30
µ = 1.504
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WATER
µ = sin((60+22)/2)/sin(30)
µ = sin(82/2) / sin 30
µ = sin 41 / sin 30
µ = 1.306
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Dil. Sulphuric Acid
µ = sin((60+25)/2)/sin(30)
µ = sin(85/2) / sin 30
µ = sin 42.5 / sin 30
µ = 1.351
HCl:
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S.no. i e d A
1. 35 48 24 60
2. 40 52 30 60
3. 45 42 25 60
4. 50 36 26 60
5. 55 28 28 60
µ = sin((60+25)/2)/sin(30)
EXPERIMENTAL- 1.34;
CALCULATED- 1.34
ETHYL ALCOHOL:
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S.no. i e d A
1. 35 52 26 60
2. 40 44 25 60
3. 45 41 25 60
4. 50 36 26 60
5. 55 32 27 60
µ = sin((60+25)/2)/sin(30)
EXPERIMENTAL- 1.36
CALCULATED- 1.34
Results :
Refractive indices at room temperature:
Benzaldehyde
Actual: 1.546
Experimental: 1.504
Water
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Actual: 1.33
Experimental: 1.306
Dil . Sulphuric acid
Actual: 1.355
Experimental: 1.351
HCL
Experimental- 1.34;
Calculated- 1.34
Ethyl Alcohol
Experimental- 1.36;
Calculated- 1.34
Precautions:
Angle of incidence should lie b/w 35-60 degree.
Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie in same line.
Distance b/w two points should not be less than 10mm.
Same angle of prism should be used for all observation.
Arrow head should be marked to
represent emergent and
incident ray.
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References :
www.wikipedia.org
www.google.com
www.physicsforlife.com
www.earthphysics.com
www.byjus.com
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